Rural women's socio-demographic and cultural determinants on contraceptive uptake in The Gambia: community-based cross-sectional study
Table 2.
Prevalence of FP uptake by Socio-demographic factors
|
| |
Current use of contraceptives |
|
|
|
|
| |
Socio-demographic factors |
Yes (n=193) |
No (n=441) |
Total (N=634) |
Chi-square |
p-value |
|
| |
n (%) |
n (%) |
n (%) |
|
|
| Age of women in years |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
15 - 19 |
10 (10.8) |
83 (89.2) |
93 100.0) |
|
<0.001†* |
|
| |
20 - 24 |
43 (22.1) |
152 (77.9) |
195 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
25 - 29 |
60 (33.9) |
117 (66.1) |
177 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
30 - 34 |
36 (45.0) |
44 (55.0) |
80 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
35 - 39 |
29 (53.7) |
25 (46.3) |
54 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
40 - 44 |
13 (43.3) |
17 (56.7) |
30 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
45 - 49 |
2 (40.0) |
3 (60.0) |
5 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| Educational level |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Never attended school |
39 (25.3) |
115 (74.7) |
154 (100.0) |
12.573 |
0.014* |
|
| |
Arabic education |
39 (23.5) |
127 (76.5) |
166 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Primary education |
49 (40.2) |
73 (59.8) |
122 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Secondary education |
57 (34.2) |
110 (65.9) |
167 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Tertiary education |
9 (36.0) |
16 (64.0) |
25 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| Can read and write |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Yes |
91 (33.3) |
182 (66.7) |
273 (100.0) |
1.893 |
0.191 |
|
| |
No |
102 (28.3) |
259 (71.7) |
361 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| Occupation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Exclusively housewife |
72 (31.3) |
158 (68.7) |
230 (100.0) |
|
0.032†* |
|
| |
Self-employed |
10 (37.0) |
17 (63.0) |
27 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Farming |
28 (17.0) |
137 (83.0) |
165 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Student |
4 (9.1) |
40 (30.6) |
44 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Trading |
57 (50.0) |
57 (50.0) |
114 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Civil servant |
21 (47.7) |
23 (52.3) |
44 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Muslim Religious Teacher |
1 (10.0) |
9 (90.0) |
10 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| Monthly income |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Less than D2000 |
88 (24.4) |
272 (75.6) |
360 (100.0) |
16.322 |
<0.001* |
|
| |
D2001 – D4000 |
55 (34.8) |
103 (65.2) |
158 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
More than D4000 |
50 (43.1) |
66 (56.9) |
116 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| Age at first pregnancy (n=558) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
12 - 18 |
88 (29.4) |
211 (70.6) |
299 (100.0) |
4.028 |
0.133 |
|
| |
19 - 24 |
88 (37.4) |
147 (62.6) |
235 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
25 - 30 |
9 (37.5) |
15 (62.5) |
24 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Mean (standard deviation) age: 18.6 (2.8) years, Median (range): 18 (12 - 30) years |
|
|
| Parity (n=558) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
0 - 4 |
122 (30.0) |
285 (70.0) |
407 (100.0) |
13.768 |
0.001* |
|
| |
5 - 8 |
56 (40.9) |
81 (59.1) |
137 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
9+ |
8 (57.1) |
6 (42.9) |
14 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Mean (standard deviation) age: 3.5 (2.3) years, Median (range): 3 (1 - 15) years |
|
|
| Preferred number of children in her lifetime |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
0 - 4 |
41 (38.3) |
66 (61.7) |
107 (100.0) |
4.300 |
0.116 |
|
| |
5 - 8 |
127 (29.5) |
303 (70.5) |
430 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
9+ |
25 (25.8) |
72 (74.2) |
97 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Mean (standard deviation) age: 6.5 (2.0) years, Median (range): 6 (2 - 12) years |
|
|
| Desired to have a baby later or not at all |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
want children later |
32 (35.6) |
58 (64.4) |
90 (100.0) |
9.028 |
0.029* |
|
| |
No more children wanted |
38 (41.8) |
53 (58.2) |
91 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Want children soon |
99 (26.8) |
270 (73.2) |
369 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Undecided/ don't know |
24 (28.6) |
60 (71.4) |
84 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| Women currently pregnant |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Yes |
26 (38.8) |
41 (61.2) |
67 (100) |
4.075 |
0.130 |
|
| |
No |
151 (28.8) |
374 (71.2) |
525 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Don't know |
16 (38.1) |
26 (61.9) |
42 (100) |
|
|
|
| Is the current pregnancy desired (n=67) |
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Intended |
18 (41.9) |
25 (58.1) |
43 (100.0) |
|
0.820† |
|
| |
Mistimed |
4 (30.8) |
9 (69.2) |
13 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Unwanted |
4 (36.4) |
7 (63.6) |
11 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| Desire to use FP to delay pregnancy in the future |
|
|
|
|
| |
Yes |
40 (35.4) |
73 (64.6) |
113 (100.0) |
6.691 |
0.035* |
|
| |
No |
134 (31.5) |
291 (68.5) |
425 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Don't know |
19 (19.8) |
77 (80.2) |
96 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| Will you be using it for spacing or limiting (n=113) |
|
|
|
|
| |
Yes |
14 (23.7) |
45 (76.3) |
59 (100.0) |
7.352 |
0.007* |
|
| |
No |
26 (48.1) |
28 (51.9) |
54 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| Religion |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Muslim |
189 (30.5) |
431 (69.5) |
620 (100.0) |
|
0.405† |
|
| |
Christian |
4 (40.0) |
6 (60.0) |
10 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Traditional African Religion |
0 (0.0) |
4 (100.0) |
4 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| Ethnicity of the Respondents |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Mandinka |
90 (30.4) |
206 (69.6) |
296 (100.0) |
|
0.227† |
|
| |
Fula |
48 (31.6) |
104 (68.4) |
152 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Sarahule |
16 (19.8) |
65 (80.2) |
81 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Wollof |
22 (36.1) |
39 (63.9) |
61 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Manjago |
0 (0.0) |
1 (100.0) |
1 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Serere |
11 (39.3) |
17 (60.7) |
28 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Aku |
6 (40.0) |
9 (60.0) |
15 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| Marital Status |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Married or in union |
193 (34.2) |
371 (65.8) |
564 (100.0) |
34.437 |
<0.001* |
|
| |
Single |
0 (0.0) |
70 (100.0) |
70 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| Father's educational level |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Never attended school |
66 (28.2) |
168 (71.8) |
234 (100.0) |
|
0.210† |
|
| |
Arabic education |
106 (30.2) |
245 (69.8) |
351 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Primary education |
4 (30.8) |
9 (69.2) |
13 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Secondary education |
10 (43.5) |
13 (56.5) |
23 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Tertiary education |
7 (53.8) |
6 (46.2) |
13 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| Mother's educational level |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Never attended school |
96 (29.0) |
235 (71.0) |
331 (100.0) |
|
0.220† |
|
| |
Arabic education |
77 (30.2) |
178 (69.8) |
255 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Primary education |
14 (43.8) |
18 (56.3) |
32 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Secondary education |
6 (46.2) |
7 (53.8) |
13 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Tertiary education |
0 (0.0) |
3 (100.0) |
3 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| Partners' educational level |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Never attended school |
43 (26.1) |
122 (73.9) |
165 (100.0) |
32.111 |
<0.001* |
|
| |
Arabic education |
52 (23.3) |
171 (76.7) |
223 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Primary education |
13 (35.1) |
24 (64.9) |
37 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Secondary education |
41 (31.3) |
90 (68.7) |
131 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Tertiary education |
44 (56.4) |
34 (43.6) |
78 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| Partners' occupation |
|
|
|
|
|
|
| |
Civil Servant |
62 (48.8) |
65 (51.2) |
127 (100.0) |
|
0.013†* |
|
| |
Farming |
44 (23.8) |
141 (76.2) |
185 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Self employed |
30 (30.9) |
67 (69.1) |
97 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Student |
3 (10.7) |
25 (89.3) |
28 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Trading |
31 (27.9) |
80 (72.1) |
111 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Retired |
0 (0.0) |
3 (100.0) |
3 (100.0) |
|
|
|
| |
Travelled abroad |
23 (27.7) |
60 (72.3) |
83 (100.0) |
|
|
|
|
* =Statistical significance at p<0.05
† Fisher’s exact test
|
|
