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  5. Volume 5, Number 1, 2025
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  7. Table 1

Trauma Erodes Financial Returns of Educational Attainment

Table 1.

Summary of Models in the Pooled Sample
B SE 95% CI p
Model 1
Male 0.604 0.109 0.386 0.821 < 0.001
Age 0.015 0.004 0.006 0.023 0.001
Race/ethnicity
Non-Latino White Ref
Latino 0.264 0.709 -1.151 1.679 0.711
Caribbean Black -0.118 0.199 -0.515 0.279 0.555
African American -0.448 0.152 -0.752 -0.144 0.004
Married 1.031 0.107 0.818 1.244 < 0.001
Unemployed -0.652 0.311 -1.271 -0.032 0.040
Education          
11 Years or Less Ref        
12 Years 0.796 0.097 0.602 0.991 < 0.001
13-15 Years 1.401 0.157 1.087 1.715 < 0.001
16+ Years 2.874 0.231 2.414 3.334 < 0.001
           
Model 2          
Male 0.563 0.099 0.367 0.760 0.000
Age 0.012 0.004 0.003 0.020 0.012
Race/ethnicity          
Non-Latino White Ref
Latino 0.320 0.761 -1.199 1.839 0.676
Caribbean Black 0.009 0.199 -0.389 0.407 0.964
African American -0.360 0.152 -0.662 -0.057 0.020
Married 0.974 0.105 0.764 1.183 < 0.001
Unemployed -0.401 0.291 -0.982 0.181 0.174
Trauma          
0 Ref        
1 -0.546 0.136 -0.816 -0.275 < 0.001
2+ -0.882 0.115 -1.111 -0.652 < 0.001
Education          
11 Years or Less Ref        
12 Years 0.733 0.111 0.511 0.955 < 0.001
13-15 Years 1.271 0.138 0.995 1.547 < 0.001
16+ Years 2.717 0.217 2.284 3.151 < 0.001
           
Model 3          
Male 0.560 0.100 0.361 0.758 < 0.001
Age 0.012 0.004 0.003 0.021 0.008
Race/ethnicity          
Non-Latino White Ref        
Latino 0.274 0.739 -1.200 1.749 0.712
Caribbean Black 0.010 0.208 -0.405 0.425 0.962
African American -0.376 0.165 -0.705 -0.047 0.026
Married 0.940 0.094 0.752 1.129 < 0.001
Unemployed -0.422 0.297 -1.014 0.170 0.159
Trauma          
0 Ref        
1 -0.247 0.259 -0.764 0.271 0.345
2+ -0.265 0.208 -0.680 0.149 0.205
Education          
11 Years or Less Ref        
12 Years 0.990 0.172 0.646 1.334 < 0.001
13-15 Years 1.681 0.188 1.305 2.057 < 0.001
16+ Years 2.998 0.267 2.466 3.531 < 0.001
Trauma x Education          
1 × 12 Years -0.419 0.307 -1.032 0.194 0.177
1 × 13-15 Years -0.531 0.229 -0.988 -0.073 0.024
1 × 16+ Years 0.036 0.395 -0.751 0.824 0.927
2+ × 12 Years -0.251 0.277 -0.803 0.301 0.368
2+ × 13-15 Years -1.033 0.244 -1.521 -0.545 < 0.001
2+ × 16+ Years -1.775 0.647 -3.066 -0.484 0.008

Note: Outcome: POVINDEX (poverty-to-income ratio [PIR]; higher score, higher socioeconomic status)