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  5. Volume 4, Number 2, 2024
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  7. Table 3

The Cost of Opportunity: Anti-Black Discrimination in High Resource Settings

Table 3.

Summary of structural equation model (SEM)across educational COI levels
Independent Variable     Dependent Variable B SE 95% CI p
Lowest Educational COI            
Perceived School Discrimination → List Sorting Working Memory -0.107 0.026 -0.157 -0.057 < 0.001
Age → List Sorting Working Memory 0.036 0.024 -0.011 0.084 0.132
Gender (Male) → List Sorting Working Memory 0.031 0.024 -0.016 0.078 0.201
Married Household → List Sorting Working Memory 0.199 0.024 0.153 0.246 < 0.001
Intercept → List Sorting Working Memory 6.031 0.469 5.111 6.951 < 0.001
 
Perceived School Discrimination → Reading Ability -0.084 0.025 -0.133 -0.036 0.001
Age → Reading Ability 0.019 0.023 -0.026 0.065 0.407
Gender (Male) → Reading Ability 0.023 0.023 -0.023 0.068 0.335
Married Household → Reading Ability 0.059 0.026 0.009 0.110 0.021
Parental Education → Reading Ability 0.213 0.023 0.167 0.259 < 0.001
Race (Black) → Reading Ability -0.193 0.027 -0.245 -0.140 < 0.001
Intercept → Reading Ability 2.110 0.584 0.966 3.255 < 0.001
 
Age → Perceived School Discrimination -0.030 0.026 -0.081 0.021 0.247
Gender (Male) → Perceived School Discrimination 0.066 0.026 0.015 0.117 0.011
Married Household → Perceived School Discrimination -0.023 0.029 -0.079 0.034 0.428
Parental Education → Perceived School Discrimination -0.081 0.036 -0.151 -0.011 0.024
Parental Education x Race (Black) → Perceived School Discrimination 0.106 0.457 -0.790 1.003 0.816
Race (Black) → Perceived School Discrimination -0.052 0.459 -0.951 0.847 0.910
Intercept → Perceived School Discrimination 3.501 0.746 2.038 4.964 < 0.001
 
Perceived School Discrimination → Depression 0.090 0.026 0.040 0.140 < 0.001
Age →   Depression 0.037 0.024 -0.010 0.085 0.124
Gender (Male) →   Depression 0.057 0.024 0.009 0.104 0.021
Married Household →   Depression -0.046 0.024 -0.094 0.002 0.061
Intercept →   Depression -0.771 0.456 -1.665 0.124 0.091
                 
Perceived School Discrimination → Picture Vocabulary -0.094 0.024 -0.141 -0.047 < 0.001
Age → Picture Vocabulary -0.032 0.022 -0.076 0.011 0.143
Gender (Male) →   Picture Vocabulary 0.070 0.022 0.027 0.113 0.002
Parental Education →   Picture Vocabulary 0.305 0.022 0.262 0.347 < 0.001
Race (Black) →   Picture Vocabulary -0.305 0.022 -0.348 -0.261 < 0.001
Intercept →   Picture Vocabulary 2.560 0.556 1.471 3.649 < 0.001
 
 
Low Educational COI  
Perceived School Discrimination   → List Sorting Working Memory -0.085 0.030 -0.144 -0.027 0.004
Age   → List Sorting Working Memory -0.015 0.028 -0.070 0.041 0.604
Gender (Male)   → List Sorting Working Memory 0.102 0.028 0.047 0.157 < 0.001
Married Household   → List Sorting Working Memory 0.164 0.028 0.110 0.219 < 0.001
Intercept   → List Sorting Working Memory 6.832 0.541 5.771 7.893 < 0.001
 
Perceived School Discrimination   → Reading Ability -0.070 0.029 -0.128 -0.012 0.017
Age   → Reading Ability -0.015 0.027 -0.068 0.038 0.582
Gender (Male)   → Reading Ability 0.006 0.027 -0.047 0.060 0.812
Married Household   → Reading Ability 0.016 0.030 -0.044 0.075 0.607
Parental Education   → Reading Ability 0.237 0.027 0.184 0.291 < 0.001
Race (Black)   → Reading Ability -0.173 0.031 -0.234 -0.112 < 0.001
Intercept   → Reading Ability 2.576 0.665 1.273 3.880 < 0.001
 
Age   → Perceived School Discrimination 0.008 0.029 -0.049 0.066 0.782
Gender (Male)   → Perceived School Discrimination 0.126 0.029 0.069 0.183 < 0.001
Married Household   → Perceived School Discrimination -0.026 0.033 -0.091 0.039 0.437
Parental Education   → Perceived School Discrimination -0.050 0.036 -0.120 0.021 0.166
Parental Education x Race (Black)   → Perceived School Discrimination -0.202 0.592 -1.364 0.959 0.733
Race (Black)   → Perceived School Discrimination 0.332 0.596 -0.837 1.500 0.578
Intercept   → Perceived School Discrimination 2.256 0.785 0.717 3.795 0.004
                 
Perceived School Discrimination   → Depression 0.015 0.031 -0.045 0.075 0.620
Age   → Depression 0.001 0.028 -0.055 0.056 0.975
Gender (Male)   → Depression 0.040 0.028 -0.016 0.096 0.160
Married Household   → Depression -0.040 0.028 -0.095 0.016 0.164
Intercept   → Depression 0.023 0.526 -1.009 1.055 0.965
 
Perceived School Discrimination   → Picture Vocabulary -0.073 0.027 -0.127 -0.020 0.007
Age   → Picture Vocabulary 0.004 0.026 -0.047 0.054 0.888
Gender (Male)   → Picture Vocabulary 0.031 0.026 -0.019 0.082 0.225
Parental Education   → Picture Vocabulary 0.305 0.025 0.256 0.354 < 0.001
Race (Black)   → Picture Vocabulary -0.290 0.026 -0.342 -0.238 < 0.001
Intercept   → Picture Vocabulary 1.975 0.626 0.748 3.202 0.002
 
 
Average Educational COI  
Perceived School Discrimination   → List Sorting Working Memory -0.116 0.025 -0.165 -0.068 < 0.001
Age   → List Sorting Working Memory -0.003 0.024 -0.050 0.043 0.886
Gender (Male)   → List Sorting Working Memory 0.016 0.024 -0.031 0.063 0.505
Married Household   → List Sorting Working Memory 0.173 0.024 0.127 0.220 < 0.001
Intercept   → List Sorting Working Memory 6.834 0.467 5.918 7.749 < 0.001
 
Perceived School Discrimination   → Reading Ability -0.128 0.024 -0.175 -0.081 < 0.001
Age   → Reading Ability -0.005 0.023 -0.051 0.040 0.820
Gender (Male)   → Reading Ability -0.002 0.023 -0.048 0.044 0.946
Married Household   → Reading Ability 0.077 0.026 0.026 0.127 0.003
Parental Education   → Reading Ability 0.201 0.024 0.153 0.248 < 0.001
Race (Black)   → Reading Ability -0.075 0.026 -0.126 -0.024 0.004
Intercept   → Reading Ability 2.204 0.619 0.990 3.417 < 0.001
 
Age   → Perceived School Discrimination -0.024 0.025 -0.072 0.025 0.340
Gender (Male)   → Perceived School Discrimination 0.117 0.025 0.069 0.165 < 0.001
Married Household   → Perceived School Discrimination -0.028 0.028 -0.083 0.026 0.310
Parental Education   → Perceived School Discrimination -0.049 0.031 -0.109 0.012 0.114
Parental Education x Race (Black)   → Perceived School Discrimination -0.588 0.498 -1.564 0.387 0.237
Race (Black)   → Perceived School Discrimination 0.689 0.502 -0.296 1.673 0.170
Intercept   → Perceived School Discrimination 3.176 0.707 1.790 4.562 < 0.001
 
Perceived School Discrimination   → Depression 0.064 0.025 0.014 0.114 0.012
Age   → Depression 0.036 0.024 -0.011 0.084 0.133
Gender (Male)   → Depression 0.035 0.024 -0.012 0.083 0.145
Married Household   → Depression -0.064 0.024 -0.111 -0.016 0.009
Intercept   → Depression -0.726 0.457 -1.623 0.170 0.112
 
Perceived School Discrimination   → Picture Vocabulary -0.099 0.023 -0.145 -0.054 < 0.001
Age   → Picture Vocabulary -0.033 0.022 -0.077 0.011 0.138
Gender (Male)   → Picture Vocabulary 0.019 0.023 -0.026 0.063 0.409
Parental Education   → Picture Vocabulary 0.291 0.022 0.247 0.334 < 0.001
Race (Black)   → Picture Vocabulary -0.187 0.023 -0.233 -0.141 < 0.001
Intercept   → Picture Vocabulary 2.163 0.593 1.001 3.325 < 0.001
 
 
High Educational COI  
Perceived School Discrimination   → List Sorting Working Memory -0.095 0.021 -0.137 -0.054 < 0.001
Age   → List Sorting Working Memory 0.018 0.020 -0.021 0.057 0.356
Gender (Male)   → List Sorting Working Memory 0.050 0.020 0.011 0.089 0.012
Married Household   → List Sorting Working Memory 0.095 0.020 0.056 0.134 < 0.001
Intercept   → List Sorting Working Memory 6.734 0.398 5.954 7.513 < 0.001
 
Perceived School Discrimination   → Reading Ability -0.112 0.020 -0.152 -0.072 < 0.001
Age   → Reading Ability 0.009 0.019 -0.029 0.046 0.655
Gender (Male)   → Reading Ability 0.034 0.019 -0.004 0.072 0.083
Married Household   → Reading Ability 0.054 0.021 0.013 0.094 0.009
Parental Education   → Reading Ability 0.201 0.020 0.162 0.240 < 0.001
Race (Black)   → Reading Ability -0.058 0.021 -0.100 -0.017 0.006
Intercept   → Reading Ability 1.297 0.558 0.204 2.390 0.020
 
Age   → Perceived School Discrimination -0.047 0.020 -0.086 -0.008 0.017
Gender (Male)   → Perceived School Discrimination 0.102 0.020 0.063 0.141 < 0.001
Married Household   → Perceived School Discrimination -0.063 0.022 -0.105 -0.020 0.004
Parental Education   → Perceived School Discrimination -0.091 0.023 -0.135 -0.046 < 0.001
Parental Education x Race (Black)   → Perceived School Discrimination 0.094 0.420 -0.730 0.917 0.824
Race (Black)   → Perceived School Discrimination 0.086 0.423 -0.743 0.914 0.839
Intercept   → Perceived School Discrimination 4.945 0.587 3.794 6.095 < 0.001
                 
Perceived School Discrimination   → Depression 0.032 0.021 -0.009 0.073 0.131
Age   → Depression 0.031 0.020 -0.008 0.070 0.121
Gender (Male)   → Depression 0.066 0.020 0.027 0.105 0.001
Married Household   → Depression -0.106 0.020 -0.145 -0.067 < 0.001
Intercept   → Depression -0.572 0.382 -1.321 0.177 0.134
                 
Perceived School Discrimination   → Picture Vocabulary -0.127 0.020 -0.166 -0.089 < 0.001
Age   → Picture Vocabulary 0.001 0.019 -0.035 0.038 0.951
Gender (Male)   → Picture Vocabulary 0.030 0.019 -0.007 0.067 0.108
Parental Education   → Picture Vocabulary 0.267 0.018 0.231 0.303 < 0.001
Race (Black)   → Picture Vocabulary -0.172 0.020 -0.210 -0.133 < 0.001
Intercept   → Picture Vocabulary 1.561 0.537 0.508 2.614 0.004
 
 
Highest Educational COI  
Perceived School Discrimination   → List Sorting Working Memory -0.104 0.017 -0.138 -0.071 < 0.001
Age   → List Sorting Working Memory 0.037 0.016 0.004 0.069 0.027
Gender (Male)   → List Sorting Working Memory 0.014 0.017 -0.018 0.047 0.383
Married Household   → List Sorting Working Memory 0.106 0.016 0.074 0.138 < 0.001
Intercept   → List Sorting Working Memory 6.544 0.328 5.903 7.186 < 0.001
 
Perceived School Discrimination   → Reading Ability -0.074 0.017 -0.107 -0.041 < 0.001
Age   → Reading Ability 0.001 0.016 -0.031 0.033 0.945
Gender (Male)   → Reading Ability -0.001 0.016 -0.033 0.031 0.945
Married Household   → Reading Ability 0.067 0.017 0.033 0.101 < 0.001
Parental Education   → Reading Ability 0.143 0.017 0.110 0.176 < 0.001
Race (Black)   → Reading Ability -0.029 0.018 -0.063 0.006 0.106
Intercept   → Reading Ability 2.208 0.521 1.188 3.229 < 0.001
                 
Age   → Perceived School Discrimination -0.016 0.017 -0.049 0.016 0.324
Gender (Male)   → Perceived School Discrimination 0.113 0.017 0.080 0.145 < 0.001
Married Household   → Perceived School Discrimination -0.015 0.018 -0.050 0.020 0.400
Parental Education   → Perceived School Discrimination -0.126 0.019 -0.162 -0.089 < 0.001
Parental Education x Race (Black)   → Perceived School Discrimination 1.763 0.370 1.037 2.489 < 0.001
Race (Black)   → Perceived School Discrimination -1.678 0.372 -2.407 -0.949 < 0.001
Intercept   → Perceived School Discrimination 5.777 0.542 4.714 6.840 < 0.001
                 
Perceived School Discrimination   → Depression 0.071 0.017 0.037 0.104 < 0.001
Age   → Depression 0.027 0.016 -0.005 0.059 0.098
Gender (Male)   → Depression 0.030 0.017 -0.003 0.062 0.072
Married Household   → Depression -0.084 0.016 -0.116 -0.052 < 0.001
Intercept   → Depression -0.631 0.313 -1.246 -0.017 0.044
 
Perceived School Discrimination   → Picture Vocabulary -0.092 0.017 -0.125 -0.059 < 0.001
Age   → Picture Vocabulary 0.039 0.016 0.008 0.071 0.015
Gender (Male)   → Picture Vocabulary 0.025 0.016 -0.007 0.057 0.124
Parental Education   → Picture Vocabulary 0.176 0.016 0.145 0.208 < 0.001
Race (Black)   → Picture Vocabulary -0.091 0.017 -0.124 -0.058 < 0.001
Intercept   → Picture Vocabulary 2.103 0.514 1.096 3.111 < 0.001

Educational Childhood Opportunity Index (COI)