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Social Ecological Model (SEM):
This framework emphasizes multiple levels of influence that shape behaviors, ranging from individual characteristics to broader policy contexts.- SMOKES Constructs: Individual factors (e.g., knowledge, attitudes), interpersonal relationships (e.g., social networks, peer influence), organizational factors (e.g., institutional policies), community context (e.g., cultural and geographic influences), and existing policy (e.g., regulations).
Theory of Planned Behavior (TPB):
TPB posits that an individual's behavioral intentions, shaped by their attitudes, perceived social pressures, and sense of control, drive their actions.- SMOKES Constructs: Attitude toward the behavior.
Health Belief Model (HBM):
HBM explains health behaviors through individuals' perceptions of the threat posed by a health problem and the benefits versus barriers of taking action.- SMOKES Constructs: perceived benefits, perceived barriers.
Social Cognitive Theory (SCT):SCT asserts that behavior is influenced by a continuous interaction between personal factors, environmental influences, and behavioral patterns, with a key emphasis on observational learning.- SMOKES Constructs: Observational learning, and reinforcement.
Fundamental Cause Theory (FCT):
FCT posits that socioeconomic factors and broader social conditions fundamentally determine health disparities by affecting access to resources like money, knowledge, and social connections that help individuals avoid risks or mitigate disease impacts.- SMOKES Constructs: Socioeconomic status (income, education, and occupation).
Social Determinants Framework:
This framework asserts that health outcomes and behaviors are shaped by the social, economic, and environmental conditions in which individuals live, work, and interact.- SMOKES Constructs: Socioeconomic status, education, employment, income, social networks, social and physical environment, access to services, and existing policies.
Theory of Reasoned Action (TRA):
TRA posits that an individual's behavioral intention, shaped by their attitudes and subjective norms, directly precedes and influences their behavior, such as tobacco use and policy endorsement.- SMOKES Constructs: Attitude toward the behavior.
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