A framework for evaluation of improvement opportunities for environmental impacts on construction works using life cycle assessment and value stream mapping concepts: offsite and onsite building construction

Table 1.

Parameters for an LCA evaluation(Adapted from Hafner and Ruter, 2018).

Environmental impacts	Resource use	Output flows and waste categories
Global warming potential (GWP)	The use of renewable primary energy excluding renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials, PERE	Hazardous waste disposed, HWD
Acidification potential (AP)	The use of renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials, PERM	Nonhazardous waste disposed, NHWD
Ozone depletion potential (ODP)	Total use of renewable primary energy resources, PERT.	Radioactive waste disposed, RWD
Eutrophication potential (EP)	The use of non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials, PENRM	Components for reuse, CRU
Tropospheric ozone concentration increase (POCP)	Total use of non-renewable primary energy resources, PENRT	Materials for recycling (MFR)
Abiotic resource depletion for fossil resources (ADPF)	The use of non-renewable primary energy excluding non-renewable primary energy resources used as raw materials, PENRE;	Materials for energy recovery, MER
Abiotic resource depletion for non-fossil resources (ADPE)	The use of secondary material, SM;	Exported energy, EE [24]
	Use of renewable secondary fuels, RSF;
	Use of non-renewable secondary fuels, NRSF;
	Net use of fresh water, FW.