Background: Maternity leave, whether paid or unpaid, is a critical resource that can significantly impact maternal well-being and newborn outcomes. However, its availability and utilization among mothers living in poverty remain understudied. Education is widely recognized as a key factor that increases access to both paid and unpaid leave. However, the theory of Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) posits that structural racism, segregation, and labor market discrimination limit the benefits of socioeconomic resources, such as education, for Black and Latino individuals. This suggests that the effects of education on maternity leave may not be uniform across racial and ethnic groups. Objective: This study aimed to examine the MDRs of education on access to unpaid and paid maternity leave among Black and Latino mothers compared to White mothers giving birth while living in poverty. Methods: We utilized baseline data from the Baby’s First Years Study (BFY), a longitudinal investigation of the effects of poverty on child development. The sample consisted of 1,050 mothers living in poverty who had recently given birth. Maternity leave (paid and unpaid) was assessed via self-report, and educational attainment was measured in years of schooling. Structural equation modeling (SEM) and interaction terms were employed to analyze racial and ethnic differences in the relationship between education and access to maternity leave. Results: Educational attainment was positively associated with access to unpaid maternity leave for the overall sample of mothers giving birth in poverty, but this association was weaker for Black and Latino mothers compared to non-Latino White mothers. Education did not significantly increase the likelihood of paid maternity leave, and there were no group differences for this association. Conclusion: This study highlights the urgent needs to address structural racism, labor market discrimination, and residential segregation that diminish the impact of education on living conditions for Black and Latino mothers, compared to non-Latino White mothers, even for those living under poverty. Policymakers and practitioners should develop targeted interventions to reduce racial and ethnic disparities in access to paid and unpaid maternity leave and other critical resources, particularly for new mothers living in poverty. Addressing these inequities is essential for improving maternal and newborn health outcomes and promoting social justice.

Background: Proper umbilical cord care prevents neonatal infections and reduces neonatal mortality. Despite global recommendations for evidence-based cord care practices, traditional beliefs, and inadequate maternal knowledge often lead to unsafe practices, particularly in low-resource settings like Bangladesh. This study aimed to assess the understanding of umbilical cord care among mothers of neonates in Sherpur District, Bangladesh, and identify factors associated with knowledge levels. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from July to October 2020 at Sherpur Sadar Hospital. A total of 193 mothers of neonates were recruited using a non-randomized purposive sampling method. Data was collected through a pre-tested, semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Knowledge levels were categorized as "Good" (>6) or "Poor" (≤6) based on responses to 10 structured questions. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and crude odds ratios (COR), were performed to identify socio-demographic factors associated with knowledge levels. Results: Of the 193 participants, 48.7% demonstrated "Good" knowledge, while 51.3% had "Poor" knowledge. Education level (p = 0.01), occupation (p = 0.02), family type (p < 0.001), and family size (p = 0.04) were significantly associated with knowledge levels. Mothers with higher education and those from joint families exhibited better knowledge. However, 28.5% of respondents were unaware of the typical umbilical cord-shedding timeframe, and 44% could not identify signs of infection. Unsafe practices, such as using medications (14.5%) or hot compression (7.2%) for drying the cord, were reported. Conclusion: The study reveals significant gaps in maternal knowledge regarding umbilical cord care in Sherpur District, driven by socio-demographic disparities and cultural practices. Targeted health education programs, emphasizing evidence-based cord care practices and leveraging local social structures, are urgently needed to improve neonatal health outcomes in similar resource-limited settings. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions to inform policy and practice.

Background: Financial well-being is a key domain of overall well-being, encompassing an individual's ability to meet financial obligations, secure their financial future, and maintain a sense of financial freedom. Education is often viewed as a critical pathway to enhancing financial well-being. However, the returns of education on financial well-being are not uniform across racial, ethnic, and nativity groups. The theory of Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggests that the positive effects of education on outcomes such as income and financial security are weaker for marginalized groups, including Black individuals, Latinos, and immigrants. Objective: This study examines the diminished returns of education on financial well-being among Black, Latino, and immigrant populations in the United States. We aim to investigate how structural inequalities contribute to weaker financial returns on education for these groups compared to their White and native-born counterparts. Methods: We utilized data from the Understanding America Study (UAS 2014) to conduct a cross-sectional analysis of adult respondents. The study assessed financial well-being outcomes (e.g., income, savings, and financial security) and their association with educational attainment across racial, ethnic, and nativity groups. Regression models were employed to test for interaction effects between education and race/ethnicity/nativity, adjusting for sociodemographic factors such as age, gender, employment, and family structure. Results: Our analysis included 8,121 individuals. The mean age of the respondents was 48 years (SD = 16). High education was associated with higher financial well-being (B = 1.284, 95% CI: 1.157, 1.410). The interaction terms between education and immigrant status (B = -0.507, 95% CI: -0.930, -0.084), race (Black) (B = -0.770, 95% CI: -1.208, -0.331), and ethnicity (Hispanic) (B = -0.589, 95% CI: -0.969, -0.210) were all significant, suggesting that immigrant, Black, and Hispanic individuals experience diminished returns on education in terms of financial well-being, relative to US-born non-Hispanic White individuals. The significant negative interactions between education and minority statuses (Black, Hispanic, and immigrant) indicate that while education generally improves financial well-being, the magnitude of this improvement is substantially smaller for these marginalized groups. Conclusion: Understanding how education translates to financial well-being across different racial, ethnic, and nativity groups is critical for addressing persistent financial disparities.

The concept of maternity care satisfaction focuses on women's expectations and results in women having a positive attitude about the care received during pregnancy, childbirth and after birth. The proportion of births to Ghanaian migrant mothers in China is increasing, and there is an increasing demand for information regarding their reproductive health. To reduce maternal and neonatal morbidity and death rates, it is crucial for foreign women who use maternity services to be satisfied with their care. Ghanaian women's birth experiences in China might be harmed by language and cultural disparities. Little is known about their experiences in China's homogeneous society. A survey of 317 postnatal Ghanaian foreigners in Zhenjiang, China provided the study's data and was analyzed using IBM SPSS Statistics 25. The results showed that (76%) of postnatal foreigners were satisfied with delivery care. Though the satisfaction level was high, respondents raised the issues of poor communication (62.8%) and high cost of delivery care (52.4%) as some of the general experiences they faced. Healthcare providers’ strengthening routine monitoring of maternal and newborn health programs will help deliver more woman-centered care.