Articles

<b>Background:</b> Parental education is a key determinant of academic performance, yet its protective effects may differ by race and ethnicity. The concept of Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) highlights the weaker association between socioeconomic resources and outcomes for marginalized populations, including Black and Latino youth. <b>Objective:</b><b> </b>To investigate whether the positive association between parental education and school performance (letter grades) is weaker for Black and Latino youth compared to non-Latino White youth. <b>Methods:</b><b> </b>Data were drawn from the Monitoring the Future (MTF) 2023 study. The sample included Black, Latino, and non-Latino White youth. The outcome was a nine-level continuous measure of academic performance based on self-reported letter grades, with higher scores indicating better performance. Multivariate regression models tested interactions between parental education and race/ethnicity in predicting grades, adjusting for confounders such as family income, gender, and school characteristics. <b>Results:</b><b> </b>A total number of<b> </b>7584 12<SUP>th</SUP> graders entered the study.<b> </b>Parental education was positively associated with school performance across all groups, but the magnitude of this association was significantly smaller for Black and Latino youth compared to non-Latino White youth. Even after controlling for socioeconomic and contextual factors, the racial and ethnic differences in the strength of this association persisted. <b>Conclusions:</b><b> </b>Our findings provide evidence of Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) in the academic domain, with Black and Latino youth experiencing weaker benefits of parental education on school performance. These disparities suggest that structural barriers and systemic inequities undermine the translation of parental educational attainment into academic success for marginalized groups. Policy interventions must address these structural barriers to promote equity in educational outcomes.

The theme of the study that catches our attention is the initial conceptions of learners in Science and school performance; this theme is based on the competency-based approach in force in Cameroon, which is implemented in several African countries. Insofar as learning is not the accumulation of new knowledge but a cognitive reorganization of old knowledge experienced, it is therefore a question of knowing what is the influence of initial conceptions on the academic performance of learners in science. The objective of this research was to show that taking into account the initial conceptions of learners, Biology “SVT” has a lasting influence on learning and thus on the academic performance of learners. To achieve this objective, the study uses the mixed and quasi-experimental method, where two groups of learners were used: a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group was subjected to the teaching-learning system designed for this purpose, and in which the initial conceptions of the learners were taken into account according to do with or go against. In the light of the different hypotheses adopted and the different results of this study, it can be observed that the didactic consideration of the learners' initial conceptions improves their academic performance through the data of the experimental group. In relation to the field of education, this study shows that in order to enable learners to learn and build knowledge in the long term, their initial conceptions must be taken into account in concrete didactics; Otherwise, learning will be sporadic, learners' conceptions will be significant, which will lead to a learning defect perceptible by school failure.