Klopman described the chemical reaction of metal ions and base ions in term of softness, E^‡_n and E^‡_m, respectively. By simple modification of known methods, Singh et al. made it applicable for neutral Lewis acids (transition metal salts) and bases (organic molecules) and also extended its application to biological systems for site selectivity and to explain reaction mechanism (markovnikov and anti-markovnikov rule), ligand-receptor interaction of testosterones, estrogens and tetrahydroimidazobenzodiazepinone. In this study effective atomic softness E^‡_n(eff) and E^‡_m(eff), and their change ΔE^‡_nm have been used for site selectivity and polar interaction between 51 peptidic HIV-1 protease inhibitors and receptor amino acids. ΔE^‡_nm values derived from drug-receptor interaction show that when one moiety on receptor behaves as nucleophile (O of valine amino acid) at the same time maximum electrophilic site of the drug (C-atom of the maximum E^‡_n(eff) value) orient itself to come close the respective site and make maximum interaction, while when another moiety on receptor behaves as electrophilic site (C of isoleucine amino acid), at the same time maximum nucleophilic site of the drug (O-atom of the maximum E^‡_m(eff) value) also orient itself to come close the respective site and make maximum interaction.Full article

Nowadays, graphs including bigraphs are mostly used in various real-world applications such as search engines and social networks. The bigraph or bipartite graph is a graph whose vertex set is split into two disjoint vertex sets such that there is no edge between the same vertex set. The bipartite graphs are colored using only two colors. This article checks if a given graph is bipartite or not and finds the color assignments of the bipartite graph using Java implementation.Full article