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Article Open Access January 24, 2025

Neurocognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Costs for Adolescents Due to Diminished Returns of Parental Employment on Trauma

Shervin Assari 1, 2, 3, 4,* and Hossein Zare 5, 6
1
Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
2
Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
3
Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
4
Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs) Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
5
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
6
School of Business, University of Maryland Global Campus (UMGC), Adelphi, MD, United States
Publihed in: Current Research in Public Health (Volume 3, Issue 1, 2025)
Page(s): 1-9
DOI: 10.31586/ojn.2025.1263
Received
August 11, 2024
Revised
October 17, 2024
Accepted
November 19, 2024
Published
January 24, 2025
Keywords
Ethnic Groups; Disparities; Social Determinants; Child Development; Tobacco Use
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright: Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Scientific Publications
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Cite This Article

APA Style
Assari, S. , & Zare, H. (2025). Neurocognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Costs for Adolescents Due to Diminished Returns of Parental Employment on Trauma. Current Research in Public Health, 3(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.31586/ojn.2025.1263
ACS Style
Assari, S. ; Zare, H. Neurocognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Costs for Adolescents Due to Diminished Returns of Parental Employment on Trauma. Current Research in Public Health 2025 3(1), 1-9. https://doi.org/10.31586/ojn.2025.1263
Chicago/Turabian Style
Assari, Shervin, and Hossein Zare. 2025. "Neurocognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Costs for Adolescents Due to Diminished Returns of Parental Employment on Trauma". Current Research in Public Health 3, no. 1: 1-9. https://doi.org/10.31586/ojn.2025.1263
AMA Style
Assari S, Zare H. Neurocognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Costs for Adolescents Due to Diminished Returns of Parental Employment on Trauma. Current Research in Public Health. 2025; 3(1):1-9. https://doi.org/10.31586/ojn.2025.1263 
@Article{crph1263,
AUTHOR = {Assari, Shervin and Zare, Hossein},
TITLE = {Neurocognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Costs for Adolescents Due to Diminished Returns of Parental Employment on Trauma},
JOURNAL = {Current Research in Public Health},
VOLUME = {3},
YEAR = {2025},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {1-9},
URL = {https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/ojn/article/view/1263},
ISSN = {2831-5162},
DOI = {10.31586/ojn.2025.1263},
ABSTRACT = {Background: Parental employment is a significant social determinant of children's developmental outcomes, shaping their cognitive and behavioral trajectories. However, the effects of parental employment may not be equally protective across racial groups. The Minority Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework suggests that socioeconomic status (SES) factors, such as employment, yield fewer protective benefits for Black families compared to White families. Objective: This study investigates the diminished returns of parental employment on trauma and associated neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes in children, with a focus on racial variation in these effects. Methods: Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a large and diverse sample of children was analyzed. We applied MDRs theory and social determinants of health frameworks to examine the association between parental employment, trauma, and children's cognitive and behavioral outcomes. The analysis controlled for family SES, neighborhood factors, and racial group differences. Results: Preliminary findings suggest that while parental employment is generally protective against trauma, the strength of this association is diminished for Black children. Black families with employed parents experience higher levels of trauma and stress compared to their White counterparts, which may contribute to racial disparities in cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Conclusion: Parental employment may not equally buffer against trauma-related risks for Black children, reflecting the broader pattern of diminished returns for racially disadvantaged groups. These findings highlight the need for policies addressing the unequal benefits of SES across racial groups.},
}
%0 Journal Article
%A Assari, Shervin
%A Zare, Hossein
%D 2025
%J Current Research in Public Health

%@ 2831-5162
%V 3
%N 1
%P 1-9

%T Neurocognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Costs for Adolescents Due to Diminished Returns of Parental Employment on Trauma
%M doi:10.31586/ojn.2025.1263
%U https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/ojn/article/view/1263

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AU  - Assari, Shervin
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TI  - Neurocognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Costs for Adolescents Due to Diminished Returns of Parental Employment on Trauma
T2  - Current Research in Public Health
PY  - 2025
VL  - 3
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UR  - https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/ojn/article/view/1263
AB  - Background: Parental employment is a significant social determinant of children's developmental outcomes, shaping their cognitive and behavioral trajectories. However, the effects of parental employment may not be equally protective across racial groups. The Minority Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework suggests that socioeconomic status (SES) factors, such as employment, yield fewer protective benefits for Black families compared to White families. Objective: This study investigates the diminished returns of parental employment on trauma and associated neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes in children, with a focus on racial variation in these effects. Methods: Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a large and diverse sample of children was analyzed. We applied MDRs theory and social determinants of health frameworks to examine the association between parental employment, trauma, and children's cognitive and behavioral outcomes. The analysis controlled for family SES, neighborhood factors, and racial group differences. Results: Preliminary findings suggest that while parental employment is generally protective against trauma, the strength of this association is diminished for Black children. Black families with employed parents experience higher levels of trauma and stress compared to their White counterparts, which may contribute to racial disparities in cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Conclusion: Parental employment may not equally buffer against trauma-related risks for Black children, reflecting the broader pattern of diminished returns for racially disadvantaged groups. These findings highlight the need for policies addressing the unequal benefits of SES across racial groups.
DO  - Neurocognitive, Emotional, and Behavioral Costs for Adolescents Due to Diminished Returns of Parental Employment on Trauma
TI  - 10.31586/ojn.2025.1263
ER  -