Articles

The Heat-Affected Zone (HAZ) is one of the major parameters which determines the structural integrity in welded API 5L X52 pipelines, especially in a sour gas service containing Hydrogen Sulphide (H2S) [1]. This thorough review paper performed the analysis of different international standards including Det Norske Veritas Germanischer Lloyd DNVGL-ST-F101, American Petroleum Institute API 1104, National Association of Corrosion Engineers NACE MR0175 and American Society of Mechanical Engineers ASME B31.8. The researcher analysed the governing and regulation of Heat Affected Zone microstructure and associated properties including strength, hardness and toughness through the specifications like heat values, time between passes and Post Weld Heat Treatment (PWHT), welding specifications and qualification of welding procedures, welders and consumables [2]. By collecting and analysing the data from recent studies (2018-2025), the researchers found out that the standards focusing on prescribing strict recipes for welding and qualification procedures like DNVGL-ST-F101, including explicit heat input limits (typically 1.0-2.0 kJ/mm), obligatory post-weld heat treatment (PWHT), and rigorous consumable qualifications, perform well in Heat Affected Zone in sour gas service. The maximum hardness retirement i.e. 22 HRC (248 HV) obligated for sour media creates a critical limitation that forces optimization of welding procedures. The standards which focus on final quality or the end results rather than prescribing any specific method for producing the weld (Performance-based standards) like API 1104 remains less stringent which results in greater variation in properties around the weld i.e. the HAZ area impacting the service reliability in a worse manner during the sour media [3]. Contemporary world adopting new digital welding techniques for monitoring during weld production, prediction of the microstructural properties of HAZ based on machine learning and other advanced methods like hybrid welding processes which combines different precision welding techniques provide promising results for production of high quality and reliable welds which offer enhanced safety and reliability during sour service [4].

Conventional cyclone risk assessments in Small Island Developing States (SIDS) systematically fail to predict food system collapse locations, leading to misallocated adaptation investments. This study quantifies a fundamental exposure-impact disconnect across Vanuatu's 71 area councils: cyclone exposure explains only 14% of food security impact variance (R² = 0.14, r = 0.38), with topographic, agro-ecological, and infrastructure mediators determining the remaining 86%. Using data from five Category 4–5 cyclones (2015–2023), we constructed a Hazard Exposure Index (HEI; proximity 40%, intensity 35%, frequency 25%) and an Impact Severity Index (ISI; four equally weighted dimensions: agriculture, infrastructure, food insecurity, recovery). Regression with interaction terms reveals three mediating mechanisms. First, topographic elevation reduces ISI by 40–60% at highland area councils (>400 m) relative to coastal equivalents at comparable HEI (r = −0.54, p < 0.001). Second, crop diversity buffers medium-exposure zones (HEI 0.3–0.6; β = −0.082, p = 0.018) but provides no significant protection under extreme cyclone loading (HEI > 0.7), consistent with resilience theory stability thresholds. Third, infrastructure capacity generates "hidden hotspots": Torba province (low exposure, ISI = 0.34) required a median 18 days to reach 50% of affected households versus 6 days in Shefa (high exposure, ISI = 0.61) — a threefold differential driven solely by maritime connectivity deficits. High-exposure provinces with strong infrastructure systematically outperform low-exposure provinces with distribution network weaknesses. A Food Security Resilience Index (FSRe; range: 46–61 on a 0–100 scale) reveals stark provincial heterogeneity — Sanma as buffered regional hub (FSRe = 61) versus Tafea and Shefa as critical/fragile (FSRe 46–47) — enabling a four-category spatial typology for targeted adaptation investments under SIDS fiscal constraints. Findings demonstrate that spatially explicit integration of topography, agro-ecology, and infrastructure is essential for efficient climate adaptation planning in archipelago SIDS, with direct implications for Sendai Framework Target E national DRR strategy development and Green Climate Fund adaptation investment prioritization.

The principle of Undetectable = Untransmittable (U=U) posits that people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are able to achieve and maintain a viral load of <200 copies/mL by regularly taking antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) are considered virally suppressed and cannot transmit the HIV virus to other individuals through sex. This groundbreaking message has emerged as a key HIV prevention strategy for eliminating transmission risks and enhancing the quality of life of people living with HIV. This narrative review explores the clinical foundation of U=U, the level of awareness and acceptance of the message globally, and the psychosocial impact on people living with HIV. It has been discovered that this message minimizes stigma, improves mental health, promote treatment adherence and good disclosure behaviors among people living with HIV. Evidence has shown that despite the U=U revolution for HIV prevention, there are significant differences in awareness and acceptance of the message among different population groups. The challenges noted were poor communication by healthcare providers, limitations in the health system, and stigma issues. Nevertheless, the inclusion of U=U in mainstream HIV services has proven to increase awareness and enhance its adoption. The urgent need in the present review is to advocate for strategies to increase the equitable distribution of U=U to harness its full potential in public health.

This literature review delves deeply into the epidemiology, structural and cultural challenges, and management strategies of status epilepticus (SE) in sub-Saharan Africa (SSA). Incidence rates of SE vary significantly between countries, with notable disparities associated with socio-economic contexts, healthcare infrastructures, and cultural perceptions of epilepsy. The management of SE in this region is often hindered by constraints in medical infrastructure, inadequate access to specialist diagnostics such as electroencephalogram, and limited availability of essential anti-epileptic drugs, which are frequently out of reach for rural populations. These challenges are further exacerbated by the social stigma and cultural beliefs surrounding epilepsy, impeding access to care and widening inequalities. Moreover, the scarcity of qualified medical personnel undermines the efficient and prompt management of this neurological emergency. The review underscores the pressing need to enhance healthcare infrastructures, boost the capabilities of healthcare professionals, and conduct community awareness initiatives to destigmatize epilepsy and lessen prejudice. Additionally, practical recommendations are put forward for enhancing local capacity, fostering equity in care access, and mitigating regional health disparities in SSA.

COVID-19 vaccines have demonstrated efficacy in reducing the prevalence of serious illnesses. The relative risk of hospitalization and mortality for patients who get breakthrough infections after immunization versus those who develop reinfections after a prior spontaneous infection is examined in this correspondence. Based on a study on U.S. Veterans who were not vaccinated and experienced reinfections had a much higher risk of experiencing severe illness outcomes compared to those who had received immunizations and experienced breakthrough infections, even if the rates of reinfection and breakthrough infection were similar. Our findings highlight the value of immunization in reducing severe COVID-19 outcomes, even in the presence of reinfections.

<b>Background:</b> Food security and dietary diversity are essential determinants of maternal health, particularly among pregnant women in refugee populations who face heightened vulnerabilities due to displacement and inadequate living conditions. This study examines the impact of food security on dietary diversity and nutritional intake among pregnant Rohingya women residing in the makeshift camps of Ukhiya, Cox’s Bazar. <b>Methods:</b> A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 96 pregnant Rohingya women from June to September 2022. Data were collected using structured questionnaires assessing socio-demographic characteristics, food security, and dietary diversity. Food security was evaluated using the Household Food Insecurity Access Scale (HFIAS), while dietary diversity was assessed through a 24-hour dietary recall and a 7-day food frequency questionnaire. Data were analyzed using SPSS (Version 26) and Stata (Version 13), employing descriptive statistics and chi-square tests to examine associations. <b>Results:</b> Most participants (57.3%) were food secure, and 85.4% demonstrated high dietary diversity, consuming seven or more food groups. However, 21.9% of households experienced severe food insecurity, highlighting ongoing challenges in food access. The highest consumption was observed for starch, flesh foods, dark green leafy vegetables, and vitamin A-rich fruits and vegetables (99.0%), while dairy products (69.8%) and organ meat (34.4%) were consumed less frequently. Despite high dietary diversity, severe food insecurity persists, indicating gaps in food assistance programs. <b>Conclusions:</b> While food support programs appear to contribute to high dietary diversity among pregnant Rohingya women, severe food insecurity remains a significant concern. Strengthening food security interventions, improving access to diverse nutrient-rich foods, and integrating sustainable food assistance models are essential to addressing these challenges. Future research should explore long-term strategies to enhance food security and assess the impact of targeted nutritional interventions on maternal health outcomes in refugee settings.

<b>Background:</b> The Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory posits that social determinants of health, such as parental education, exert weaker protective effects on health and educational outcomes in racialized and minoritized populations compared to White populations. <b>Aim: </b>This study examines whether higher maternal education is associated with better high school GPA in Black youth and whether this association aligns with the MDRs framework. <b>Methods:</b> Data were drawn from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study also known as Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) baseline and 22nd year follow-up (1990-2022). This study included 1873 Black or White participants who were followed from birth to age 22. Linear regression models were used to assess the association between maternal education and high school GPA, adjusting for sociodemographic covariates. Analyses focused on the differential effects of maternal education across racial groups, particularly among Black youth. <b>Results:</b> While maternal education was positively associated with high school GPA, this effect was weaker for Black students compared to their White counterparts. Specifically, each additional year of maternal education corresponded to a lower GPA increase in Black students, consistent with the MDRs hypothesis. <b>Conclusion:</b> Findings support the MDRs theory, indicating that maternal education has a reduced protective effect on high school GPA among Black youth. These results underscore the need for policies that address structural factors beyond education to promote equitable academic achievement.

This paper examines the impact of primary level classroom environments on the acquisition of English as a second language (L2) in Bangladesh, comparing English-medium and Bangla-medium schools. The study investigates how different instructional approaches and early exposure to English influence language proficiency among students. Through a mixed-methods approach, including surveys, interviews, and proficiency tests, the research reveals significant differences in language acquisition outcomes between the two educational settings. Findings indicate that students in English-medium schools, who are exposed to Natural approach methods of language learning and immersive English-speaking environments, demonstrate higher proficiency in speaking and listening skills compared to their Bangla-medium counterparts, who primarily receive grammar-focused instruction. The study highlights the critical role of early exposure to English, with students who begin learning the language at a younger age showing better phonological and syntactic development. Additionally, the integration of technology in language teaching emerges as a valuable tool for enhancing language learning, particularly in contexts with limited classroom exposure. The research suggests that Bangla-medium schools could benefit from adopting more interactive, student-centered teaching methods and integrating digital tools to support practical language use. The study's findings have significant implications for educational policy, advocating for a shift towards more immersive and communicative teaching practices to improve English language acquisition in Bangladesh. This research contributes to the broader understanding of SLA and offers practical recommendations for enhancing language education in similar contexts.

Drug shortages represent a significant and growing challenge within the pharmaceutical supply chain, with profound implications for patient care, public health, and healthcare costs. This manuscript provides a comprehensive examination of the causes and impacts of drug shortages, highlighting the multifaceted nature of this issue. Key factors contributing to shortages include manufacturing complications, limited availability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), market dynamics that discourage the production of less profitable medications, and regulatory challenges that slow down the approval process for new manufacturing capacities. The consequences of these shortages are far-reaching. Patients often face treatment delays, which can lead to adverse health outcomes, increased hospitalization rates, and even mortality. Healthcare providers experience heightened operational costs as they seek alternative therapies and manage complications resulting from inadequate treatment. Furthermore, the frequent occurrence of drug shortages erodes public trust in both the healthcare system and the pharmaceutical industry, leading to decreased patient adherence to prescribed therapies. To mitigate the impacts of drug shortages, this manuscript proposes several strategic solutions, including enhanced communication among stakeholders, diversification of supply sources, increased regulatory flexibility, and collaborative approaches between public and private sectors. Additionally, raising awareness among healthcare providers and patients regarding the causes and potential alternatives can empower stakeholders to navigate shortages effectively. Ultimately, addressing drug shortages necessitates a proactive and coordinated effort from all participants in the pharmaceutical supply chain. By implementing these strategies, stakeholders can enhance the resilience of the supply chain, ensuring that essential medications remain accessible and that patient care is not compromised. The findings of this manuscript underscore the urgent need for ongoing vigilance and collaborative action to tackle the challenges posed by drug shortages, safeguarding public health and improving healthcare outcomes globally.

Extracurricular activities and academic performance are connected in every aspect of the education system. Daffodil International University is one of the top universities in Bangladesh that focuses on student improvement through extracurricular activities. Extracurricular activities help students improve skills like leadership, teamwork, and analytical abilities. Do extracurricular activities help English as a Foreign Language (EFL) students improve their academic performance? This evaluation aims to find out this question among Daffodil International University students. The study focused on both qualitative and quantitative data. Therefore, the data analysis followed a mixed method. The quantitative data focused on the students' participation in extracurricular activities. Respectively, the comparison between their participation and EFL course improvement. On the other hand, the qualitative data focused on the interviewee's experience. However, it's been proven that though extracurricular activities help students improve their other soft skills, they actually don't have as much impact on improving their EFL course curriculum performance.

This study examined the psychological impact of poverty on the mental health and wellbeing of children in Adentan Municipality, Ghana. The study adopted a phenomenological qualitative approach. A sample of 15 children from poor homes were selected using purposive and snowball sampling for the study. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide and analysed using thematic analysis. The study found that the main experiences of the children raised in poor homes were that they had unmet basic needs and limited income. Also, it was found that the psychological impact of poverty on children included stigma and inferiority, distress and hopelessness. From the results, it was concluded that poverty can have a psychological impact on the mental health and wellbeing of children. it was recommended that Social Welfare liaise with community leaders to identify children from poor homes and provide support for these children in terms of their basic needs like food and clothing.

Recent US studies such as Baby’s First Years have again demonstrated that unconditional cash transfers and guaranteed income do not lead to significant improvements in the health, economic status, and well-being of individuals living in poverty. In this perspective article we review the emerging literature on this topic and offer explanations for the observed outcomes. We then apply the theory and empirical evidence on marginalization-related diminished returns (MDRs) also called minorities diminished returns (MDRs) to elucidate the weak or null effects of cash transfers in the lives of marginalized populations. According to the MDR theory, marginalization not only reduces access to resources but also reduces their utility. Individuals who experience long-term poverty and marginalization exhibit smaller than expected benefits from new resources, such as cash, in adulthood. This is due to the deeply entrenched structural barriers and systemic discrimination that persist throughout their lives. The existing literature suggests that socioeconomic changes in adulthood have limited impact on the health and well-being of populations that have been raised in poverty. This is because the advantages of increased socioeconomic status (SES) are often undermined by ongoing marginalization and limited access to supportive resources and opportunities. As a result, simply providing cash transfers is insufficient to create substantial and lasting improvements in the lives of those living in poverty. To address these challenges, we recommend a multifaceted approach that includes childhood poverty prevention, interventions aimed at reducing marginalization, and comprehensive multi-sector strategies. By focusing on early intervention and addressing the root causes of poverty and marginalization, we can create more effective and sustainable solutions to improve health and well-being among disadvantaged populations. This holistic approach recognizes the complexity of poverty and the necessity of addressing both immediate needs and long-term structural barriers to achieve meaningful change.

A user is considered to be someone who would be actually using the system. The definition of a user is contextual and for any specific software project it depends on the software development methodology being developed. Satisfaction is the fulfillment of one’s wishes, expectations, needs or the pleasure that is derived from using a software product therefore “user satisfaction “is a reflection of quality from different perspective than measuring defects or code structure. Measurement in software engineering makes comparison possible and when you compare you have a choice and quality is quantified in terms of values. Therefore, this paper aims to explore the impact of software measurement scales on user satisfaction.

An increasing number of adverse events are raising concern in the pharmaceutical supply chain due to contaminated active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients are not currently under the scope of environmental regulations, despite their negative impact on human health and the environment. API's life cycle plays a significant role in identifying potential supply chain sources and determining their impact on the environment. The Covid-19 pandemic's intermittent manufacturing interruptions and the increase in the frequency of drug shortages over the past ten years have sparked worries about how resilient the world's drug supply chains are. Many clinical trials were conducted on patients with COVID-19 during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and resulted in millions of deaths globally by 2022.

Progress in the development and adoption of technological innovations is instrumental in enhancing the efficiency of production systems across the globe. Through the introduction of cost-efficient and high-performing technologies, countries can both reduce the resource use intensity of their economies and boost the global supply of essential products. The focus of this study is to analyze the application of advanced machinery and mechanisms within the agricultural sector, a primary industry that acts as a major contributor to the gross domestic product (GDP) of many nations. Specifically, this paper provides an in-depth review of the latest impact assessments based on analytical and modeling tools conducted on agricultural machinery and production technologies. Our findings highlight the positive role played by scientific progress and innovation in driving the competitiveness, growth and improved sustainability of the agricultural sector. Over the years, advanced technologies have accelerated the development and modernization of machinery, equipment, and processes in farming. Typically, modern machinery and equipment have enabled large-scale production on farms, enhancing the cost-efficient use of both land and labor, as well as the capacity and timeliness in performing essential agricultural operations. The rapid diffusion of technical advancements has further contributed to resource savings, productivity growth, and the overall transformation of agricultural value chains. Accordingly, the implementation of appropriate enabling conditions is of vital importance in encouraging the widespread integration of technologies in agriculture, not only boosting productivity along the agri-food chain but also yielding widespread social, economic, and environmental benefits.

The quality of communication between healthcare providers and pregnant women is a topic of paramount importance within the realm of maternal healthcare. It is not merely an aspect of medical interaction; rather, it is the prerequisite that influences various critical dimensions of maternal care, including maternal satisfaction, health outcomes, and shared decision-making. Effective communication between healthcare providers and pregnant women is essential for optimal maternal care during pregnancy and childbirth. Maternal satisfaction is a fundamental metric of patient-centered care, and improved communication, characterized by empathy, information sharing, and active listening, cultivates trust and enhances women's contentment with their care experiences. Positive provider-patient interactions are associated with improved emotional well-being, reduced stress levels, and increased adherence to prenatal recommendations, contributing to positive health outcomes for both mother and fetus.<b> </b>Shared decision-making is impacted by open and transparent dialogue between healthcare providers and pregnant women. Inclusive discussions about available interventions, risks, and benefits empower women to make informed choices aligned with their preferences and values. This shared decision-making promotes autonomy, self-efficacy, and a collaborative care partnership, potentially influencing the birthing experience and postpartum adaptation. However, challenges persist in communication quality, such as variability in healthcare provider communication styles, cultural considerations, and system-level factors. Addressing these challenges through targeted interventions, training, and policy implementation can further enhance the overall maternal care experience. Further research is needed to explore innovative strategies that optimize communication and promote positive outcomes throughout the continuum of maternal care.

Background:</b> The COVID-19 pandemic disrupted routine osteoporosis care due to clinic closures and limited in-person consultations. Telehealth emerged as an alternative model enabling remote care delivery and monitoring. However, previous reviews on telehealth either did not include the pandemic period or had a limited focus in scope. Evidence synthesized specifically for osteoporosis care during the pandemic is needed but lacking. <b>Methods:</b> We systematically searched PubMed, MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, Web of Science, and CINAHL for studies on telehealth for osteoporosis published between January 2021 and March 2023. Five studies met the inclusion criteria of: osteoporosis population, telehealth intervention, and COVID-19 pandemic timeframe. Data was extracted on study characteristics, COVID-19 outcomes, osteoporosis status, telehealth purpose, patient satisfaction, and clinical outcomes. <b>Result:</b> The five studies showed telehealth was used for monitoring data, delivering test results, adjusting medications, and assessments. Osteoporosis prevalence among telehealth users ranged 30-100%. High patient satisfaction was reported with telehealth versus in-person care. No major differences occurred in medication delays or fractures between telehealth and in-person groups. <b>Conclusion:</b> This review found telehealth enables effective osteoporosis care and monitoring during the pandemic, with high patient and provider satisfaction. However, more robust randomized controlled trials are needed to establish stronger evidence around telehealth's impacts on clinical osteoporosis outcomes. <b>Implications:</b> Though promising, further high-quality studies will help clarify telehealth's role in improving osteoporosis care and outcomes. Findings inform guidelines on integrating telehealth into routine management. Evidence on user perspectives optimizes telehealth implementation policies.

There have been various concerns about the environmental impact of construction works. This generates a need to take a more proactive approach in evaluating the environmental impacts of construction operations and further explore ways to reduce the environmental impacts. Enormous opportunities exist within the building industry to achieve a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of the study is to develop a framework for the evaluation of improvement opportunities for environmental impact for onsite and offsite building construction works using life cycle assessment (LCA) and value-stream-mapping concepts. Various tools for LCA exist; however, there is a need for the development of an LCA framework and improvement opportunities that can be localized to various communities to evaluate improvement opportunities for building construction. This study conducts a review of methods to evaluate the LCA of buildings on local construction sites. A procedure for establishing improvement opportunities is also developed. Based on the author’s knowledge and experience, including site visits, using value stream mapping (VSM) techniques, a conceptual framework of the present state map and future state map of residential construction works was developed. The study presents a procedure for the evaluation of improvement opportunities for the environmental impacts of construction operations.

The decision to choose between onsite and offsite construction is important in the effort toward sustainable construction. Offsite construction is often promoted as an environmentally friendly approach to construction operations. However, previous studies have shown that there is a lack of clarity on the environmental trade-offs between onsite and offsite construction. Factors that can affect the decision to build onsite or offsite include the availability of a local offsite manufacturing facility, the distance of the offsite factory to the final place of use, the proximity of the site to the local supply of material and labor, etc. This study provides a framework to apply the system dynamic modeling technique to evaluate how various factors can affect the environmental impact of the building construction phase (for onsite or offsite construction methods). The system dynamic model (using Vensim software) that was developed provides a platform that allows users to input variables such as the distance that is expected for transportation of labor, material, and equipment to both the onsite facility and the offsite construction location, factors associated with the use of equipment for construction, the distance needed for transportation of building panels or modules from the offsite facility to the final site, etc. Among other things, the model showed that an increase in the distance from the offsite yard to the final construction site increases the total impacts of transportation of completed modules. An increase in the number of trips for the transportation of material to the onsite construction location increases the total impact of onsite construction. In terms of the environmental impact of construction, none of the two methods of construction gives an absolute superiority over the other. The environmental performance of offsite and onsite depends on various associated factors. It is recommended that building practitioners review various factors that are peculiar to their projects to make an informed decision on the best construction methods.

One of the current issues facing humanity is ensuring sustained global food security in the face of devastating effects of climate change; this challenge is particularly pressing on the African continent. Here, I present an opinion piece identifying local animal genetic resources as "African leverage point" that provide the highest chances to cushion rural fork to climate change, enhance environmental sustainability and food security in Africa. When it comes to boosting food production, coping with climate change, or bolstering the delivery of a wide range of ecosystem services, I believe that African animal genetic resources are essential alternatives for the sustainable growth of the livestock industry and its contribution to food security. Africa needs to address the support and development of indigenous animal genetic resources in order to meet the basic food needs of more than 1 billion people, address numerous environmental issues with continental implications, and focus on more effective and resilient food systems with the greatest impact on food security. The indigenous animal resources diversity and support actions to this unique group could provide a boost in protein that is lacking to constitute healthy diets in Africa. The priorities of nonprofit organizations, foundations, governments, citizens' groups, and companies can be influenced by this leverage point in the African food system. Due to continuous food insecurity, which appears to be becoming worse with climate change and makes it even harder to accomplish the SDGs on the continent, Africa has paid a hefty price for being misled about the worth of its own animal genetic resources. To the contrary, it is highly improbable that a strategy to improve food security and rural livelihoods that undermines the utilization of indigenous animal genetic resources will be viable in long-term. If Africa makes an effort, is committed, and fully commits resources to putting indigenous animal genetic resources at the forefront of combating food insecurity and accelerating the achievement of SDGs, it can achieve more under the adverse prevailing climate change induce environmental conditions. Our personal opinion is that we would not have had the ongoing food problems, even in the face of climate change, if Africa had over the years implemented the necessary mechanisms to develop and promote local animal genetic resources. What lies ahead in terms of climate change effect on food security in Africa is anyone's guess – but whatever it is, promoting continental adapted indigenous animal genetic resources portfolio is ready to handle it. Development and promotion of African animal genetic resources should be part of a continental strategy to transform smallholder animal production by 2050, in line with the goals of achieving the SGDs, to improve rural household food security, and bringing rural economy prosperity, resilience, sustainability, and all other desired animal related food outcomes for rural healthy diets. African animal genetic resources are the most important but underutilized resource to address the issue of ongoing food insecurity. The responsible use of local animal genetic resources through climate smart animal husbandry practices also contributes to food security, rural development and increased employment opportunities. African genetic improvement programs involving indigenous animal genetic resources must be considered as regards to local agriculture and livestock development aspirations, appropriateness to local reality and livelihood security, as well as environmental friendliness. Animal agriculture will fill in the enormous gaps in the continent's food supply if this animal group receives adequate attention and is used integrated properly in crop and livestock systems which characterize smallholder farming sector in Africa. Because they have evolved over time to accommodate the various climatic conditions and environmental pressures on the continent, Africa's native animal genetic resources are particularly resilient. Indirectly, the impact of climate change offers a chance to use native animal genetics from Africa. The use of local animal genetic diversity has the potential to substantially improve Africa's food security landscape hence should be given special consideration for sociocultural, environmental, and economic aspects, and with regard for smallholder farmer-specific factors of interest. African animal genetic resources have contributed significantly to the food and nutrition security aspects of the millions of people in their communities of origin and custody in Africa. The purpose of the perception piece is to educate the reader about the fundamental mechanisms that control the use of continental animal genetic resources and how the outlook for these mechanisms can be manipulated in the future for the benefit of improving food security in Africa. The discussion provides in-depth insight into the pertinent literature in understanding the significance of local animal genetic resources in terms of their contribution to food security in Africa.