The most important intuitive approach to modeling the communications between items and the users are done with the bipartite network as shown inFigure 1. The network construction of customer and product is sketched inFigure 2. Consider the toy illustration in which the customers are interconnected to the products that are purchased. The two important questions are raised with the edge prediction networks [ 1,2].

1. Suggestions or Recommendations - What items should be recommended to the customers as new products?

2. Product targeting - Which users should be contacted in a marketing operation for an explicit product?

A network is defined as an abstract system representation that consists of a collection of objects as nodes or vertices that interact with each other through the edges which are connecting the vertices. These are arising in different domains and are used to solve many real-world problems. One important feature of networks is the modular structure in which the nodes are grouped or clustered into communities [ 3,4].

Logically, the items in a community of customers that the items not yet purchased are taken for the right recommendations. Likewise, in a marketing operation for the identified products, the right customers to target are available in the community of the product. The second example should be elaborated on in detail. The primary steps in a network-science recommendations approach are depicted inFigure 3.

The network model is constructed from the data that needs products, customers, and time required for collective purchase. The edges are drawn between the product and the customer at the time of purchase. When the purchases are required more volumes are indicated using the weights of edges. The values of weights also include the item count (for example, how many items did a customer purchase?) and item penetration (Identify the proportion of things purchased by a customer are specific items?). The weighted network is constructed from the data shown inFigure 4.

The community detection method is applied next to group the products and customers into meaningful groups by modularity optimization with a quantity q that partitions the network into different communities. The detection of community is an NP-hard problem that can be solved using approximation and soft computing approaches [ 5,6,7,8] as shown inFigure 5.

In a network, every customer and product is available in a block or community. This step evaluates the edge parameters required to construct a block as shown inFigure 6.

Given any product and customer, the probability of determining if there is an edge between product p and customer c is

Equation 1 depends on certain factors – the probability of community-specific θrs, the degree c, degree of p. The purchase probabilities are calculated as shown inFigure 7.

Finally, the purchase probabilities are sorted in the reverse order to obtain the customer ranking that defines the target product affinity measurement to identify the top customers.

The data has been analyzed for ten thousand customers with a promotional offer. Based on the constructed network model, the customers are ranked based on the affinity measures. The ranking is applied for the spending comparison with gains charts that plots the percentage of the positive response to the population size as a function. The ranking is predicted when there are more positive responses between the customers with high ranks that can be identified from theFigure figure where a curve lies above the line of diagonals as shown inFigure 8.

The experimental results show that the network model performs better than category spend such that the model identifies the customers who are interested to redeem the coupons based on the customer's affinity measure.

Network modeling with bipartite networks represents the data purchase in an unsupervised manner. The detection of a community takes more computational time. This research analyzes the importance of network modeling. These models can further be extended for more complicated real-world problems that can be solved with machine learning approaches [ 9,10,11,12,13,14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21].