Japanese

(n=92)

Korean

(n=110)

American

(n=100)

P value

Sub effect

test

1. Physical and psychological comfort

6.15

6.15

4.74

p<.000

J = K > A

2. Dying in a favorite place

6.03

6.25

4.63

p<.000

J = K > A

3. Maintaining hope and pleasure

6.09

6.19

4.81

p<.000

J = K > A

4. Good relationships with medical staff

6.08

6.29

4.81

p<.000

J = K > A

5. Not being a burden to others

6.33

6.35

4.60

p<.000

J = K > A

6. Good relationships with family

6.09

5.94

5.06

p<.000

J = K > A

7. Independence

6.03

6.02

4.70

p<.000

J = K > A

8. Environmental comfort

6.15

5.98

5.01

p<.000

J = K > A

9. Being respected as an individual

5.93

6.31

4.91

p<.000

J = K > A

10. Life completion

5.66

5.65

4.88

p<.000

J = K > A

11. Receiving enough treatment

5.33

5.11

4.97

p=0.31

J = K = A

12. Natural death

5.60

5.54

4.91

p=.001

J = K >A

13. Preparation for death

5.88

6.12

5.02

p<.000

J = K > A

14. Control over the future

5.15

5.70

4.87

p=.001

K > J = A

15. Unawareness of death

5.00

5.68

4.24

p=.000

K > A > J

16. Pride and beauty

5.13

5.54

4.29

p=.000

J = K > A

17. Feeling that one’s life is worth living

5.54

5.91

5.09

p=.000

K>A

18. religious and spiritual compart

3.38

5.74

4.42

p=.000

K > A > J

19. Death as a sleep

5.54

6.45

4.64

p=.000

K > J > A