The Long Shadow of Early Poverty: Poverty at Birth, Epigenetic Changes at Age 15, And Youth Outcomes at Age 22
Table 4.
Summary of Structural the Equation Modeling (SEM) by Sex
|
|
Coefficient |
std. err. |
95% |
CI |
p |
|
|
| Female |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Maternal Education at Baseline |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ethnicity (Latino) |
-0.26 |
0.06 |
-0.38 |
-0.14 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Race (Black) |
-0.26 |
0.06 |
-0.37 |
-0.14 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Intercept |
2.55 |
0.12 |
2.32 |
2.79 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty Ratio (Baseline) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Maternal Education (Baseline) |
0.45 |
0.04 |
0.37 |
0.53 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Married Household |
0.23 |
0.04 |
0.14 |
0.31 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Ethnicity (Latino) |
-0.21 |
0.05 |
-0.31 |
-0.11 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Race (Black) |
-0.28 |
0.05 |
-0.38 |
-0.18 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Intercept |
0.29 |
0.14 |
0.02 |
0.56 |
0.033 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Married Household |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ethnicity (Latino) |
-0.25 |
0.06 |
-0.36 |
-0.13 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Race (Black) |
-0.35 |
0.06 |
-0.47 |
-0.24 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Intercept |
1.05 |
0.10 |
0.86 |
1.24 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Grim Age (Wave 6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty Ratio (Baseline) |
-0.10 |
0.05 |
-0.19 |
0.00 |
0.051 |
|
|
| Intercept |
13.18 |
0.47 |
12.25 |
14.10 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| High School Drop Out (Wave 7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty Ratio (Baseline) |
-0.11 |
0.05 |
-0.21 |
-0.01 |
0.025 |
|
|
| Grim Age (Wave 6) |
-0.02 |
0.05 |
-0.12 |
0.07 |
0.626 |
|
|
| Intercept |
0.74 |
0.67 |
-0.58 |
2.05 |
0.275 |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| High School Discipline (Wave 7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty Ratio (Baseline) |
-0.22 |
0.05 |
-0.31 |
-0.12 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Grim Age (Wave 6) |
0.07 |
0.05 |
-0.02 |
0.17 |
0.136 |
|
|
| Intercept |
0.13 |
0.66 |
-1.16 |
1.42 |
0.844 |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| YA SRH (Wave 7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty Ratio (Baseline) |
-0.04 |
0.05 |
-0.14 |
0.05 |
0.368 |
|
|
| Grim Age (Wave 6) |
0.09 |
0.05 |
-0.01 |
0.19 |
0.073 |
|
|
| Intercept |
1.19 |
0.68 |
-0.14 |
2.52 |
0.080 |
|
|
| |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| YA MDD (Wave 7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty Ratio (Baseline) |
0.01 |
0.05 |
-0.09 |
0.12 |
0.775 |
|
|
| Grim Age (Wave 6) |
0.03 |
0.05 |
-0.08 |
0.14 |
0.584 |
|
|
| Intercept |
0.17 |
0.72 |
-1.24 |
1.58 |
0.815 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Male |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Maternal Education at Baseline |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ethnicity (Latino) |
-0.39 |
0.06 |
-0.50 |
-0.28 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Race (Black) |
-0.38 |
0.06 |
-0.49 |
-0.27 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Intercept |
2.77 |
0.11 |
2.55 |
2.98 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty Ratio (Baseline) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Maternal Education (Baseline) |
0.39 |
0.05 |
0.30 |
0.48 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Married Household |
0.30 |
0.05 |
0.21 |
0.39 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Ethnicity (Latino) |
-0.13 |
0.05 |
-0.23 |
-0.02 |
0.015 |
|
|
| Race (Black) |
-0.24 |
0.05 |
-0.34 |
-0.13 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Intercept |
0.23 |
0.15 |
-0.06 |
0.53 |
0.117 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Married Household |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Ethnicity (Latino) |
-0.27 |
0.06 |
-0.39 |
-0.16 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Race (Black) |
-0.45 |
0.05 |
-0.56 |
-0.34 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Intercept |
1.24 |
0.09 |
1.07 |
1.41 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Grim Age (Wave 6) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty Ratio (Baseline) |
-0.17 |
0.05 |
-0.27 |
-0.07 |
0.001 |
|
|
| Intercept |
12.31 |
0.46 |
11.40 |
13.21 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| High School Drop Out (Wave 7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty Ratio (Baseline) |
-0.12 |
0.05 |
-0.22 |
-0.01 |
0.027 |
|
|
| Grim Age (Wave 6) |
0.05 |
0.05 |
-0.06 |
0.15 |
0.367 |
|
|
| Intercept |
-0.11 |
0.67 |
-1.43 |
1.20 |
0.864 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| High School Discipline (Wave 7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty Ratio (Baseline) |
-0.21 |
0.05 |
-0.30 |
-0.11 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Grim Age (Wave 6) |
0.18 |
0.05 |
0.08 |
0.28 |
< 0.001 |
|
|
| Intercept |
-0.94 |
0.64 |
-2.19 |
0.32 |
0.144 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| YA SRH (Wave 7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty Ratio (Baseline) |
-0.06 |
0.05 |
-0.16 |
0.04 |
0.250 |
|
|
| Grim Age (Wave 6) |
0.06 |
0.05 |
-0.05 |
0.17 |
0.273 |
|
|
| Intercept |
1.50 |
0.68 |
0.17 |
2.83 |
0.027 |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| YA MDD (Wave 7) |
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
| Poverty Ratio (Baseline) |
0.00 |
0.06 |
-0.11 |
0.11 |
0.950 |
|
|
| Grim Age (Wave 6) |
0.03 |
0.06 |
-0.08 |
0.14 |
0.606 |
|
|
| Intercept |
0.25 |
0.71 |
-1.14 |
1.65 |
0.720 |
|
|
|
|
