Reference Number

Year

Notes on variables relating to LCA of building

[3]

2019

The data requirement for a cradle-to-gate analysis of conventional versus traditional onsite construction includes raw materials, workforce and material transportation, and energy sources.

The activities in the material production phase are categorized into:

1. Material extraction and process A1,

2. Material transportation.
The construction phase is categorized into

1. Construction and installation, A3, and

2. Product and worker transportation, A4.

For stages A1, and A2 of LCA for both conventional and Modular construction, the data variable includes:

Materials and products (types and quantities).

In phase A3 for conventional construction, data variables include:

1. Onsite energy (heating, machinery, and cooling).

In phase A4 for conventional onsite construction, the data variable includes

1. Worker transport (commute modes, number, workdays),

2. Material/product transport (transport modes, supplier-site distances).

For modular construction stage A3, the data variables include

1. Offsite energy (machinery in the factory, cooling, and heating),

2. On-site energy (machinery for site work, cooling, and heating). For phase A4 of the LCA for modular construction, the data variables include:

1. Worker transport to the factory and worker transport to the site (number, workdays, commute modes)

2. Material/product transport to the factory (transport modes, supplier-factory distance), and

3. Module transport (transportation mode, factory-site distance.

[18]

2020

The carbon footprint of precast concrete piles was divided into three sources

1. Material transportation

2. Construction equipment, and

3. Office area

[23]

2020

For embodied impacts, the variables include:

1. Transport of materials,

2. Materials used for the construction, etc.,

For the operational impacts, the variables for energy demand include those for:
1. Heating,

2. Ventilation,

3. Lighting, etc.,

[57]

2019

The total energy consumption can be divided into four parts

1. Energy consumption during raw material extraction and transportation

2. Energy consumption during the manufacturing of materials,

3. Energy consumption during the transportation of building materials, and

4. Energy consumption during the onsite construction

[63]

2012

The data submitted for the project include:

1. Worker commuting information,

2. Utility bills,

3. Building materials,

4. Waste procedures,

5. Construction schedules,

6. Employee schedule and other relevant information