Social Epidemiology of Dual Use of Electronic and Combustible Cigarettes Among U.S. Adults: Insights from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study

Table 3.

Predictors of dual use among generalpopulation of adult


	Odds ratio	Linearized std. err.	95% conf.	interval	p

Age

18 to 24 years old	Ref.

25 to 34 years old	1.074	0.075	0.935	1.234	0.308

35 to 44 years old	0.917	0.072	0.785	1.071	0.270

45 to 54 years old	0.683	0.052	0.588	0.794	< 0.001

55 to 64 years old	0.527	0.043	0.448	0.620	< 0.001

65 to 74 years old	0.226	0.033	0.170	0.302	< 0.001

75 years old or older	0.020	0.008	0.010	0.043	< 0.001

Male Sex	1.185	0.062	1.069	1.314	0.002

Hispanic Ethnicity	0.479	0.038	0.409	0.560	< 0.001

Race

White	Ref.

Black	0.542	0.050	0.452	0.651	< 0.001

Other	0.935	0.079	0.790	1.107	0.431

Census Region

Northeast	Ref.

Midwest	1.320	0.098	1.139	1.531	< 0.001

South	1.367	0.088	1.203	1.554	0.000

West	1.217	0.105	1.025	1.445	0.025

Education Level

Less than high school	Ref.

GED	1.362	0.118	1.147	1.618	0.001

High school graduate	0.832	0.067	0.709	0.977	0.025

Some college (no degree) or associate	0.873	0.073	0.740	1.029	0.105

Bachelor's degree or	0.406	0.047	0.323	0.510	< 0.001

Advanced degree	0.221	0.029	0.171	0.287	< 0.001

Poverty	1.195	0.076	1.053	1.357	0.006

Health Insurance

Some private insurance	Ref.

Private insurance, some Medicare	1.871	0.176	1.552	2.254	< 0.001

Private insurance or Medicare, s	1.823	0.156	1.538	2.161	< 0.001

Other insurance only	1.744	0.190	1.405	2.166	< 0.001

No insurance	1.584	0.090	1.416	1.773	< 0.001