Kaybarkuh (Mount Kaybar) consists of intrusive igneous bodies with two age periods, located in North of Dasht-e-Bayaz left-lateral fault terminal. The spatial and structural analysis of fractures and dike networks may allow for the accurate identification of mineralization zones in the area. This study aims to characterize lineament network in the study area by automatic method using multispectral satellite images from Landsat 8 Operational Land Imager (OLI), visual extraction of lineaments from Landsat-8 and SENTINEL-2 images, and extraction of drainage network as lineament based on digital elevation models (DEMs) and their validation, compared with fault network of the area. The results showed that there is a significant relationship between the trend of studied lines in the region by the three methods mentioned and the overall trend is about N330⁰. This can indicate a tensile regime with a trend perpendicular to the mentioned orientation, which results from the activity of the Dasht-e-Bayaz fault. Finding more evidences requires further studies.Full article

The deflection of the vertical is an important parameter that combines both physical (astronomic) and geometric (geodetic) quantities. It is critical in such areas as datum transformation, reduction of astronomic observation to the geodetic reference surface, geoid modelling and geophysical prospecting. Although the deflection of the vertical is a physical property of the gravitational field of the earth; which almost all terrestrial survey measurements, with the exception of spatial distances, made on the earth surface are with respect to the Earth’s gravity vector, because a spirit bubble is usually used to align survey instruments. It has been ignored in most geodetic computation and adjustment. This research work is therefore aimed at computing the component of the deflection of the vertical component for part of Rivers State using a geometric method. This method involves the integration of Global Positioning System (GPS) to obtain the geodetic coordinate of points, precisely levelling to obtain the orthometric height of this point located within the study area. By least square using MATLAB program, the estimated deflections of vertical component parameters for the test station SVG/GPS-002 were; -0.0473” and 0.0393” arc seconds for the north-south and east-west components respectively. The associated standard errors of the North-south and East-west components were ±0.0093” and ±0.0060” arc seconds, respectively. The deflection of the vertical was also computed independently from gravimetric models of the earth as: ξ = 0.0204” ±0.0008814”, η = -0.0345” ±0.0014”; ξ =0.0157” ±0.000755”, η = -0.0246” ±0.0012”; ξ = -0.0546±0.0006014, η = -0.0208±0.0006014 for EGM 2008, EGM 1996 and EGM 1984 respectively. The two-tailed hypothesis test reveals that the estimated deflection component is statistically correct at 95% confidence interval. It was observed that the effect of the deflection of the vertical is directly proportional to the distance of the geodetic baseline. Therefore, including the derived component of deflection of the vertical to the ellipsoidal model will yield high observational accuracy since an ellipsoidal model is not tenable due to its far observational error in the determination of high-quality job. It is important to include the determined deflection of the vertical component for Rivers State, Nigeria.Full article

This paper deals with the mapping of shorelines through existing maps. Its main purpose is not to give an accurate change of sea level and shoreline in general, but to give guidelines to a more general mapping of shorelines. Geographic Information System (GIS) and paleoenvironmental analysis are powerful tools for archaeology and environmental researches and contributes in such a direction. Furthermore, this essay will present an analysis of the shoreline changes and the resultant geomorphologies during the prehistoric eras, especially the Mesolithic, Neolithic, and the Helladic eras of the area. The study area which was selected concerns the west part of Messenia Prefecture in Greece. More specifically it concerns the wider area of Pylos and the Navarino bay. The Navarino bay is located near the ancient city of Pylos and the kingdom and palace of Nestor during the Mycenaean periodFull article

The Murray Darling Basin Authority (MDBA) currently has been using a discrete field sampling technique for water quality monitoring that is expensive, time consuming and may not adequately represent the spatial variability of water quality relative to the entire water body. A pilot project was executed to assess the effectiveness of using earth observation data, supported by archived field-based observations for quantitative estimation of Water Quality Parameters (WQP) and detection of algal blooms in the River Murray. The selected pilot study area includes a 100km stretch of the River Murray between the Hume Dam and Yarrawonga Weir. The time frame for the archived field samples was between November 2008 and March 2011, when major algal blooms were occurring in this stretch of the Murray River.Analysis of the 2009 data shows that waters in sites in the Murray River downstream of the Hume Dam to the Yarrawonga Weir show more temporal than spatial variability in Chl-a and PC levels. The Chl-a concentration is relatively less in the Yarrawonga Weir than in the Murray River. The scatter plot of PC vs. Turbidity suggests that PC is a more significant parameter for the detection of Cyanobacteria than Chl-a. The field data represents the temporal bio-optical variability across the 2009 algal bloom events by successfully capturing the co-variations among Chlorophyll-a, Chycocyanin and turbidity at pre, during and post bloom conditions. The methodology has proved that the usefulness of an integrated earth observation and field based WQP technique to accurately map algal bloom events. The long term MDBA RMWQMP data for the 2009 bloom event is found partially compatible to the NOW Pilot study data in that only the data for the Heywood site that was used together for testing the WQP monitoring technique. The incompatibility of the RMWQMP data downstream of Yarrawonga Weir may be due to differing techniques used for determining Chlorophyll. The 2010 data was suitable for testing the technique for complex spatial bio-optical variability during the peak of the bloom in a large water storage. Lack of Chlorophyll measurements in 2010 data poses challenges in interpreting the relationship of bio-optical variability with the spatial distributions of bio-optical parameters. As relational parameters are absent, local information and expert advice will be required to develop plausible assumptions between the Chlorophyll - Phycocyanin relationship. The field sampled data for the 2010 bloom event acquired from the Hume Dam was used for comparative investigation of both moderate resolution sensors (MODIS and MERIS) and high resolution sensors (TM/TM+). The 2009 bloom event field samples of sites in the Yarrawonga Weir was used as an input with MODIS and MERIS and the data from all the sites was applied with TM/TM+. This paper will present an integrated earth observation and field based WQP technique to accurately map algal bloom events, and discuss challenges for real time earth observation data initiatives and future collaborative projects.Full article

First, we propose the nonlinear whole seismology and its three basic laws. Next, based on the nonlinear equations of fluid dynamics in Earth’s crust, we obtain a chaos equation, in which chaos corresponds to the earthquake, and shows complexity on seismology. But, combining the Carlson-Langer model and the Gutenberg-Richter relation, a simplified nonlinear solution and corresponding magnitude-period formula of earthquakes may be derived approximately. Further, we research the topological seismology. From these theories some predictions can be calculated quantitatively and are already tested. Combining the Lorenz nonlinear model, we may discuss the earthquake migration to and fro. Finally, if various modern scientific instruments, different scientific theories and some paranormal ways for earthquake are combined each other, the accuracy of multilevel prediction will be increased.Full article