Open Journal of Psychology

Journal profile

Open Journal of Psychology (OJP) is an international journal dedicated to the latest advancements in psychology. The goal of this journal is to provide a platform for doctors and academicians all over the world to promote, share, and discuss various new issues and developments in psychology related problems.

Latest Articles

Open Access February 10, 2025 Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Welfare Receipt of American Indian/Alaska Native People: National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2023

Open Journal of Psychology 2025, 5(1), 1149. DOI: 10.31586/ojp.2025.1149
Abstract
Background: Educational attainment is generally associated with reduced reliance on Social Security and disability benefits; however, the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory suggests that the socioeconomic benefits of education are weaker for minoritized populations. This study investigates the relationship between educational attainment and welfare receipt among American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN)
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Background: Educational attainment is generally associated with reduced reliance on Social Security and disability benefits; however, the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory suggests that the socioeconomic benefits of education are weaker for minoritized populations. This study investigates the relationship between educational attainment and welfare receipt among American Indian/Alaska Native (AIAN) and White adults in the United States. Objective: Using the MDRs framework, we analyzed data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2023 to examine how educational attainment impacts welfare receipt among AIAN and White adults. Methods: We analyzed a nationally representative sample of AIAN and White adults from the NHIS 2023 dataset. Welfare receipt was assessed as the receipt of any public assistance or welfare payments from state or local welfare offices. Educational attainment was categorized into three levels: less than high school (reference), high school diploma to some college, and college degree or higher. Logistic regression models were used to assess the relationship between educational attainment and welfare receipt, with separate analyses for AIAN and White adults to evaluate differential effects. Results: Higher educational attainment (high school diploma to some college and college degree or higher) was associated with lower odds of welfare receipt across both groups. However, the protective effect of a college degree was significantly weaker for AIAN adults compared to White adults. Consequently, AIAN adults remain at a higher risk of welfare reliance even with higher education, consistent with the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework. Conclusions: Although educational attainment generally reduces welfare reliance, this protection is less pronounced for AIAN adults than for White adults. This discrepancy suggests that structural factors, segregation, and social stratification may undermine the economic and health benefits of education for racialized groups in the U.S. Addressing these disparities requires policy interventions that extend beyond education, emphasizing quality job opportunities, healthcare access, and reduced labor market discrimination for individuals with advanced educational credentials, regardless of race.Full article
Article
Open Access January 16, 2025 Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

Puberty Onset and Positive Urgency Explain Diminished Returns of Family Income on Tobacco and Marijuana Use

Open Journal of Psychology 2025, 5(1), 1141. DOI: 10.31586/ojp.2025.1141
Abstract
Background: Puberty is a crucial developmental milestone that involves significant physiological, emotional, and behavioral changes. Early puberty onset, influenced by both biological and social factors, is associated with an increased risk of engaging in substance use, such as tobacco and marijuana. While high family income is generally linked to delayed
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Background: Puberty is a crucial developmental milestone that involves significant physiological, emotional, and behavioral changes. Early puberty onset, influenced by both biological and social factors, is associated with an increased risk of engaging in substance use, such as tobacco and marijuana. While high family income is generally linked to delayed puberty onset and lower behavioral risks, these benefits may not be equally protective for Black youth due to the phenomenon of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs). MDRs suggest that higher family income does not offer the same protective effects for Black youth as it does for White youth, potentially leading to earlier puberty and increased substance use among high-income Black adolescents. Objective: This study aimed to investigate whether early puberty onset and associated positive urgency (impulsivity) mediate the relationship between family income and the initiation of tobacco and marijuana use over a six-year follow-up period among adolescents. Additionally, the study examined whether the effects of family income on early puberty onset differ by race, testing the hypothesis that high-income Black youth would experience earlier puberty onset compared to their high-income White peers. Methods: Data were sourced from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. Participants were 9-10-year-old adolescents at baseline, followed over a period of six years. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to assess whether early puberty onset mediated the effects of family income on substance use behaviors. Interaction terms between race and family income were included to test whether the impact of family income varies by race. Results: Early puberty onset and associated positive urgency partially explained the relationship between family income and the initiation of tobacco and marijuana use. High-income Black youth showed earlier puberty onset compared to their White counterparts. Earlier puberty onset then predicted higher positive urgency. These factors, in turn, were linked to higher rates of tobacco and marijuana initiation. Conclusions: This study provides additional evidence that the benefits of high family income do not extend equally to Black adolescents, particularly regarding delaying puberty onset and its consequences for substance use.Full article
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Open Access August 27, 2024 Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

Tobacco Susceptibility Explains Diminished Returns of Family Income on Black Adolescents' Tobacco Initiation

Open Journal of Psychology 2024, 4(1), 1037. DOI: 10.31586/ojp.2024.1037
Abstract
Background: Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory posits that socioeconomic resources have weaker protective effects on health and behavior for racial and ethnic minorities compared to Whites. This study examines whether tobacco susceptibility, defined as curiosity, intention, and openness to future tobacco use, mediates the diminished returns of family income on
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Background: Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory posits that socioeconomic resources have weaker protective effects on health and behavior for racial and ethnic minorities compared to Whites. This study examines whether tobacco susceptibility, defined as curiosity, intention, and openness to future tobacco use, mediates the diminished returns of family income on tobacco initiation among Black adolescents. Methods: Data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study were analyzed. Participants were followed from age 9 to 16. All participants were tobacco naïve at baseline. Tobacco susceptibility was assessed through self-reported measures of curiosity, intention, and openness to future tobacco use. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the relationship between family income, tobacco susceptibility, and tobacco initiation. Results: Overall, 10,653 Black or White youth entered our analysis. The analysis revealed that higher family income was less effective in preventing tobacco initiation among Black adolescents. Tobacco susceptibility significantly predicted tobacco initiation and partially mediated the relationship between family income and tobacco initiation. Conclusions: Tobacco susceptibility explains some of the diminished returns of family income on tobacco initiation among Black adolescents. Interventions aimed at reducing tobacco susceptibility may enhance the protective effects of family income and help mitigate health disparities.Full article
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Open Access July 18, 2024 Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

Household Income and Offspring Education Explain Blacks’ Diminished Returns of Parental Education

Open Journal of Psychology 2024, 4(1), 986. DOI: 10.31586/ojp.2024.986
Abstract
Background: High parental education promotes various aspects of offspring well-being including reducing their risk of depression/anxiety, criminal justice involvement, and welfare reliance. However, according to minorities’ diminished returns, these benefits are not equal across racial groups, with Black families experiencing diminished returns of parental education compared to White families. This
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Background: High parental education promotes various aspects of offspring well-being including reducing their risk of depression/anxiety, criminal justice involvement, and welfare reliance. However, according to minorities’ diminished returns, these benefits are not equal across racial groups, with Black families experiencing diminished returns of parental education compared to White families. This study explores the role of household income and offspring educational attainment as potential serial pathways that operate as mechanisms underlying diminished returns of parental education on offspring outcomes in Black families. Gender differences in these effects were also explored. Methods: Utilizing data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) over a 22-year follow-up period (seven waves), we examined the serial mediation by household income and offspring educational attainment in explaining the relationship between parental education and offspring outcomes namely depression, anxiety, criminal justice involvement, and welfare reliance [Temporary Assistance for Needy Families (TANF) and Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP)]. We used structural equation modeling (SEM) with household income as the first mediator and young adult education as the second mediator. Multi-group models were used to explore gender differences in these paths. Results: The study confirmed the role of our proposed serial mediators for Blacks’ weaker effects of parental education on offspring outcomes. We observed weaker effects of first affects household income, with this effect being for Black families compared to White families, which then impacted educational attainment of the offspring. The findings indicate that household income plays a crucial mediating role, but its effect is weaker in Black families. Additionally, the educational attainment of offspring from highly educated Black parents is less effective in improving outcomes compared to their White peers, further contributing to diminished returns. Some gender differences were observed for the effects of educational attainment on economic and health outcomes of young adults. Conclusions: The study underscores the need to reconsider traditional assumptions about the comparability of family conditions and outcomes across racial groups with similar levels of parental education. The findings highlight the importance of targeted policies and interventions aimed at enhancing the economic stability and educational outcomes of Black families to address these disparities. Policies should focus on promoting the economic well-being of highly educated Black parents and improving the educational outcomes of their children.Full article
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Open Access March 9, 2024 Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

An Evaluation of Interventions to Promote Adolescent Gender Forgiveness

Open Journal of Psychology 2024, 4(1), 902. DOI: 10.31586/ojp.2024.902
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine indicators of forgiving behaviour and intervention among adolescent students in Junior High School in Bimbilla in the Nanumba North Municipality of Ghana. This study adopted the Pragmatist philosophy. The mixed methods experimental design was used for the study. The study population comprised
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The purpose of this study was to examine indicators of forgiving behaviour and intervention among adolescent students in Junior High School in Bimbilla in the Nanumba North Municipality of Ghana. This study adopted the Pragmatist philosophy. The mixed methods experimental design was used for the study. The study population comprised all adolescents in Junior High Schools in the Nanumba North Municipality of the Northern Region, Ghana. Purposive, random sampling techniques Krejcie and Morgan's table of determination of sample size were used for the schools and respondents for the study. Two major instruments were used for this study: a questionnaire and an interview guide. The interview schedule was used to gather the qualitative data whereas the quantitative data was gathered using the questionnaire. The study indicated that both the REACH model and Process model are efficacious in reducing the level of depression among adolescent students when their levels of forgiveness are increased through forgiveness counselling regardless of gender and age. The findings also revealed that both REACH and Process models were good interventions for the adolescents in showing greater emotional regulation (increased forgiveness, reduced anger and reduced depression, enhanced sense of well-being, positive feelings and positive thoughts towards the offender). It is recommended that counsellors organise training programmes with parents in conjunction with Non-governmental organisations on using the Process and REACH models. This will bring awareness of the interventions and encourage parents to seek assistance anytime their adolescents need assistance. It is once again recommended that teachers and school administrators consider forgiveness interventions (the Process model and REACH model) as a very effective strategy for treating unforgiveness to improve students' psychological well-being.Full article
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Open Access January 1, 2023 Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

Exploring social tolerance in the light of identity markers within a heterogeneous population: a demographic study in a multi-tribal context

Open Journal of Psychology 2023, 3(1), 527. DOI: 10.31586/ojp.2023.527
Abstract
This study was designed to assess how primary identification markers affected social tolerance in a multi-tribal setting among a heterogeneous population. A sample of 312 participants was selected using the purposive sampling technique. A search of the literary documentation yielded three modalities of the dependent variable. Thus, data were collected
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This study was designed to assess how primary identification markers affected social tolerance in a multi-tribal setting among a heterogeneous population. A sample of 312 participants was selected using the purposive sampling technique. A search of the literary documentation yielded three modalities of the dependent variable. Thus, data were collected from the Feeling Thermometer, Affirmative Action, and Multiculturalism scales. We assessed participants' levels of identification with identity markers to determine their impact on social tolerance. The findings suggest that measures of social tolerance are somewhat significantly influenced by Cameroonians' levels of affiliation with their key identity markers. However, tolerance decreases when tribal identity becomes stronger. Conversely, the effect of linguistic and religious identification forces on social tolerance varies depending on the object to be tolerated. These findings contribute to a better understanding of the determinants that influence social tolerance in a tribal setting.Full article
Article
Open Access September 9, 2022 Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

Internet addiction: A summary towards an Integration of Current Knowledge and broad Perspectives

Open Journal of Psychology 2022, 2(2), 418. DOI: 10.31586/ojp.2022.418
Abstract
The internet originated as a neutral device that was predominantly created to bring ease to the lives of people by making available all the information needed for the growth and prosperity of human beings, but the misuse of this communication medium has created a lot of challenges and the internet
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The internet originated as a neutral device that was predominantly created to bring ease to the lives of people by making available all the information needed for the growth and prosperity of human beings, but the misuse of this communication medium has created a lot of challenges and the internet addiction is one of them. Internet addiction is a rapidly growing phenomenon exhibiting alarming prevalence rates and a widely recognized problematic condition around the world. Preliminary findings have shown that the unrestrained availability of this communication medium has unfetteredly increased the rate of various complications including psychological disturbances, neurological problems, and social issues. Moreover, it has accelerated the probability of those having an underlying psychological disorder being at serious risk of becoming addicted to the internet, therefore, it has stirred a hot topic of discussion among the mental health communities. The aim of this paper was to deliberately provide a brief overview of the theoretical considerations and ongoing research on internet addiction. A detailed review analysis was performed addressing the types of internet addiction, epidemiology, comorbidities associated with the excessive use of the internet, and different treatment options. Moreover, future areas of research were highlighted stressing the significance of reaching a consensus on characterizing primary features of internet addiction, and an outlook on the future goals of ongoing research has been demonstrated.Full article
Review Article
Open Access September 1, 2022 Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

Public Perspective on the Negative Impacts of Substance Use-Related Social Media Content on Adolescents: A Survey

Open Journal of Psychology 2022, 2(2), 378. DOI: 10.31586/ojp.2022.378
Abstract
Despite the pervasive nature of internet use among adolescents and young adults, there is not enough knowledge about whether and how involvement in social media influences substance use patterns and the risk of drug use-related problems. This study was conducted to examine the complex relationship between substance use-related social media
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Despite the pervasive nature of internet use among adolescents and young adults, there is not enough knowledge about whether and how involvement in social media influences substance use patterns and the risk of drug use-related problems. This study was conducted to examine the complex relationship between substance use-related social media engagement (viewing, liking, commenting, and posting the substance use-related social media content) and the drug use-related problem in adolescents from public perception. We surveyed to determine the perception of social media users regarding the association between substance use-related social media content and substance/drug abuse problems. An anonymous online questionnaire was conducted to collect the response from each participant. The response was generated after collecting the data from 126 users of mixed ages. The data was stringently analyzed, and the response was displayed in the form of bar charts. The primary findings indicated a significant relationship between drug/alcohol-related social media engagement and drug/alcohol-related problems. From public perception, a positive correlation was found between the engagement in the drug use-related content and drug use associated problems. However, further research is needed to determine the right direction of these associations that can provide substantiative solutions for numerous interventions aiming to prevent drug use-related adverse consequences.Full article
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Open Access August 4, 2022 Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

Effects of Stress on the Job Performance of Psychiatric Nurses

Open Journal of Psychology 2022, 2(1), 395. DOI: 10.31586/ojp.2022.395
Abstract
The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of stress on the job performance of psychiatric nurses in the Ankaful Psychiatric Hospital in Cape Coast. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. A sample of 150 psychiatric nurses were selected from a population of 197 psychiatric
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The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of stress on the job performance of psychiatric nurses in the Ankaful Psychiatric Hospital in Cape Coast. A descriptive survey design was adopted for the study. A sample of 150 psychiatric nurses were selected from a population of 197 psychiatric nurses using a simple random sampling procedure. Data were collected using the Weiman Occupational Stress Scale (WOSS) questionnaire. 143 answered questionnaires were retrieved out of the 150 questionnaires offered, giving a 95% return rate. Data were analysed using both descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that the psychiatric nurses' job performance were negatively affected due to the effects of stress, which include mild to severe headache, loss of concentration, exhaustion, anger, overreaction, finding excuses and absence from work, and forgetfulness. The study recommended that the hospital authorities structure the work schedules of psychiatric nurses so that the nurses can get intermittent periods of leave away from work while providing the logistics to make the work of psychiatric nurses easy.Full article
Article
Open Access August 2, 2022 Endnote/Zotero/Mendeley (RIS) BibTeX

Causes, Effects and Management of Science Anxiety among Senior High School Students in Old Tafo Municipality of Ghana

Open Journal of Psychology 2022, 2(1), 384. DOI: 10.31586/ojp.2022.384
Abstract
The purpose of the study was to investigate the causes, effects, and management of science anxiety among Senior High School (SHS) students in the Old Tafo Metropolis of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. A sample of 337 students were selected
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The purpose of the study was to investigate the causes, effects, and management of science anxiety among Senior High School (SHS) students in the Old Tafo Metropolis of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. A sample of 337 students were selected from Osei Kyeretwie Senior High School and Al Azhariya Islamic Senior High School using the stratified random sampling procedure. Data were collected by using the Science Anxiety Scale and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that the respondents had some level of science anxiety in relation to doing science homework, having a negative attitude toward the science teacher, having fearful when entering the science classroom as well as solving science problems. The study also revealed that the causes of science anxiety involve the content, lack of infrastructure, and inadequate teaching and learning materials to make the subject easy to understand. The study revealed that science anxiety affected students’ academic performance negatively, reduced their interest in science, prevent them from pursuing science programmes in the future, and also affected school attendance. The study recommended that school heads should provide the necessary infrastructure and teaching materials that will make the teaching and learning of science practical and easy to understand.Full article
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ISSN: 2771-2370
DOI prefix: 10.31586/ojp
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2021-2025
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