Currently, Drug Counterfeiting is the biggest challenge facing the pharmaceutical industry. They are encountering this threat due to high market demand for the drugs and their profit margin. The lack of data transparency and traceability also lured criminals into the counterfeiting of drugs which, is impacting people’s health and put their life in danger. Through the drug supply chain, a substantial portion of counterfeit drugs are injected and distributed through the healthcare supply chain network, so the supply chain plays a vital role in drug distribution and impacts patient lives. Through digitalization in the healthcare sector, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) provides a platform with ground-breaking results by providing a system for drug traceability with consideration of the critical requirements of transparency, privacy, and authenticity without involving any third party. In DLT, each distribution partner is registered to maintain transparency with the drug information. Real-time transfer of information about the change of ownership with date and time in the form of blocks gives visibility to all the partners in real time about the authenticity of drugs. This article will give information about the benefits of Distributed Ledger Technology to the pharmaceutical industry and the traceability of drugs from end-to-end of the pharmaceutical supply chain.Full article

The role of enterprise applications in pharmaceutical industries is driving the digital transformation of various critical processes, and one process benefiting from this innovation is pharmaceutical drug traceability. This industry grapples with challenges like a lack of transparency, difficulties in tracking products, a deficit of trust, and issues related to shipping expired products. To address these concerns, blockchain technology as an enterprise application has been harnessed as a solution. Notably, counterfeit drug prevention emerged as the most prevalent category, aligning with the pharmaceutical industry's primary objective. Blockchain technology is an emerging innovation that is finding enterprise applications in various industries, including healthcare. In the healthcare sector, Blockchain networks are being utilized to securely store and exchange patient data across hospitals, diagnostic laboratories, pharmacies, and medical practitioners. These enterprise applications can effectively identify and mitigate critical errors, including potentially hazardous ones within the realm of healthcare. Consequently, this enterprise technology holds the promise of enhancing the efficiency, security, and transparency of medical data sharing within the healthcare system. Moreover, it offers valuable tools for medical institutions to gain insights and improve the analysis of medical records. It visually represents the diverse capabilities, enablers, and the unified workflow process of Blockchain technology in supporting healthcare on a global scale. Additionally, the paper presents a thorough discussion of fourteen significant applications of Blockchain in healthcare, underscoring its pivotal role in addressing issues like deception in clinical trials.Full article

The pharmaceutical supply chain environment has undergone tremendous change in recent decades due to technology, and this shift is intensifying. One of the main concerns of business practitioners is how to cost-effectively integrate, implement, and manage technologies across the supply chain of an organization. Pharmaceutical organizations that produce, ship, and supply goods have trouble tracking their goods, which makes it easier for counterfeiters to get fake medications into the system. The creation and implementation of a stringent technological system might be a significant step in the arduous battle against the prevalence of fake medications and other healthcare items. In supply chain management, digital technologies have a number of potential advantages. The usage of the Internet of Things in supply chains can make every component visible and create a visible supply chain, making it possible to identify the position and specifications of all the components and materials in the supply chain at any given time.Full article

A persistent problem in the pharmaceutical industry that has existed for centuries is the prevalence of counterfeit drugs, and the World Health Organization (WHO) estimates that millions of people are affected by this issue each year. In particular, 4 out of 10 drugs in poor or underdeveloped countries may be adulterated, which can lead to severe adverse events. To address this problem, many countries have implemented regulatory compliance measures such as pharmaceutical drug serialization, which requires the unique identification of every drug package manufactured. This enables tracking and tracing of individual packages throughout the supply chain and helps to prevent counterfeit drugs from entering the market. In this paper, we conduct a systematic review of the serialization process evaluation and its impact on the pharmaceutical industry. We discuss the benefits of pharmaceutical drug serialization, including its ability to improve drug security and reduce adverse events and investigations. We also examine the challenges associated with implementing serialization processes and the regulatory requirements necessary for compliance. Finally, we explore the various tracking and tracing technologies used in serialization processes and their effectiveness in preventing the distribution of counterfeit drugs. Overall, this paper highlights the importance of pharmaceutical drug serialization in ensuring the safety and efficacy of drugs in the healthcare industry, particularly in poor or underdeveloped countries where the problem of adulterated drugs is especially prevalent.Full article

A Medical devices and pharmaceutical drugs are packaged to maintain their stability and integrity during post-production shipping and storage prior to clinical usage. During delivery and storage, the packaging may come into direct or indirect contact with the drug product or medical device, which may result in chemical interactions between the two. Packaging can be crucial for success, protection, and sale. Like other supermarket items, prescription pharmaceuticals must be packaged in a way that will meet the needs of security and provide speedy packaging, safety, identity, superiority of products, patient safety, and goods superiority. Packaging is a science and an art where many factors are taken into account, starting with the fundamental design and technology used to pack the product without any instability and providing protection, presentation and observance of manufactured goods during transportation, storage, and consumption. In order to keep the drug physiochemical, biological, and chemical stability, packaging professionals create containers that can withstand the pressures that are applied during the supply and shipping processes. Improvements in the analysis of prescription drug development had long been fixated on packaging expertise.Full article

Pharmaceutical drug traceability is a regulatory compliance adopted by most nations in the world. A comprehensive analysis was carried out to explain the benefits of adopting enterprise system for pharmaceutical drug traceability. Counterfeit drugs are medicines that are fake and have been produced using incorrect potency, or incorrect ingredients used to manufacture these drugs. Solving the drug counterfeiting problems by identifying the most effective and innovative technologies for protecting people's health is of essence these days for the world. Drug serialization is essential concept for drug traceability in the pharmaceutical supply chain. Blockchain is the latest stringent technology that makes drug distribution more secure in the supply chain. The blockchain-based drug traceability is a distributed shared data platform that shares information that is irreversible, reliable, responsible, and transparent in the PSC. Blockchain uses two powerful module, Hyperledger Fabric and Besu to satisfy important criteria for medication traceability, such as privacy, trust, transparency, security, authorization and authentication, and scalability. Researchers in Health informatics can use blockchain designs as a useful road map to develop and implement end-to-end pharmaceutical drug traceability in the supply chain to prevent drug counterfeiting. Industrial IoT is also a key component for the pharmaceutical industry. IoT systems in pharmaceutical drug traceability can be beneficial as they are based on automation and computational methodologies.Full article

For conducting advanced analytics initiatives to acquire in-depth data into usage habits, regional access, sales, and promotional success, etc., unique identification of packaged pharmaceuticals will be a fantastic enabler. The main objective of this study is to prevent and reduce the production of erroneous and counterfeit drugs using the enterprise system, which has become a serious threat because it damages the reputation of legitimate drug manufacturers by trying to produce and market placebo medications that are identical to the real thing. Due to federal government procedures and priorities that frequently change over time, the majority of implementation takes time. To achieve compliance with numerous federal regulatory authorities, including drug traceability for patient safety, the pharmaceutical industry must implement a systematic procedure in an ERP environment. The goals would be to guarantee medical drug traceability and provide real-time warnings to supply chain stakeholders and regulatory bodies to maximize the benefit of integrating a drug traceability system into an ERP environment. Additionally, manufacturers are compelled to maintain product costs on the higher side due to a heavy burden of unchecked manufacturing cost spikes. As a result, innovative marketing schemes must be introduced in order to increase the reach to consumers by putting into practice successful strategies.Full article

NSAIDs are aberrantly used for pain management but pain and discomforts exerted from viral infections like COVID-19, Dengue, and Chikungunya should strictly be treated according to clinical guidelines and weighing risk-benefits, among such patients.Full article

The Blockchain technology uses different type of database that transact data in blocks and then chained each data blocks. When data fills one block, it is chained the same data onto previous block therefore, all the data blocks are stored in chronological order. The blockchain technology can help to ensure that data in supply chain is reliable, accurate and can be shared with all stakeholders without any manipulation. It makes supply chain more transparent and end-to-end digital visibility of data source. Blockchain is stringent technology which fill the gap between stakeholders by providing transparent unmanipulated and truthful data in supply chain. There are many initiatives has been taken by multiple regulatory bodies with partnering with supply chain stakeholders including pharmaceutical manufacturer, distributors and dispensers. In USA, Food and Drug Administration’s regulatory body Drug Supply Chain Security Act (DSCSA) initi-ated pilot program in 2019 with the partnership of leading pharmaceuticals distributors to au-thenticating saleable returns to distributor from supply chain partners. DSCSA used MediLedger blockchain interoperable technology for process evaluation and it robustness for mitigating risk of drug counterfeiting possibilities in supply chain. The DSCSA found that pilot project was suc-cessful and results were astonishing. Later it was declared that blockchain technology can also be used for meeting DSCSA’s 2023 Act for unit level traceability.Full article

Background: Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is a drug with a wide spectrum of clinical uses. Its effectiveness in the treatment of cancer (acute and chronic leukemias, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma) and non-malignant diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and vasculitis has been well established. Objectives: The present investigation aimed to study the effect of a sub-lethal dose of the cyclophosphamide, 5-FU combination of 5-FU, and CPA on haematological parameters in the albino rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight male adults were grouped randomly into four groups (n=5 in each group). Group I (control): Rats were injected with saline intraperitoneally at a dose of 1.0 ml/kg b.w. for 14 days. Group II cyclophosphamide (CPA): Cyclophosphamide at a dose of 10 mg/kg day by day through i.p. to rats for 14 days. Group III Fluorouracil (5-FU): 5-Fluorouracil at a dose of 10 mg/kg day by day in saline was given through i.p. to rats for 14 days. Group IV (CPA+5-FU): Rats were given CPA followed by 5-FU at a dose of 10 mg/kg per day (day by day) through i.p. to rats for 14 days. At the end of the experimental period, rats were anesthetized using light ether. Blood samples were taken for hematological evaluation. Results: White blood cells, hemoglobin content and red blood cell counts were significantly decline in rats treated with individual treatment with CPA and 5-FU in comparison to the control group, while the Combination antagonize the changes produced by CPA in hemoglobin and red blood cell counts. Intraperitoneal individual treatment with CPA and 5-FU in rats caused a significant reduction in the hematocrit and platelet. The reductions in these measured hematological parameters were also significantly and slightly ameliorated when the animals were given a combination of CPA and 5-FU. Cyclophosphamide and 5-FU individually reduced lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes; while the combination of CPA and 5-FU antagonized these changes compared to CPA treated group. Conclusion: It could be concluded that the treatment of mammals with chemotherapy is associated with the production of free radicals that lead to hazardous alterations in hematological parameters. However, 5-FU and CPA combination could produce a significant amelioration in most cases for these changes. Future work should consider combined chemotherapy regimens, as two or more mechanisms of action of chemotherapeutic drugs could be more powerful than one mechanism. Using cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil in combination may reduce cyclophosphamide’s side effects when given individually.Full article