RJEES Research Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 2770-5536 Science Publications 10.31586/rjees.2022.202 RJEES-202 Research Article Flora and Phytosociological of Plant in Al-Dawaimah of Palestine Ighbareyeh Jehad Mahmoud Hussein 1 2 * Suliemieh Asma Abdel-Raheem Ahmed 1 Sheqwarah Maen 1 Cano-Ortiz Ana 2 Carmona Eusebio Cano 2 Department of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Quds Open University, Hebron Branch, Abu ktellah Street, Hebron, Hebron, Palestine Department of Animal and Plant Biology and Ecology, Faculty of Experimental Sciences, University of Jaen, Jaen, Spain Corresponding author at: Department of Plant Production and Protection, Faculty of Agriculture, Al-Quds Open University, Hebron Branch, Abu ktellah Street, Hebron, Hebron, Palestine 04 07 2022 2 1 04 07 2022 04 07 2022 04 07 2022 04 07 2022 © Copyright 2022 by authors and Trend Research Publishing Inc. 2022 This work is licensed under the Creative Commons Attribution International License (CC BY). http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/ Al-Dawaimah is an ancient Canaanite Palestinian village, occupied in 1948 by Israel, and belongs to inframediterranean to thermomediterranean thermotype and arid, semi-arid, and dry ombrotype. The study presents, a region rich in many plant vascular, and it is part of the Palestinian coast, North Africa, the Negev and the Sinai desert, in addition to the mountainous hills of Palestine located west of the Hebron, Jordan River and the Dead Sea. The objective is to identify and update the flora and vegetation in the area of Al-Dawaimah and its neighboring areas in west Hebron of Palestine. Methodology: More than 270 plant specimens have been taken from Al-Dawaimah and surroundings areas, using Braun-Blanquet, Van der Maarel and Salvador River Martinez methods to study the flora, and phytosociological plants, and 214 x 10 plants plots distributed in area were studied. Result and discussion: Three different plant communities were identified, in different environments between arid, dry- subhumid ombrotype and infra-thermomediterranean thermotype, and different soils as (carbon substrates as brown ruinsenas and terra rossa lands, limestone and others), where more than 214 species of plants have been found, of which 45 (20.02%) are endemic species, and in Raunkiaer's life system, trees represent were, (86; 40.18% trees), (34; 15.88% shrubs), (51; 23.83% chamaephytes), (10; 4.67% geophytes), (16; 7.47% phanerophytes), and (12; 6.54% hemicryptophytes). Conclusion: In Al-Dawaimah area, syntaxonomical performance of these associations are: Quercetalia ilicis Br.-Bl. ex Molinier 1934. Rhamno lycioidis-Quercion cocciferae Rivas Goday ex Rivas-Martinez 1975. 1. Rhamnus palaestinae- Quercetum calliprini ass. nova., Pistacio lentisci -Rhamnetalia alaterni Rivas-Martínez 1975. 2. Ceratonio siliquae -Pistacetum lentisci ass. nova., Junipero phoeniceae- Pinon acutisquamae A.V. Pérez et Cabezudo in A.V. Pérez et al. 1988 corr. Rivas-Martinez. et al. 2002. Pinetalia halepensis Biondi et al. 2014. 3. Junipero phoeniceae- Pinetum halepensis ass. nova. Palestine Al-Dawaimah Vegetation Flora Phytosociology Communities Plants. Abbreviations

PCA- Main component analysis, ASL - Association, ASL1- Association one, ASL2- Association two, ass. nova- Association nova, E- Endemic, N- Native , Sh- Shrub, Cham- Chamaephytes, Geo- geophytes, Phan- phanerophytes, Herb- herbaceous, Hem- Hemicryptophytes. GI- Group one, GII- Group two, GIII- Group three.

 Introduction

Palestine is a territory of Mediterranean Basin, located in western of Asia with a peculiar ecology, and different ecosystems (, ), that shows a unique biodiversity and mild climate in winter and hot dry summer (, ), and is in transition from the Mediterranean forests in the northern part and some areas and various mountain heights, through the bathas and grassy plants in most parts, to various shrubs in the plains in all middle, the southern and northern highlands, and desert areas that support the contracted vegetation in the south as in the desert Negev, to develop the tropical savannah vegetation in its various warm areas, where more than 2.867, 2946 and 2.890 species, 150 of which are endemic or very rare species (, , ). The distribution Palestinian flora includes many updated data on the nomenclature, distribution and habitat (, ; , ; ; and ).

Palestine flora reports 149 endemic species (6% of the total plants), 43% of which are common, 27.5% are rare and 25.6% are very rare , in a recent study, about 155 endemic species were found . In addition, more than 2,750 plant species were estimated, including 138 families (, ; ). Many researchers have studied bioclimate, flora, plant communities, vegetation, and ecology in Palestine for the last seventh years (, ,,, ,,,,; ; ; ; ; ), and several botanical studies have been conducted in some countries near Palestine as Turkey by , , , , , , , , , , , , , , . This study focused in most of the territories occupied in 1967 by Israel, such as Hebron, Jenin, Nablus, Ramallah, Tulkarem, Bethlehem, Jericho and others (Ighbareyeh et al., 2014a,b,c).

The aim of this research is to identify and updated the flora and vegetation in the area of Al-Dawaimah and its neighboring areas in west Hebron of Palestine.

 Methodology2.1. study area

Al-Dawaimah (Dawaimah) is a displaced Palestinian Canaanite village, 24 kilometers away from Hebron city, its rises about 350 meters above sea level, with a coordinates (31°32′10″N 34°54′43″E), surrounded by the lands of the villages of Idna, Dura, Al-Qubaiba, Beit Jibrin and Arab al-Jebarat (Figure 1). The Canaanites called it the "spit", "high"; the reason for the name of the village Al-Dawaimah attributed to the rainy Arabs who came from Najd in the Hijaz in an area called Dumat al-Jandal and stayed or its settled (). In the fact, it is worth noting that Al-Dawaimah fell under the Israeli occupation on 29 October 1948, and the Amatsya colony, founded in 1955, was built on the ruins of Al-Dawaimah, and atrocities were massacred against the Palestinian population (; ; ; ). Moreover, Al-Dawaimah climate tends to be somewhat desert, because it is affected by the Negev desert, where the temperature in summer reaches 35 degrees Celsius and moderate in winter, the average amount of rain is between 300-450 mm annually, and therefore the climate of Al-Dawaimah is generally considered temperate.

Area study (Al-Dawaimah), referred to as the red mark in the map.

270 samples of woody plant communities were chosen as statistically significant, inventories or groups were made by methodology of , , ), and , and flora of Palestine, Syria, Lebanon, Jordan, and Sinai were used in the study. Although there are botanical studies in the area, especially Idna, Beit Jibrin and Wadi al-Quff (, and ), a statistical treatment was carried out in the 270 wooden plant inventories. Cluster analysis (Ward’s method cluster) was applied, and the main component analysis (PCA), were used to founded different groups of plant communities, which have used the XLASTAT program, in addition, vegetation has been interpreted according to several methodological works in the world such as , ), and . Furthermore, to realize the groups and its statistical processing, we formed a matrix of 207 x 10 columns relevant for converting Braun-Blanquet plants, biological and phytosociological indexes (+=2, 1=3, 2=4, 3=5, 4=6, 5=7) to convert these ones of , (5: covering more than 3/4 of the area, 4: any number of individuals covering 1/2 - 3/4 of the area, 3: any number of individuals covering 1/4 -1/2 of the area, 2: very numerous or covering at least 5% of the area, 1: plentiful but of small cover value, and + is a cover very small), and we used Euclidean Spaces and principal component analysis of ingredients to avoid any shortage of plant data and to analyze it accurately. Due to the lack of large amount of meteorological data, we selected a sampling area in the western Hebron area, where inventories of 270 woody plants were taken at the Al-Dawaimah site (which has been under occupation since 1948). Forests and shrub steppe and a little of herbaceous plants were observed or sampled to obtain the thermicities, and ombrotype indicators.

2.2. Targeting and collection of the plants data

We have taken 270 specimens of many different plants from the village of Al-Dawaimah and some of the nearby areas between October 2020 to October 2021, data were used to create an ExcelTable table with 214 rows (plants) and 10 columns (relèves), and from this table, we created the Ward’s method cluster to measure distance, and similarity, by the procedure known as full correlation method. We subsequently applied principal component analysis (PCA) having previously generated two matrices of correlation and covariance values, and the names of some of the places where samples were collected are: (Montar al-Jawaza, Khallet al-Jawza, Wadi al-Qashab, Khirbat Dehna, Khallet al-Masri, Khallet al-Katil, Marah Abu Ja'ed, Marah Abu Naaj, Shieb Rabah, Shekaf, Ashbour, Wadi al-Naqiya, Al-bus, Tayyib Tasam, Wadi al-Baydah, Marah Bishr, Adra, the Bedouin Shieb, Wadi al-Arab, Tawazat, Ganan al-Taseh, Al-kashklia, Khallet Musa, Al-gontara, Amm al-Jamajim, Wadi ashomer, Rasim Zureik, Khallet Tatar, Jorin Salama, Abu Al-amad (Khirbet Umm al-Ghanayem), Khallet al-najajreh, Wadi & Khallet Al-Khresa, Khallet Jobran, Khallet Abu Jaber, Ain-Ismael Ayesh, Yarde and Ghatasha (Table 1) and (Figure 2, andFigure 3).

Sampling of study area.

Inventories

Coordinates

Site

Altitude

Biogeographic unit

Inv.1

31.536806, 34.912500

Wadi al-Naqiya, Al-bus, Tayyib Tasam, Wadi al-Baydah

360

Mediterranean basin territories

Inv. 2

31.552171, 34.940309

Khallet al-Masri, Khallet al-Katil, Marah Abu Ja'ed, Marah Abu Naaj, Shieb Rabah

370

Mediterranean basin territories

Inv. 3

31.533701, 34.939193

Marah Bishr, Adra, the Bedouin

310

Mediterranean basin territories

Inv. 4

31.546213, 34.430097

Ganan al-Taseh & Al-kashklia, Wadi al-Qashab, Shieb, Shekaf, Ashbour & Al-Dawaimah center

390

Mediterranean basin territories

Inv. 5

31.546806, 34.902520

Wadi al-Arab & Tawazat

320

Mediterranean basin territories

Inv. 6

31.553122, 34.866323

Rasim Zureik, Khallet Tatar, Jorin Salama, Abu Al-amad Khirbet Umm al-Ghanayem)

350

Mediterranean basin territories

Inv. 7

31.559193, 34.935159

Khallet Musa, Al-gontara, Amm al-Jamajim, Wadi ashomer

355

Mediterranean basin territories

Inv. 8

31.556121, 34.903574

Montar al-Jawaza, Khallet al-Jawza, Khirbat Dehna

370

Mediterranean basin territories

Inv. 9

31.571771, 34.934129

Khallet al-Najajreh, Wadi & Khallet Al-Khresa, Khallet Jobran, Khallet Abu Jaber

305

Mediterranean basin territories

Inv. 10

31.566213, 34.910097

Ain-Ismael Ayesh, Yarde and Ghatasha, Wadi Al-rgate

300

Mediterranean basin territories
Inv.: Inventores.

The region from which the samples (inventories 1-10) were taken by satellite, referred to as the red mark (Al-Dawaimah) and called the Amatsya colony today.

It is part of the plants studied in the center of Al-Dawaimah, specifically in the northwestern region.

 Result and Disscusion3.1. Analysis of vegetation

Furthermore, the flora in Palestine can be divided into several distinct groups as (Mediterranean basin as Maquis, Oak and Woodlands; Irani-Turanian, also on the Asian plains of the Syrian desert, Anatolia and the Gobi Desert; Saharo-Arabian as sand, Sinai and Arabian deserts; Sudano- Zambezi, as sub-tropical savannah species in Africa; Euro -Siberia; various plants that grow in more than one area of Palestine and neighboring countries; and plant species coming from the Americas, South Africa and Australia) (; , ).

In statistical processing, we obtained two large groups (A and B) in cluster (Figure 4); group A consist of two association or communities (ASL1 and ASL2 ); the association 1 (ASL1) which is included forests, oak, woodlands, shrub-lands and steppe copes affected by climatophilous, and association 2 (ASL2), presenting different pants of forests as Quercus spp., Maquis, woodlands, scrubland and shrub affected by climatophilous, whilst, group B consists of one association named (ASL3) is included the forests of Pinus halepensis Miller, Juniperus phoenicea L. and Cupressus sempervirens L. species (; ; ; ).

3.1.1. The associations of <i>Ceratonio siliquae-Pistacetum lentisci</i> ass. nova

Community or association one, mixed Maquis and open forests of Pistacia lentiscus L. and Ceratonia siliqua L. represented in cluster (ASL1-1, 2, 6, 7, 8). Pistacia species (Pistacia palaestina Boiss., Pistacia khinjuk Stocks, Pistacia saportae Burnat., Pistacia atlantica Desf., Pistacia terebinthus L., Pistacia vera L., Pistacia khinjuk Stocks) Schinus molle L., Rhus coriaria L., in addition to dominated by the sclerophyllous evergreen of Quercus genus (Q. calliprinos Webb. (Quercus palaestina k. or Quercus coccifera L.)., Quercus look Kotschy, Quercus libani G. Olivier, Quercus inthaburensis Decne., Quercus rotundifolia Lam., Quercus infectoria Olivier, Quercus&#x000a0;boissieri Reut., Quercus cerris L.), and Rhamnus spp. as Rhamnus lycioides L., Acer obtusifolium Sm., Acer syriscum Boiss., Acer monspessulanum L., Polygonum palaestinum Zohary, with overlapping elements or common plant species such as Cersis siliquastrum L., Poinciana gillesii Hook., Acacia salicina Lindl., Acacia cyanophylla Lindl., Sophora japonica L., Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link, Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb. &#x00026; Berthel., Genista monspessulana (L.) O. Bol&#x000f3;s &#x00026; Vigo, Acacia dealbata Link, Retama rhodorhizoides (Webb &#x00026; Berthel.), Acacia radiana Savi., Ficus retusa L., Ficus sycomorus L., with others species found in extreme conditions as dry, although it can cope in sub-humid and thermophilous region in the thermo-Mediterranean thermotype and rocky ambience, loam, sand, hard limestone with rendzinas and terra rossa soil. We suggest that the group represents a group of Mediterranean region plants with different heights of the land (Mediterranean woodland, shrub-land, scrublands and landscapes), which are found in most parts or regions of the Mediterranean region and its associated is Ceratonio siliquae-Pistacetum lentisci (Table 2: ASL1-1, 2, 6, 7, 8).

Association one: Ceratonio siliquae-Pistacetum lentisci ass. nova

Species

Releve of inventories

1

2

6

7

8

P

S

Surface in m2 1 = 10

350

300

270

400

R

T

Cover rate %

75

75

80

70

E

A

Altitude in m.

300

350

340

370

S

T

Average height of veg. (m.)

3

5

6

7

E

U

Slope %

20

25

15

10

N

S

Orientation

E

N

N

E

W

C

Order number

2

1

6

7

8

E

Characteristic of association and higher units

Ceratonia siliqua L.

3

3

2

2

1

IV

N

Pistacia lentiscus L.

4

3

2

2

2

V

N

Pistacia palaestina Boiss.

2

2

1

1

1

V

E

Pistacia khinjuk Stocks

2

1

1

III

N

Pistacia saportae Burnat.

1

1

II

N

Pistacia atlantica Desf.

1

1

1

II

N

Pistacia terebinthus L.

1

1

II

N

Pistacia vera L.

1

I

N

Schinus molle L.

1

1

II

N

Rhus coriaria L.

1

1

II

N

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi

1

1

II

N

Companions

Quercus calliprinos Webb. (Quercus coccifera L.) or (Quercus palaestina Kotschy)

4

2

2

1

1

V

N

Quercus look Kotschy

+

1

I

E

Quercus libani G.Olivier

+

1

I

N

Quercus inthaburensis Decne.

1

1

II

N

Quercus infectoria Olivier

2

1

II

N

Quercus boissieri Reut.

2

1

II

N

Quercus cerris L.

1

1

II

N

Rhamnus punctata Boiss.

1

1

1

III

N

Rhamnus palaestinus Boiss. or Rhamnus lycioides L.

2

1

1

III

E

Rhamnus alaternus L.

1

I

N

Zizyphus Spina-christi L. Desf.

N

Zizyphus Lotus (L.) Lam.

N

Paliurus spina-christi Miller

1

I

N

Ziziphus jujuba Miller

I

N

Searsia tripartita (Ucria) Moffett

N

Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C.Johnst.

N

Pinus halepensis Miller

1

I

N

Pinus Pinea L.

1

I

N

Pinus canariensis C. Smith

N

Pinus brutia Tenore

1

I

N

Cupressus sempervirens L.

2

I

N

Cupressus sempervirens L. var .horizontalis Miller

N

Cupressus arizonica Greene

N

Thuja occidentalis L.

N

Juniperus oxycedrus L.

1

I

N

Juniperus phoenicea L.

1

I

N

Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb.

N

Juniperus drupacea Labill.

1

I

N

Mespilus germanica L.

1

I

N

Crataegus azarolus L.

N

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb. (Amygdalus ramonensis Danin)

E

(Crataegus oriana (L.) DC.)

N

Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach

1

1

1

III

N

Pyrus syriac Boiss.

1

I

E

Crataegus monogyna Jacq.

N

Malus communis Desf.

1

I

N

Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem.

1

I

N

Prunus spinosa L.

1

I

N

Spartium junceum L.

1

I

N

Cersis siliquastrum L.

2

1

1

III

N

Poinciana gillesiiHook.

1

I

N

Acacia salicina Lindl.

1

1

1

III

N

Acacia cyanophylla Lindl.

1

1

1

III

N

Sophora japonica L.

1

1

1

III

N

Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link

1

1

II

N

Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb. & Berthel.

1

2

1

III

N

Genista monspessulana (L.) O.Bol髎 & Vigo

1

1

III

N

Acacia dealbata Link

1

1

1

III

N

Retama rhodorhizoides (Webb. & Berthel.)

1

1

1

III

N

Acacia radiana Savi.

1

1

1

III

N

Ficus retusa L.

1

2

1

III

N

Ficus sycomorus L.

1

I

N

Ficus cariaca L.

1

I

N

Ficus benjamina L.

N

Morus alba L.

1

I

N

Morus nigara L.

1

I

N

Olea europaea L.

2

1

1

III

N

Phillyria media L.

1

I

N

Olea oleaster Hoffmanns. & Link

I

N

Salix alba L.

N

Populus alba L.

1

I

N

Populus nigra L.

N

Populus euphratica Oliv.

1

I

N

Tamarix articulate Vahl.

1

I

N

Tamarix aphylla L.

N

Tamarix jordanis Boiss.

E

Tamarix palestina Bertol.

E

Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge

N

Tamarix negevensis Zohary

E

Tamarix parviflora DC.

N

Tamarix tetragyna Ehrenb.

N

Tamarix gennessarensis Zohary

E

Reaumuria negevensis Zohary & Danin

E

Acer obtusifolium Sm. (Acer syriscum Boiss.)

1

1

1

III

E

Acer monspessulanum L.

N

Polygonum palaestinum Zohary

E

Persicaria lanigera (R.Br.) Sojak

N

Atraphaxis spinosa L.

N

Rheum palaestinum Feinbrun

E

Anagyris foetida L.

N

Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult.

N

Lycium barbarum L.

N

Lycium europaeum L.

1

I

N

Phlomis pungens Willd.

1

I

N

Phlomis brachyodon (Boiss.) Zohary

1

I

E

Phlomis chrysophylla Boiss.

1

I

N

Brachychiton populneus (Schott & Endl.) R.Br.

1

I

N

Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. Don

1

I

N

Capparis spinosa L.

1

I

N

Celtis australis L.

1

I

N

Casuarina equesitifolia L.

N

Juglans regia L.

N

Atriplex halimus L.

N

Arbutus andrachne L.

1

1

II

E

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile

1

I

N

Laurus nobilis L.

1

I

N

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

1

I

N

Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill.

1

I

N

Melia azedarach L.

1

I

N

Azolla filiculoides Lam.

1

I

N

Iris mesopotamica Dykes

1

I

E

Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.

1

I

N

Styrex officinalis L.

1

I

N

Salvia fruticosa Miller

1

I

N

Salvia officinalis L.

1

I

N

Salvia aegyptiaca L.

1

I

N

Salvia palaestina Benth.

1

I

E

Salvia aethiopis L.

N

Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce.

1

I

N

Micromeria cremnophila Boiss.

1

I

N

Micromeria danaensis Danin

1

I

E

Micromeria serbaliana Danin & Hedge

N

Micromeria sinaica Benth.

1

I

E

Achillea aegyptiaca L.

1

I

N

Achillea arabica Kotschy

1

I

N

Achillea millefolium L.

1

I

N

Achillea aleppica DC.

1

I

N

Artemisia abrotanum L.

1

I

N

Artemisia absinthium L.

1

I

N

Artemisia sieberi Besser.

1

I

N

Hedera helix L.

1

I

N

Lonicera etrusca Santi

1

I

N

Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill.

1

I

N

Opuntia robusta J.C. Wendl.

1

I

N

Opuntia ficus-barbarica A. Berger

1

I

N

Asparagus horridus L.

1

I

N

Asparagus acutifolius L.

1

I

N

Asparagus setaceus Gessop

1

I

N

Asparagus palaestinus Baker

1

I

E

Asparagus aphyllus L.

1

I

N

Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf.

1

I

N

Argyrolobium crotalarioides Jaub. & Spach

1

I

E

Astracantha bethlehemitica (Boiss.) Podlech

1

I

E

Acantholimon libanoticum Boiss.

1

I

N

Verbascum galilaeum Boiss.

1

1

II

E

Verbascum galilardotii Boiss.

1

1

II

E

Verbascum berytheum Boiss.

1

1

II

E

Verbascum eremobium Murb.

1

1

II

E

Verbascum tiberiadis Boiss.

1

I

E

Verbascum transjordanicum Murb.

1

1

II

E

Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss.

1

1

I

E

Phlomis viscosa Poiret

1

I

E

Phlomis platystegia Post

1

I

E

Iris palaestina Boiss.

1

1

1

III

E

Iris vartanii Foster

1

I

E

Iris atrofusca Baker

1

I

E

Leopoldia bicolor (Boiss.) Eig. et Feinbrun

1

I

E

Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth.

1

1

II

N

Clematis flammula L.

1

1

II

N

Clematis cirrhosa L.

1

1

II

N

Vitex agnus-castus L.

N

Globularia arabica Jaub. & Spach

N

Hibiscus micranthus L.

N

Cynanchum acutum L.

1

1

II

N

Echium angustifolium Mill.

1

I

N

Heliotropium maris-mortui Zohary

E

Podonosma orientalis (L.) Feinbrun

1

I

N

Echinops philistaeus Feinbrun & Zohary

1

1

1

III

E

Iphiona maris-mortui Feinbrun

1

I

E

Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk.

1

1

II

N

Heliotropium arbainense Fresen.

1

I

N

Galium canum Req. ex DC.

1

1

II

N

Galium elongatum C. Presl.

1

1

II

N

Galium humifusum M. Bieb.

1

1

II

N

Crepis hierosolymitana Boiss.

1

I

E

Fagonia bruguieri DC.

1

I

N

Fagonia mollis Delile

1

1

II

N

Fagonia orientalis C. Presl.

1

1

II

N

Fagonia arabica L.

1

I

N

Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Ascherson

1

1

II

N

Euphorbia hierosolymitana Boiss.

1

1

II

E

Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle

1

1

II

N

Rubia tinctorum L.

1

I

N

Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori

1

I

N

Grewia villosa Willd.

1

I

N

Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss.

1

1

II

N

Alkanna strigosa Boiss. & Hohen.

1

1

II

N

Alkanna galilaea Boiss.

1

I

E

Ononis natrix L.

N

Artemisia arborescens L.

1

1

II

N

Artemisia sieberi Besser

1

1

II

N

Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC.

1

I

N

Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC.

1

I

N

Artemisia monosperma Delile

1

I

N

Nerium oleander L.

1

I

N

Parkinsonia aculeata L.

1

I

N

Ochradenus baccatus Delile

1

I

N

Smilax asperan L.

1

I

N

Satureja sinaica (Benth.) Briq.

1

1

II

E

Satureja thymbra L.

1

1

1

II

E

Salvia judaica Boiss.

1

1

II

E

Suaeda palaestina Eig. & Zohary, Reaumuria hirtella Jaub. & Spach

1

1

II

E

Teucrium lamiifolium sensu Boiss.

1

I

E

Salvia eigii Zohary

1

1

II

E

Origanum ramonense Danin

1

1

II

E

Majorana syriacum (L.) Kostel, Origanum syriaca L.

1

1

1

1

III

E
The percentage of plant species found in sampling and community studies: V = 100%, IV = 60.1% - 80%, III = 40.1% - 60%, II = 20.1% - 40% and I = 0.1% - 20%. N: Native and E: Endemic. Association (ASL), GI: Group one, G II: Group two, GIII: Group three, ASL 1: Ceratonio siliquae -Pistacetum lentisci ass. nova.

3.1.2. The association of Rhamnus palaestinae- Quercetum calliprini ass. nova

The second community represented (ASL2- 5, 9, 10) in the cluster and consists of forests or Maquis and oak plants as Quercus calliprinos Webb. (Quercus palaestina Kotschy or Quercus coccifera L.), Quercus look Kotschy, Quercus libani G. Olivier, Quercus inthaburensis Decne., Quercus infectoria Olivier, Quercus&#x000a0;boissieri Reut., Quercus cerris L. and the deciduous&#x000a0;as Pistacia palaestina L. on limestone with terra rossa soil are still common in the north of Palestine, Jordan, Lebanon and Syria countries, and mesophytic companions by Rhamnus subsp. As Rhamnus lycioides L. or Rhamnus palaestinus Boiss., Rhamnus punctata Boiss., Rhamnus alaternus L., Zizyphus Spina-christi L. Desf., Zizyphus Lotus (L.) Lam., Paliurus spina-christi Miller. Ziziphus jujuba Miller, Acer obtusifolium Sm. or Acer syriscum Boiss., Arbutus andrachne L., Laurus nobilis L., Crataegus azarolus L., &#x00026; many herbaceous and geophytes species. Otherwise, community represent (temperate forests, Maquis, steppe, grasslands, savannahs, and shrublands) (, ; ), and the climate&#x000a0;temperate&#x000a0;and ranges from&#x000a0;semi-arid&#x000a0;to semi-humid (dry and extremes temperate plants of West Asia, and Eurasian steppes), which are found in the Mediterranean region, this assures us that the plant association is Rhamnus palaestinae-Quercetum calliprini (Table 3. ASL2- 5, 9, 10).

Association two ASL2: Rhamnus palaestinae- Quercetum calliprini ass. nova.

Species

Releve of inventories

9

10

5

P

S

Surface in m2 1 = 10

250

300

370

R

T

Cover rate %

65

70

75

E

A

Altitude in m.

300

310

320

S

T

Average height of veg. (m.)

3

7

8

E

U

Slope %

20

30

10

N

S

Orientation

E

W

S

C

Order number

9

10

5

E

Characteristic of association and higher units

Rhamnus palaestinus Boiss. (Rhamnus lycioides L.)

3

3

2

IV

E

Quercus calliprinos Webb. (Quercus coccifera L.)

4

3

2

IV

N

(Quercus look Kotschy)

+

1

I

E

Quercus libani G.Olivier

+

1

I

N

Quercus inthaburensis Decne.

2

1

II

N

Quercus infectoria Olivier

1

1

II

N

Quercus boissieri Reut.

1

2

1

III

N

Quercus cerris L.

1

1

II

N

Compainios

Pistacia lentiscus L.

3

3

1

V

N

Pistacia saportae Burnat.

2

1

1

III

N

Pistacia palaestina Boiss.

2

1

1

III

N

Rhamnus punctata Boiss

2

2

1

III

N

Rhamnus alaternus L.

1

1

II

N

Zizyphus Spina-christi L. Desf.

1

1

II

N

Zizyphus Lotus (L.) Lam.

1

1

II

N

Paliurus spina-christi Miller

1

1

II

N

Ziziphus jujuba Miller

1

1

II

N

Searsia tripartita (Ucria) Moffett

1

I

N

Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C.Johnst.

1

I

N

Pistacia khinjuk Stocks

2

1

1

III

N

Pistacia atlantica Desf.

2

1

1

III

N

Pistacia terebinthus L.

1

1

II

N

Pistacia vera L.

1

I

N

Schinus molle L.

1

1

II

N

Rhus coriaria L.

1

1

II

N

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi

1

1

II

N

Pinus halepensis Miller

1

1

II

N

Pinus Pinea L.

1

I

N

Pinus canariensis C. Smith

1

I

N

Pinus brutia Tenore

N

Cupressus sempervirens L.

1

I

N

Cupressus sempervirens L. var .horizontalis Miller

1

I

N

Cupressus arizonica Greene

1

I

N

Thuja occidentalis L.

N

Juniperus oxycedrus L.

1

I

N

Juniperus phoenicea L.

1

I

N

Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb.

2

I

N

Juniperus drupacea Labill.

1

I

N

Mespilus germanica L.

1

I

N

Crataegus azarolus L.

1

I

N

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb., (Prunus amygdalus (L.) Batsch)

1

1

II

E

Crataegus oriana (L.) DC

1

I

N

Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach

1

1

1

III

N

Pyrus syriac Boiss.

1

I

E

Crataegus monogyna Jacq.

1

I

N

Malus communis Desf.

1

I

N

Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem.

1

I

N

Prunus spinosa L.

1

I

N

Ceratonia siliqua L

2

1

1

III

N

Spartium junceum L.

1

I

N

Cersis siliquastrum L.

1

I

N

Poinciana gillesiiHook.

1

I

N

Acacia salicina Lindl.

N

Acacia cyanophylla Lindl.

1

I

N

Sophora japonica L.

N

Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link

N

Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb. & Berthel.

1

I

N

Genista monspessulana (L.) O.Bol髎 & Vigo

1

I

N

Acacia dealbata Link

1

I

N

Retama rhodorhizoides (Webb. & Berthel.)

N

Acacia radiana Savi.

1

I

N

Ficus retusa L.

1

I

N

Ficus sycomorus L.

N

Ficus cariaca L.

2

1

II

N

Ficus benjamina L.

1

1

I

N

Morus alba L.

1

I

N

Morus nigara L.

1

I

N

Olea europaea L.

1

I

N

Phillyria media L.

1

I

N

Olea oleaster Hoffmanns. & Link

1

I

N

Salix alba L.

1

I

N

Populus alba L.

1

I

N

Populus nigra L.

1

I

N

Populus euphratica Oliv.

1

I

N

Tamarix articulate Vahl.

1

I

N

Tamarix aphylla L.

N

Tamarix jordanis Boiss.

E

Tamarix palestina Bertol.

E

Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge

1

I

N

Tamarix negevensis Zohary

E

Tamarix parviflora DC.

N

Tamarix tetragyna Ehrenb.

N

Tamarix gennessarensis Zohary

E

Reaumuria negevensis Zohary & Danin

E

Acer obtusifolium Sm. Acer syriscum Boiss.

1

1

II

E

Acer monspessulanum L.

1

I

N

Polygonum palaestinum Zohary

1

1

1

II

E

Persicaria lanigera (R.Br.) Sojak

1

I

N

Atraphaxis spinosa L.

1

I

N

Rheum palaestinum Feinbrun

1

I

E

Anagyris foetida L.

N

Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult.

N

Lycium barbarum L.

1

I

N

Lycium europaeum L.

N

Phlomis pungens Willd

N

Phlomis brachyodon (Boiss.) Zohary

N

Phlomis chrysophylla Boiss.

N

Brachychiton populneus (Schott & Endl.) R.Br.

1

I

N

Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. Don

1

I

N

Capparis spinosa L.

1

I

N

Celtis australis L.

N

Casuarina equesitifolia L.

1

I

N

Juglans regia L.

1

I

N

Atriplex halimus L.

1

I

N

Arbutus andrachne L.

1

1

II

E

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile

N

Laurus nobilis L.

1

I

N

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

N

Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill.

N

Melia azedarach L.

N

Azolla filiculoides Lam.

N

Iris mesopotamica Dykes

E

Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.

N

Styrex officinalis L.

1

I

N

Salvia fruticosa Mill.

1

I

N

Salvia officinalis L.

1

I

N

Salvia aegyptiaca L.

1

I

N

Salvia palaestina Benth.

1

I

E

Salvia aethiopis L.

N

Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce.

N

Micromeria cremnophila Boiss.

1

I

N

Micromeria danaensis Danin

E

Micromeria serbaliana Danin & Hedge

1

I

N

Micromeria sinaica Benth.

E

Achillea aegyptiaca L.

N

Achillea arabica Kotschy

N

Achillea millefolium L.

N

Achillea aleppica DC.

N

Artemisia abrotanum L.

1

I

N

Artemisia absinthium L.

1

I

N

Artemisia sieberi Besser.

1

I

N

Hedera helix L.

1

I

N

Lonicera etrusca Santi

1

I

N

Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill.

1

I

N

Opuntia robusta J.C. Wendl.

1

I

N

Opuntia ficus-barbarica A. Berger

1

I

N

Asparagus horridus L.

1

I

N

Asparagus acutifolius L.

1

I

N

Asparagus setaceus Gessop

1

I

N

Asparagus palaestinus Baker

1

I

E

Asparagus aphyllus L.

1

I

N

Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf.

1

I

N

Argyrolobium crotalarioides Jaub. & Spach

N

Astracantha bethlehemitica (Boiss.) Podlech

N

Acantholimon libanoticum Boiss.

I

1

I

N

Verbascum galilaeum Boiss.

1

I

E

Verbascum galilardotii Boiss.

1

I

E

Verbascum berytheum Boiss.

1

I

E

Verbascum eremobium Murb.

1

I

E

Verbascum tiberiadis Boiss.

I

E

Verbascum transjordanicum Murb.

1

I

E

Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss.

1

I

E

Phlomis viscosa Poiret

E

Phlomis platystegia Post

E

Iris palaestina Boiss.

1

1

II

E

Iris vartanii Foster

E

Iris atrofusca Baker

E

Leopoldia bicolor (Boiss.) Eig. et. Feinbrun

E

Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth.

1

I

N

Clematis flammula L.

1

I

N

Clematis cirrhosa L.

1

I

N

Vitex agnus-castus L.

N

Globularia arabica Jaub. & Spach

N

Hibiscus micranthus L.

N

Cynanchum acutum L.

1

I

N

Echium angustifolium Mill.

1

I

N

Heliotropium maris-mortui Zohary

E

Podonosma orientalis (L.) Feinbrun

1

I

N

Echinops philistaeus Feinbrun & Zohary

E

Iphiona maris-mortui Feinbrun

E

Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk.

1

1

N

Heliotropium arbainense Fresen.

1

I

N

Galium canum Req. ex DC.

1

1

II

N

Galium elongatum C. Presl.

1

1

II

N

Galium humifusum M. Bieb.

1

1

II

N

Crepis hierosolymitana Boiss.

1

I

E

Fagonia bruguieri DC.

N

Fagonia mollis Delile

1

I

N

Fagonia orientalis C. Presl.

1

I

N

Fagonia arabica L.

N

Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Ascherson

1

I

N

Euphorbia hierosolymitana Boiss.

E

Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle

1

I

N

Rubia tinctorum L.

I

N

Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori

1

I

N

Grewia villosa Willd.

1

I

N

Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss.

1

1

II

N

Alkanna strigosa Boiss. & Hohen.

1

1

II

N

Alkanna galilaea Boiss.

E

Ononis natrix L.

N

Artemisia arborescens L.

1

1

II

N

Artemisia sieberi Besser

1

1

II

N

Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC.

1

I

N

Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC.

1

I

N

Artemisia monosperma Delile

1

I

N

Nerium oleander L.

1

I

N

Parkinsonia aculeata L.

1

I

N

Ochradenus baccatus Delile

1

I

N

Smilax asperan L.

N

Satureja sinaica (Benth.) Briq.

1

1

1

III

E

Satureja thymbra L.

1

1

1

III

E

Salvia judaica Boiss.

1

1

II

E

Suaeda palaestina Eig. & Zohary, (Reaumuria hirtella Jaub. & Spach)

1

1

II

E

Teucrium lamiifolium sensu Boiss.

1

1

II

E

Salvia eigii Zohary

1

I

E

Origanum ramonense Danin

E

Majorana syriacum (L.) Kostel, (Origanum syriaca L.)

1

1

II

E
The percentage of plant species found in sampling and community studies: V = 100%, IV = 60.1% - 80%, III = 40.1% - 60%, II = 20.1% - 40% and I = 0.1% - 20%. N: Native and E: Endemic. Association (ASL), GI: Group one, G II: Group two, GIII: Group three, ASL 2: Rhamano palestinae- Quercetum calliprini ass. nova.

3.1.3. The association of Junipero phoeniceae-Pinetum halepensis ass. nova

The last community has been represented group B (ASL3), which is covered of the inventories (3, 4) in cluster, and contained Pine forest as Pinus halepensis Miller, Pinus brutia Tenore, Pinus Pinea L., Pinus&#x000a0;canariensis C. Smith, Pinus nigra J. F. Arnold, Juniperus species as Juniperus phoenicea L. and Cupressus species. Events, forests growing in thermomediterranean, and dry to sub-humid environments in (Tiera Rosa, rocky or sandy ground soil) with neutral pH, which is dominated by the presence of Juniperus phoenicea L., Juniperus oxycedrus L., Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb., Juniperus drupacea Labill., Crataegus azarolus L., Cupressus sempervirens L., Cupressus sempervirens L. var. horizontalis Miller, Cupressus arizonica Greene, Thuja occidentalis L., and Arbutus andrachne L., this in turn reinforces our, that this group represents the Asian plant group and the eastern Mediterranean region, the association Junipero phoeniceae-Pinetum halepensis (Table 4: ASL3_3, 4).

Association three: Junipero phoeniceae-Pinetum halepensis ass. nova.

Species

Releve of inventories

3

4

P

S

Surface in m2 1 = 10

530

600

R

T

Cover rate %

75

65

E

A

Altitude in m.

300

310

S

T

Average height of veg. (m.)

9

11

E

U

Slope %

5

20

N

S

Orientation

E

W

C

Order number

4

3

E

Characteristic of association and higher units

Juniperus phoenicea L.

4

3

IV

N

Pinus halepensis Miller

4

4

V

N

Pinus Pinea L.

1

3

III

N

Pinus canariensis C. Smith

1

I

N

Pinus brutia Tenore

1

1

II

N

Juniperus oxycedrus L.

3

2

IV

N

Companions

Cupressus sempervirens L.

2

3

IV

N

Rhamnus palaestinus Boiss. (Rhamnus lycioides L.)

2

1

III

E

Cupressus sempervirens L. var .horizontalis Miller

1

I

N

Cupressus arizonica Greene

1

I

N

Thuja occidentalis L.

2

I

N

Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb.

2

2

III

N

Juniperus drupacea Labill.

2

2

III

N

Quercus look Kotschy

+

I

E

Quercus libani G.Olivier

1

I

N

Quercus calliprinos Webb. (Quercus palestina K.) (Quercus coccifera L.)

2

2

V

N

Quercus inthaburensis Decne.

1

I

N

Quercus infectoria Olivier

1

I

N

Quercus boissieri Reut.

1

I

N

Quercus cerris L.

N

Pistacia palaestina Boiss.

2

2

III

E

Pistacia khinjuk Stocks

1

I

N

Pistacia lentiscus L.

2

2

III

N

Pistacia saportae Burnat.

1

I

N

Pistacia atlantica Desf.

2

2

III

N

Pistacia terebinthus L.

1

I

N

Pistacia vera L.

N

Schinus molle L.

N

Rhus coriaria L.

N

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi

N

Rhamnus punctata Boiss

1

I

N

Rhamnus alaternus L.

1

I

N

Zizyphus Spina-christi L. Desf.

N

Zizyphus Lotus (L.) Lam.

N

Paliurus spina-christi Miller

N

Ziziphus jujuba Miller

1

I

N

Searsia tripartita (Ucria) Moffett

N

Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C.Johnst.

N

Arbutus andrachne L.

E

Mespilus germanica L.

N

Crataegus azarolus L.

1

I

N

Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D.A.Webb, (Prunus amygdalus (L.) Batsch)

1

1

II

E

Crataegus oriana (L.) DC.

N

Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach

1

1

II

N

Pyrus syriac Boiss.

E

Crataegus monogyna Jacq.

N

Malus communis Desf.

1

I

N

Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem.

1

I

N

Prunus spinosa L.

1

I

N

Ceratonia siliqua L

2

2

III

N

Spartium junceum L.

N

Cersis siliquastrum L.

N

Poinciana gillesiiHook.

1

I

N

Acacia salicina Lindl.

1

I

N

Acacia cyanophylla Lindl.

1

I

N

Sophora japonica L.

N

Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link

2

I

N

Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb. & Berthel.

1

I

N

Genista monspessulana (L.) O.Bol髎 & Vigo

1

I

N

Acacia dealbata Link

1

I

N

Retama rhodorhizoides (Webb. & Berthel.)

1

I

N

Acacia radiana Savi.

1

I

N

Ficus retusa L.

1

I

N

Ficus sycomorus L.

N

Ficus cariaca L.

2

1

II

N

Ficus benjamina L.

1

I

N

Morus alba L.

1

I

N

Morus nigara L.

1

I

N

Olea europaea L.

1

2

II

N

Phillyria media L.

1

I

N

Olea oleaster Hoffmanns. & Link

N

Salix alba L.

N

Populus alba L.

N

Populus nigra L.

N

Populus euphratica Oliv.

N

Tamarix articulate Vahl.

1

I

N

Tamarix aphylla L.

1

I

N

Tamarix jordanis Boiss.

1

I

E

Tamarix palestina Bertol.

1

I

E

Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge

1

I

N

Tamarix negevensis Zohary

1

I

E

Tamarix parviflora DC.

1

I

N

Tamarix tetragyna Ehrenb.

1

I

N

Tamarix gennessarensis Zohary

1

I

E

Reaumuria negevensis Zohary & Danin

1

I

E

Acer obtusifolium Sm. (Acer syriscum Boiss.)

1

I

E

Acer monspessulanum L.

2

I

N

Polygonum palaestinum Zohary

E

Persicaria lanigera (R.Br.) Sojak

N

Atraphaxis spinosa L.

N

Rheum palaestinum Feinbrun

1

I

E

Anagyris foetida L.

1

I

N

Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult.

2

I

N

Lycium barbarum L.

1

I

N

Lycium europaeum L.

N

Phlomis pungens Willd.

N

Phlomis brachyodon (Boiss.) Zohary

N

Phlomis chrysophylla Boiss.

N

Brachychiton populneus (Schott & Endl.) R.Br.

1

I

N

Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. Don

1

I

N

Capparis spinosa L.

N

Celtis australis L.

N

Casuarina equesitifolia L.

1

I

N

Juglans regia L.

N

Atriplex halimus L.

2

I

N

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile

1

I

N

Laurus nobilis L.

1

I

N

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

N

Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill.

N

Melia azedarach L.

N

Azolla filiculoides Lam.

N

Iris mesopotamica Dykes

E

Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.

N

Styrex officinalis L.

N

Salvia fruticosa Mill.

1

I

N

Salvia officinalis L.

1

I

N

Salvia aegyptiaca L.

N

Salvia palaestina Benth.

E

Salvia aethiopis L.

1

I

N

Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce.

N

Micromeria cremnophila Boiss.

N

Micromeria danaensis Danin

E

Micromeria serbaliana Danin & Hedge

E

Micromeria sinaica Benth.

E

Achillea aegyptiaca L.

1

I

N

Achillea arabica Kotschy

N

Achillea millefolium L.

N

Achillea aleppica DC.

N

Artemisia abrotanum L.

1

I

N

Artemisia absinthium L.

1

I

N

Artemisia sieberi Besser.

I

N

Hedera helix L.

1

I

N

Lonicera etrusca Santi

1

I

N

Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Mill.

1

I

N

Opuntia robusta J.C. Wendl.

1

I

N

Opuntia ficus-barbarica A. Berger

1

I

N

Asparagus horridus L.

1

I

N

Asparagus acutifolius L.

1

I

N

Asparagus setaceus Gessop

1

I

N

Asparagus palaestinus Baker

I

E

Asparagus aphyllus L.

1

I

N

Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf.

1

I

N

Argyrolobium crotalarioides Jaub. & Spach

N

Astracantha bethlehemitica (Boiss.) Podlech

N

Acantholimon libanoticum Boiss.

1

I

N

Verbascum galilaeum Boiss.

1

I

E

Verbascum galilardotii Boiss.

E

Verbascum berytheum Boiss.

E

Verbascum eremobium Murb.

E

Verbascum tiberiadis Boiss.

E

Verbascum transjordanicum Murb.

1

I

E

Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss.

1

I

E

Phlomis viscosa Poiret

N

Phlomis platystegia Post

E

Iris palaestina Boiss.

1

1

II

E

Iris vartanii Foster

E

Iris atrofusca Baker

E

Leopoldia bicolor (Boiss.) Eig. Et. Feinbrun

E

Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth.

1

I

N

Clematis flammula L.

1

I

N

Clematis cirrhosa L.

1

I

N

Vitex agnus-castus L.

N

Globularia arabica Jaub. & Spach

N

Hibiscus micranthus L.

N

Cynanchum acutum L.

1

I

N

Echium angustifolium Mill.

1

N

Heliotropium maris-mortui Zohary

E

Podonosma orientalis (L.) Feinbrun

1

N

Echinops philistaeus Feinbrun & Zohary

1

1

II

E

Iphiona maris-mortui Feinbrun

1

E

Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk.

1

1

II

N

Heliotropium arbainense Fresen.

1

N

Galium canum Req. ex DC.

1

1

II

N

Galium elongatum C. Presl.

1

1

II

N

Galium humifusum M. Bieb.

1

1

II

N

Crepis hierosolymitana Boiss.

1

I

E

Fagonia bruguieri DC.

N

Fagonia mollis Delile

N

Fagonia orientalis C. Presl.

N

Fagonia arabica L.

N

Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Ascherson

1

N

Euphorbia hierosolymitana Boiss.

1

1

II

E

Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle

1

I

N

Rubia tinctorum L.

N

Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori

1

I

N

Grewia villosa Willd.

1

I

N

Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss.

1

1

II

N

Alkanna strigosa Boiss. & Hohen.

1

1

II

N

Alkanna galilaea Boiss.

1

1

II

E

Ononis natrix L.

N

Artemisia arborescens L.

1

1

II

N

Artemisia sieberi Besser

1

1

I

N

Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC.

1

I

N

Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC.

1

I

N

Artemisia monosperma Delile

1

I

N

Nerium oleander L.

1

I

N

Parkinsonia aculeata L.

1

I

N

Ochradenus baccatus Delile

1

I

N

Smilax asperan L.

1

I

N

Satureja sinaica (Benth.) Briq.

1

I

E

Satureja thymbra L.

1

1

II

E

Salvia judaica Boiss.

1

1

II

E

Suaeda palaestina Eig. & Zohary (Reaumuria hirtella Jaub. & Spach)

1

1

II

E

Teucrium lamiifolium sensu Boiss.

E

Salvia eigii Zohary

E

Origanum ramonense Danin

E

Majorana syriacum (L.) Kostel (Origanum syriaca L.)

1

1

II

E
The percentage of plant species found in sampling and community studies: V = 100%, IV = 60.1% - 80%, III = 40.1% - 60%, II = 20.1% - 40% and I = 0.1% - 20%. N: Native and E: Endemic. Association (ASL), GI: Group one, G II: Group two, GIII: Group three, ASL 3: Junipero phoeniceae- Pinetum halepensis ass. nova.

3.3.4. Community Plant Analysis

In our analysis, the focus of our study was on plants, shrubs, steppe and very a few of herbaceous plants, among other things, according to Raunkiaer's life system, trees were the most representative layer of the spectrum of floristic, as, (86; 40.18% trees), (34; 15.88% shrubs), (51; 23.83% chamaephytes), (10; 4.67% geophytes), (16; 7.47% phanerophytes), (12; 6.54% hemicryptophytes) and (3; 1.40% perennial, helophyte and annual). After the principal component analysis, it was found that there is a separation between two groups of plants (group A and group B); (Group A: community 1 and 2) as shown in the cluster (Figure 4 andFigure 5). As a rule, the first community was included inventories (1, 2, 6, 7, 8) of the cluster and principal component analysis taken in the Al-Dawaimah and neighbouring the mountains in dry, and adapted in sub-humid ombrotype and the thermo-Mediterranean thermotype, with a various soils as rocky, loam, hard limestone, rendzinas and terra rossa. else, inventories one was mixed or existed species with most group plants as Quercus and Pistacia species. This community includes the following endemic species: Acer obtusifolium Sm., Quercus look Kotschy, accompanied by Quercus species as (Quercus calliprinos Webb. or Quercus coccifera L. or Quercus palaestina Kotschy), Quercus look Kotschy, Quercus libani G. Olivier and Rhamnus species as Rhamnus lycioides L., and distributions of life forms association are: (86; 40.18% trees), (34; 15.88% shrubs), (51; 23.83% chamaephytes), (10; 4.67% geophytes), (16; 7.47% phanerophytes), (12; 6.54% hemicryptophytes) and (3; 1.40% perennial, helophyte and annual)., with a slope of (10-25%) &#x00026; a plant coverage of 75%, elevation between (300-370) m on the Sea level, and vegetation height of (3-7m) (Table 2). Furthermore, second community was contained inventories (5, 9, 10) of the cluster and principal component analysis, and sampled from (Wadi al-Arabe &#x00026; Tawazat, Khallet al-Najajreh, Wadi &#x00026; Khallet Al-Khresa, Khallet Jobran, Khallet Abu Jaber, Ain-Ismael Ayesh, Yarde, Ghatashaand Wadi Al-ragate) in arid, dry, and adapted in sub-humid ombrotype and the infra-Mediterranean to thermo-Mediterranean thermotype, with a hard limestone, rendzinas and terra rossa and neutral pH, and inventor 5 was mixed species in most group plants as Quercus and Pistacia and others species. Nevertheless, this community includes the following endemic species:, Rhamnus palaestinus Boiss., Acer obtusifolium Sm., Quercus look Kotschy and Pistacio palestineae Boiss, while the distribution of life forms association are: (66; 44.89% trees), (22; 13.60% shrubs), (28; 19.04% chamaephytes) (7; 4.76% chamaephytes shrubs), (4; 2.72% phanerophytes), (7; 4.76% phanerophytes shrubs), (10; 6.80% hemicryptophytes), (5; 3.40% geophytes ), with a slope of (10-30%) and a plant coverage rate of (70%), elevation between (300-320 m), and vegetation height of (3-8m) (Table 3).

The last community represents (Inventories 3 and 4) as shown in the cluster, this its includes plant varieties studied in the Al-Dawaimah region and the nearby and surrounding mountains as (Marah Bishr, Adra, the Bedouin Shieb, Ganan Al-Taseh &#x00026; Al-kashklia, Wadi al-Qashab &#x00026; Dawaimah centre, Wadi Al-Arab &#x00026; Tawazat), the plants of this group represent the different types of coniferous forest plants that adapt in many regions of the Mediterranean basin, they are located within a dry, hot summer and temperate winter region, although these plants are located in humid and subhumid areas of ombrotype and thermosmediterranean environmental on Tiera Rosa, rocky or sandy ground soil), and accompanied species by Juniperus species as Juniperus oxycedrus L., Juniperus excelsa M., and Arbutus andrachne L. This community includes the following endemic species: Cupressus sempervirens L., Pinus halepensis Miller, Rhus coriaria L., Pistacia palaestina Boiss. and others, and distribution of life forms association are: (64; 50% trees, (13; 7.84% shrubs, (26; 20.31% chamaephytes, (7; 5.46% chamaephytes shrubs), (4; 3.12%) geophytes, (3; 2.34% phanerophytes), (7; 4.76% phanerophytes shrubs), (6; 4.68% hemicryptophytes), with a slope of (5-20%) and a plant cover average of (70%), elevation between (310-390 m), and vegetation height of (9-11m) (Table 4).

Moreover, in this study, more than 800 species of plants were recorded, distributed among forest trees, Maquis, shrub steppe, scrubland and some of herbaceous to study flora, or know the vegetation cover that includes this region, knowing that they are forest areas that contain many different plants that have adapted in this region during the period after 1948. Consequently, it is an area of dense vegetation with different plants, where more than 45 endemic species have been spotted, therefore it is an important vital region for its unique biological diversity, given that it is considered an intermediate region between the Palestinian coast from the west, Hebron Mountains, dead Sea and the Jordan River from the east, the mountains of Syria and Lebanon from the north, the Sinai desert, the Negev, and the Red Sea in the south.

Ward’s method cluster to analysis.

The principal component analysis.

Synthetic or artificial representation of associations.

Species

ASL 1

ASL 2

ASL 3

Status

Life form

Family

Ceratonia siliqua L.

IV

III

III

N

T

Fabaceae

Pistacia lentiscus L.

V

III

III

N

T

Anacardiaceae

Pistacia palaestina Boiss.

IV

IV

III

E

T

Anacardiaceae

Pistacia khinjuk Stocks

III

III

I

N

T

Anacardiaceae

Pistacia saportae Burnat.

II

III

I

N

T

Anacardiaceae

Pistacia atlantica Desf.

II

III

III

N

T

Anacardiaceae

Pistacia terebinthus L.

II

II

N

T

Anacardiaceae

Pistacia vera L.

II

II

I

N

T

Anacardiaceae

Schinus molle L.

II

II

N

T

Anacardiaceae

Rhus coriaria L.

I

II

N

T

Anacardiaceae

Schinus terebinthifolius Raddi

II

N

T

Anacardiaceae

Quercus calliprinos Webb. (Quercus coccifera L.) (Quercus palaestina K.)

V

V

II

N

T

Fagaceae

Quercus look Kotschy

I

I

I

E

T

Fagaceae

Quercus libani G.Olivier

I

I

I

N

T

Fagaceae

Quercus inthaburensis Decne.

II

II

I

N

T

Fagaceae

Quercus rotundifolia Lam.

II

II

I

N

T

Fagaceae

Quercus infectoria Olivier

II

II

I

N

T

Fagaceae

Quercus boissieri Reut.

II

III

I

N

T

Fagaceae

Quercus cerris L.

II

II

I

N

T

Fagaceae

Rhamnus punctata Boiss

III

IV

N

Phan

Rhamnaceae

Rhamnus palaestinus Boiss. (Rhamnus lycioides L.)

III

IV

II

E

Phan

Rhamnaceae

Rhamnus alaternus L.

I

II

I

N

T

Rhamnaceae

Zizyphus Spina-christi L. Desf.

II

N

T

Rhamnaceae

Zizyphus Lotus (L.) Lam.

II

N

Sh

Rhamnaceae

Paliurus spina-christi Miller

I

II

I

N

Sh

Rhamnaceae

Ziziphus jujuba Miller

I

II

I

N

Sh

Rhamnaceae

Searsia tripartita (Ucria) Moffett

I

N

Phan

Rhamnaceae

Sageretia thea (Osbeck) M.C.Johnst.

I

N

Phan

Rhamnaceae

Pinus halepensis Miller

I

II

V

N

T

Pinaceae

Pinus Pinea L.

I

I

III

N

T

Pinaceae

Pinus canariensis C. Smith

I

II

N

T

Pinaceae

Pinus brutia Tenore

I

II

N

T

Pinaceae

Pinus nigra J.F. Arnold

I

I

N

T

Cupressaceae

Cupressus sempervirens L.

IV

E

T

Cupressaceae

Cupressus sempervirens L. var .horizontalis Miller

I

N

T

Cupressaceae

Cupressus arizonica Greene

I

I

N

T

Cupressaceae

Thuja occidentalis L.

I

N

T

Cupressaceae

Juniperus oxycedrus L.

I

I

IV

N

T

Cupressaceae

Juniperus phoenicea L.

I

I

IV

N

T

Cupressaceae

Juniperus excelsa M.Bieb.

I

III

N

T

Cupressaceae

Juniperus drupacea Labill.

I

I

III

N

T

Cupressaceae

Mespilus germanica L.

I

I

I

N

Sh

Rosaceae

Crataegus azarolus L.

I

N

T

Rosaceae

Amygdalus communis L. Prunus dulcis (Mill.) D. A. Webb.

I

I

I

E

T

Rosaceae

Crataegus oriana (L.) DC

I

N

Cham

Rosaceae

Sarcopoterium spinosum (L.) Spach

III

III

II

N

Cham

Rosaceae

Pyrus syriac Boiss.

I

I

E

T

Rosaceae

Crataegus monogyna Jacq.

I

I

N

T

Rosaceae

Malus communis Desf.

I

I

I

N

Sh

Rosaceae

Pyracantha coccinea M. Roem.

I

I

I

N

Sh

Rosaceae

Prunus spinosa L.

I

I

I

N

Sh

Rosaceae

Spartium junceum L.

I

I

III

N

Sh

Fabaceae

Cersis siliquastrum L.

III

I

N

T

Fabaceae

Poinciana gillesiiHook.

III

I

I

N

Sh

Fabaceae

Acacia salicina Lindl.

III

II

N

T

Fabaceae

Acacia cyanophylla Lindl.

III

I

I

N

T

Fabaceae

Sophora japonica L.

III

I

N

Sh

Fabaceae

Calicotome villosa (Poir.) Link

II

N

Sh

Fabaceae

Retama raetam (Forssk.) Webb & Berthel.

III

I

I

N

T

Fabaceae

Genista monspessulana (L.) O.Bol髎 & Vigo

III

I

I

N

T

Fabaceae

Acacia dealbata Link

III

I

I

N

T

Fabaceae

Retama rhodorhizoides (Webb & Berthel.)

III

I

N

T

Fabaceae

Acacia radiana Savi.

III

I

I

N

T

Fabaceae

Ficus retusa L.

III

I

I

N

T

Mimosaceae

Ficus sycomorus L.

III

I

I

N

T

Mimosaceae

Ficus cariaca L.

I

N

T

Mimosaceae

Ficus benjamina L.

II

I

N

T

Mimosaceae

Morus alba L.

I

I

I

N

T

Mimosaceae

Morus nigara L.

I

I

I

N

T

Mimosaceae

Olea europaea L.

III

I

I

N

T

Oleaceae

Phillyria media L.

I

I

I

N

T

Oleaceae

Olea oleaster Hoffmanns. & Link

I

I

I

N

T

Oleaceae

Salix alba L.

I

N

T

Salicaceae

Populus alba L.

I

I

N

T

Salicaceae

Populus nigra L.

I

I

N

T

Salicaceae

Populus euphratica Oliv.

I

N

T

Salicaceae

Tamarix articulate Vahl.

I

I

N

T

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix aphylla L.

I

N

T

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix jordanis Boiss.

I

E

T

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix palestina Bertol.

I

E

T

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix nilotica (Ehrenb.) Bunge

I

I

N

T

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix negevensis Zohary

I

E

T

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix parviflora DC.

I

N

T

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix tetragyna Ehrenb.

I

N

T

Tamaricaceae

Tamarix gennessarensis Zohary

I

E

T

Tamaricaceae

Reaumuria negevensis Zohary & Danin

I

E

T

Tamaricaceae

Acer obtusifolium Sm. or Acer syriscum Boiss.

III

II

I

E

Phan

Aceracea

Acer monspessulanum L.

I

I

N

Phan

Aceracea

Polygonum palaestinum Zohary

II

E

Hem

Polygonaceae

Persicaria lanigera (R.Br.) Sojak

I

N

Hem

Polygonaceae

Atraphaxis spinosa L.

I

N

Cham

Polygonaceae

Rheum palaestinum Feinbrun

I

E

Hem

Polygonaceae

Hypecoum pendulum L.

I

N

Annual

Papaveraceae

Anagyris foetida L.

I

N

Phan

Papaveraceae

Lycium shawii Roem. & Schult.

I

N

Sh

Solanaceae

Lycium barbarum L.

I

N

Sh

Solanaceae

Lycium europaeum L.

I

N

Sh

Solanaceae

Phlomis pungens Willd

I

N

Sh

Lamiaceae

Phlomis brachyodon (Boiss.) Zohary

I

E

Sh

Lamiaceae

Phlomis chrysophylla Boiss.

I

N

Cham

Lamiaceae

Brachychiton populneus (Schott & Endl.) R.Br.

I

I

I

N

T

Malvaceae

Jacaranda mimosaefolia D. Don

I

I

I

N

T

Bignoniaceae

Capparis spinosa L.

I

I

I

N

Sh

Capparaceae

Celtis australis L.

I

N

T

Ulmaceae

Casuarina equesitifolia L.

I

I

N

T

Casuarenaceae

Juglans regia L.

I

N

T

Juglandaceae

Atriplex halimus L.

I

N

Sh

Amaranthaceae

Arbutus andrachne L.

II

II

IV

E

T

Ericaceae

Balanites aegyptiaca (L.) Delile

I

N

T

Zygophyllaceae

Laurus nobilis L.

I

I

N

T

Lauraceae

Pteridium aquilinum (L.) Kuhn

I

N

Hem

Hypolepidaceae

Paeonia mascula (L.) Mill.

I

N

Geo

Paeoniaceae

Melia azedarach L.

I

N

T

Meliaceae

Azolla filiculoides Lam.

I

N

Helophyte

Azollaceae

Iris mesopotamica Dykes

I

N

Geo

Iridaceae

Leptadenia pyrotechnica (Forssk.) Decne.

I

N

Phan

Asclepiadaceae

Styrex officinalis L.

I

I

N

Sh

Styracaceae

Salvia fruticosa Mill.

I

I

I

N

Cham

Lamiaceae

Salvia officinalis L.

I

I

I

N

Cham

Lamiaceae

Salvia aegyptiaca L.

I

N

Cham

Lamiaceae

Salvia palaestina Benth.

I

I

E

Cham

Lamiaceae

Salvia aethiopis L.

I

N

Cham

Lamiaceae

Micromeria fruticosa (L.) Druce.

I

N

Cham

Lamiaceae

Micromeria cremnophila Boiss.

I

I

N

Cham

Lamiaceae

Micromeria danaensis Danin

I

E

Cham

Lamiaceae

Micromeria serbaliana Danin & Hedge

I

E

Cham

Lamiaceae

Micromeria sinaica Benth.

I

E

Cham

Lamiaceae

Achillea aegyptiaca L.

I

I

I

N

Cham

Asteraceae

Achillea arabica Kotschy

I

N

Hem

Asteraceae

Achillea millefolium L.

I

N

Cham

Asteraceae

Achillea aleppica DC.

I

N

Cham

Asteraceae

Artemisia abrotanum L.

I

I

I

N

Cham

Asteraceae

Artemisia absinthium L.

I

I

I

N

Cham

Asteraceae

Artemisia sieberi Besser.

I

I

N

Cham

Asteraceae

Hedera helix L.

I

II

N

T

Araliaceae

Lonicera etrusca Santi

I

N

T

Caprifoliaceae

Opuntia ficus indica (L.) Miller

I

N

T

Cactaceae

Opuntia robusta J.C. Wendl.

I

N

T

Cactaceae

Opuntia ficus-barbarica A. Berger

I

N

T

Cactaceae

Asparagus horridus L.

I

N

Geo

Liliaceae

Asparagus acutifolius L.

I

N

Geo

Liliaceae

Asparagus setaceus Gessop

I

N

Geo

Liliaceae

Asparagus palaestinus Baker

I

E

Geo

Liliaceae

Asparagus aphyllus L.

I

I

N

Sh

Asparagaceae

Noaea mucronata (Forssk.) Asch. & Schweinf.

I

I

N

Cham

Chenopodiaceae

Argyrolobium crotalarioides Jaub. & Spach

I

I

N

Cham

Leguminosae

Astragalus bethlehemiticus Boiss.

I

I

N

Cham

Leguminosae

Acantholimon libanoticum Boiss.

I

I

N

Cham

plumbaginaceae

Verbascum galilaeum Boiss.

II

I

I

E

Hem

Scrophulariaceae

Verbascum galilardotii Boiss.

II

I

E

Hem

Scrophulariaceae

Verbascum berytheum Boiss.

II

I

E

Hem

Scrophulariaceae

Verbascum eremobium Murb.

II

I

E

Hem

Scrophulariaceae

Verbascum tiberiadis Boiss.

I

I

E

Hem

Scrophulariaceae

Verbascum transjordanicum Murb.

II

I

I

E

Hem

Scrophulariaceae

Zygophyllum dumosum Boiss.

I

I

I

E

Cham

Zygophyllaceae

Phlomis viscosa Poiret

I

N

Cham

Labiatae/Lamiaceae

Phlomis platystegia Post

I

E

Cham

Labiatae/Lamiaceae

Iris palaestina Boiss.

III

II

II

E

Geo

Iridaceae

Iris vartanii Foster

I

E

Geo

Iridaceae

Iris atrofusca Baker

I

E

Geo

Iridaceae

Leopoldia bicolor (Boiss.) Eig et Feinbrun

I

E

Geo

Liliaceae

Vigna luteola (Jacq.) Benth.

II

I

I

N

Cham

Papilionaceae

Clematis flammula L.

II

I

I

N

V,Phan

Anunculaceae

Clematis cirrhosa L.

II

I

I

N

V,Phan

Anunculaceae

Vitex agnus-castus L.

N

Cham

Verbenaceae

Globularia arabica Jaub. & Spach

N

Cham

Plantaginaceae

Hibiscus micranthus L.

N

Cham

Malvaceae

Cynanchum acutum L.

II

I

I

N

Phan., sh, climber

Apocynaceae

Echium angustifolium Mill.

I

I

1

N

Cham

Boraginaceae

Heliotropium maris-mortui Zohary

E

Sh

Boraginaceae

Podonosma orientalis (L.) Feinbrun

I

I

1

N

Cham

Boraginaceae

Echinops philistaeus Feinbrun & Zohary

III

II

E

Cham

Compositae

Iphiona maris-mortui Feinbrun

I

E

Cham

Compositae

Heliotropium bacciferum Forssk.

II

II

N

Sh, Cham

Boraginaceae

Heliotropium arbainense Fresen.

I

I

1

N

Sh, Cham

Boraginaceae

Galium canum Req. ex DC.

II

II

II

N

Sh, Cham

Rubiaceae

Galium elongatum C. Presl.

II

II

II

N

Hem

Rubiaceae

Galium humifusum M. Bieb.

II

II

II

N

Hem

Rubiaceae

Crepis hierosolymitana Boiss.

I

I

I

E

Cham

Compositae

Fagonia bruguieri DC.

I

N

Sh

Zygophyllaceae

Fagonia mollis Delile

II

I

N

Sh

Zygophyllaceae

Fagonia orientalis C. Presl.

II

I

N

Sh

Zygophyllaceae

Fagonia arabica L.

I

N

Sh

Zygophyllaceae

Nitraria retusa (Forssk.) Ascherson

II

I

1

N

Phan,Sh

Zygophyllaceae

Euphorbia hierosolymitana Boiss.

II

II

E

Sh

Euphorbiaceae

Ailanthus altissima (Miller) Swingle

II

I

I

N

Tree

Simarubaceae

Rubia tinctorum L.

I

I

N

Phan, sh,climber

Rubiaceae

Moringa peregrina (Forssk.) Fiori

I

I

I

N

T

Moringaceae

Grewia villosa Willd.

I

I

I

N

Sh

Tiliaceae

Alkanna orientalis (L.) Boiss.

II

II

II

N

Cham

Boraginaceae

Alkanna strigosa Boiss. & Hohen.

II

II

II

N

Cham

Boraginaceae

Alkanna galilaea Boiss.

I

II

E

Cham

Boraginaceae

Ononis natrix L.

N

Cham

Fabaceae

Artemisia arborescens L.

II

II

II

N

Cham

Compositae

Artemisia sieberi Besser

II

II

I

N

Cham

Compositae

Anvillea garcinii (Burm.f.) DC.

I

I

I

N

Cham

Compositae

Pluchea dioscoridis (L.) DC.

I

I

I

N

Phan, Sh

Compositae

Artemisia monosperma Delile

I

I

I

N

Cham

Compositae

Nerium oleander L.

I

I

I

N

Phan, Sh

Apocynaceae

Parkinsonia aculeata L.

I

I

I

N

Phan, Sh

Caesalpiniaceae

Ochradenus baccatus Delile

I

I

I

N

Phan, Sh

Resedaceae

Smilax asperan L.

I

I

N

Phan, Sh

Liliaceae

Satureja sinaica (Benth.) Briq.

II

III

I

E

Cham, s-sh

Labiatae / Lamiaceae

Satureja thymbra L.

II

III

II

E

Cham, s-sh

Labiatae / Lamiaceae

Salvia judaica Boiss.

II

II

II

E

Hem

Labiatae / Lamiaceae

Suaeda palaestina Eig. & Zohary (Reaumuria hirtella Jaub. & Spach)

II

II

II

E

Perennial shrublet

Tamaricaceae

Teucrium lamiifolium sensu Boiss.

I

II

E

Sh

Labiatae / Lamiaceae

Salvia eigii Zohary

II

I

E

Cham

Labiatae / Lamiaceae

Origanum ramonense Danin

II

E

Cham

Labiatae / Lamiaceae

Majorana syriacum (L.) Kostel (Origanum syriaca L.)

III

II

II

E

Cham

Labiatae / Lamiaceae
The percentage of plant species found in sampling and community studies: V = 100%, IV = 60.1% - 80%, III = 40.1% - 60%, II = 20.1% - 40% and I = 0.1% - 20%. N: Native and E: Endemic, Sh: Shrubs, Cham: Chamaephytes, Geo: geophytes, Phan: phanerophytes, Herb: herbaceous, Hem: Hemhemicryptophytes. Association (ASL), GI: Group one, G II: Group two, GIII: Group three, ASL 1: Ceratonio siliquae-Pistacetum lentisci ass. nova., ASL 2: Rhamnus palaestinea- Quercetum calliprini ass. nova. and ASL 3: Junipero phoeniceae- Pinnetum halepensis ass. nova.

Moreover, the high proportion of Ceratonia siliqua L., Pistacia palaestina Boiss., Pistacia lentiscus L., and Rhamnus lycioides (Rhamnus palaestina Boiss.), Rhamnus alaternus L., allows us to include the communities in dry-xeric shrublands form the terrestrial biome, that covering 19% of earth's land surface area in the world in the order Pistachio lentisci -Rhamnetalia alaterni , and in the alliance, Oleo sylvestris-Ceratonion siliquae Br.-Bl. ex Guinochet &#x00026; Drouineau 1944, whist we include the forests growing in dry to sub-humid environments as Quercus spp. in the order Rhamno lycioidis-Quercion cocciferae Rivas Goday ex Rivas-Martinez 1975 , and class Quercetalia ilicis Br.-Bl. ex Molinier (; ). Nevertheless, in the community, we obtained high frequency of Pinus spp. as Pinus halepensis Miller, &#x00026; Juniperus oxycedrus L., Juniperus excelsa M. Bieb., Juniperus drupacea Labill., Cupressus sempervirens L., Cupressus arizonica Greene, Arbutus andrachne L. species in dry, subhumid and humid region in order Pinetalia halepensis and class Junipero phoeniceae-Pinon acutisquamae A.V. P&#x000e9;rez et Cabezudo in A.V. P&#x000e9;rez et al. 1988 corr. Rivas-Mart. et al. 2002 nom. invers. Propos .

Syntaxonomical performance of these associations is shown:

Quercetalia ilicis Br.-Bl. ex Molinier (; , ).

Rhamno lycioidis-Quercion cocciferae Rivas Goday ex Rivas-Martinez 1975

Rhamnus palaestinae- Quercetum calliprini ass. nova.

Pistachio lentisci -Rhamnetalia alaterni Rivas-Mart&#x000ed;nez 1975

Ceratonio siliquae -Pistacetum lentisci ass. nova.

Juniperon phoeniceae-Pinon acutisquamae A.V. P&#x000e9;rez et Cabezudo in A.V. P&#x000e9;rez et al. 1988 corr. Rivas-Mart. et al. 2002.

Pinetalia halepensis Biondi et al. 2014

Junipero phoeniceae- Pino halepensis&#x000a0;ass. nova.

And eight new botanical societies have been described by Ighbareyeh (, ):

Pistacio palaestinae-Quercetum lokii*

Capparido sinaicae-Ceratonietum siliquae

Cerasus microcarpae-Quercetum ithaburensis*

Pyro siriacae-Abietetum cilicicae*

Abio ciliciae-Ceratonietum siliquae

Periploco aphylli-Pinetum halepensis

Cytisopsis pseudocytiso-Tamaricetum tetragynae

Crataego sinaicae-Tamaricetum jordanii.

In another study carried out by Ighbareyeh in 2018 , three new plant groups were described:

Pino halepensis -Quercetum lookii*

Pistacio palestinae -Ceratonietum siliquae*

Quercus libanii -Tamaricetum palestineae*

* Represents the plant communities that grow and adapt in the areas where olives are grown.

Also, three associations idenetified in 2020 by Jehad M. H. Ighbareyeh, Asma, A. A. Suliemieh, A. Cano-Ortiz &#x00026; E.Cano:

Pistacio lentisci-Quercetum lokii Ighbareyeb

Ceratonio siliquae-Quercetum callipinii

Pino halepensis-Curessetum sempervirentis

with three alliance as Pistacio-Quercion lokii, Ceratonia siliquae -Quercion calliprinae and Pino halepensis-Cupression sempervirenti.

 Conclusion

Al-Dawaimah has been located in an infra-thermomediterranean thermotype, and dry of ombrotype. Al-Dawaimah area represents a unique model of plants, forests (Forests, Maquis, oak, steppe, shrublands, scrubland and many herbaceous species), a dense vegetation and biodiversity, which have 800 species, of which 45 are endemic species. Flora analysis detect that 20.02% of species are endemic, of 214 species of plants as forests, Maquis, steppes and high shrub lands which has been studies in the study area. In the other side, the 10 analysed grids clearly divided into three different groups, each of them, represent natural vegetation scope, and three new plant groups were specified are:

Ceratonion siliquae -Pistacetum lentisci*ass. nova

Rhamnus palaestinae- Quercetum calliprini* ass. nova

Junipero phoeniceae-Pinetum halepensis ass. nova.

*Represents the plant communities that grow and adapt in the areas where olives are grown.

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