Articles

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, with a disproportionate burden in low- and middle-income settings such as Bangladesh. This study assessed knowledge and attitude regarding hypertension prevention among pregnant women at a private hospital in Dhaka and their association with socio-demographic characteristics. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 122 pregnant women attending antenatal care at Ashulia Women and Children Hospital, Dhaka, using systematic random sampling. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews using a pre-tested, bilingual, structured questionnaire (10-item knowledge and 10-item attitude scales; Cronbach's alpha 0.814 and 0.795). Scores were dichotomized as low (≤50%) or high (>50%). Chi-square tests examined associations with socio-demographic variables (p<0.05). Results: Overall, 50.8% of women had high knowledge and 60.7% had a favorable attitude toward hypertension prevention; 63.9% had a high combined perception score. Knowledge was significantly associated with age (χ²=18.177, p<0.001), highest among women aged 20-29 years. Attitude was significantly associated with number of children (χ²=9.545, p=0.023), most favorable among women with two children. Education and occupation showed no significant association with either. Gaps persisted around dietary intervention, organic foods, and bed rest, despite high perceived importance of prevention (81.1%) and social media influence (81.1%). Conclusion: Knowledge and attitude toward hypertension prevention were moderate to favorable, with age and family size as the key socio-demographic correlates. Age-specific and family-inclusive education, potentially via social media, may be more effective than broadly targeted interventions.

Background: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth are at elevated risk for adverse mental health and substance use outcomes. Stressors such as family conflict, discrimination, and trauma have been suggested as possible mediators of these disparities. Aims: This study examined whether family conflict, discrimination, and trauma mediate the associations between SGM identity and adverse outcomes, including suicide attempt, major depressive disorder (MDD), nicotine use, and marijuana use. Methods: Participants were children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. SGM identity was reported at baseline, while outcomes included past MDD and suicide attempts as well as future nicotine and marijuana use. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test both direct and indirect pathways linking SGM identity to mental health and behavioral outcomes. Results: No significant mediation was found through family conflict, discrimination, or trauma. Instead, effects of SGM identity were primarily direct: SGM youth had higher odds of past suicide attempts and MDD, as well as future marijuana use, but not future nicotine use. Stressor variables, however, were independently associated with outcomes. Discrimination predicted all outcomes; trauma was positively associated with suicide, nicotine, and marijuana use but not MDD; and family conflict predicted all outcomes except MDD. Conclusion: Family conflict, discrimination, and trauma did not mediate SGM disparities in mental health and substance use, but each emerged as an independent predictor of risk. These findings highlight the complexity of mechanisms underlying SGM-related disparities and suggest the need for future research to explore additional pathways and contextual influences.

Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is commonly known as a pathogen of the bronchiolitis in children, however, recently also as a pathogen of the severe virus pneumonia in adults, especially elderly persons, and vaccines for elderly persons have been developed. There are two vaccines, such as the vaccines targeted for subgroup A with the adjuvant, and that targeted for both subgroup A and B but not included the adjuvant in Japan. Both vaccines are considered effective to prevent not only the incident of RSV infection/pneumonia, but also the exacerbations of the elderly persons with underlying diseases including chronic cardiopulmonary diseases.

Background: Childhood poverty is a critical determinant of developmental, health, and behavioral outcomes. However, racial and ethnic differences in how families experience and navigate poverty suggest that a one-size-fits-all approach may not be an effective approach for alleviating disparities. Understanding baseline demographic, socioeconomic, health, and behavioral characteristics among families in poverty is crucial to designing equitable interventions. Objective: To examine racial and ethnic differences in baseline demographic, socioeconomic, health, and behavioral characteristics among families living in poverty, using data from the Baby's First Years (BFY:2018-2019) Study. Methods: This analysis used baseline data from the BFY study, a randomized controlled trial (RCT) designed to evaluate the effects of monthly cash assistance on children’s developmental outcomes. The sample included 1,050 children and their families, consisting of mothers and, when available, fathers. Descriptive analyses were conducted to compare demographic, socioeconomic, health, and behavioral outcomes across racial and ethnic groups, focusing on Black, Hispanic, and other mothers. Results: Significant racial and ethnic differences were observed. Regarding demographic factors, Hispanic mothers were older than White mothers. In terms of socioeconomic factors, Hispanic mothers had fewer years of education compared to White mothers, while Black mothers were more likely to receive food stamps than mothers from other groups. Regarding health and behaviors, Black mothers reported worse self-rated health but were less likely to plan for breastfeeding compared to White mothers. In contrast, Hispanic mothers reported lower levels of depression and were more likely to plan for breastfeeding. Conclusion: These findings highlight the heterogeneity of experiences among families living in poverty, with significant differences across racial and ethnic groups. Such disparities underscore the importance of tailoring anti-poverty policies to the unique needs of diverse populations. Future research should explore how the effects of interventions, such as cash assistance or guaranteed income, may differ across racial and ethnic groups to inform equitable and effective policy development.

Background: The sensory-motor network is essential for integrating sensory input with motor function and higher-order cognition. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) within this network undergoes significant developmental changes, and disruptions in these connections have been linked to behavioral and psychiatric outcomes. However, the relationship between sensory-motor connectivity, early-life adversity, and later health behaviors remains understudied. Objective: This study examines the associations between rsFC within the sensory-motor network (mouth and hand regions) and key social, psychological, and behavioral factors, including baseline and past socioeconomic status (SES), trauma exposure, family conflict, impulsivity, major depressive disorder (MDD), and future substance use. Methods: Data were drawn from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a national sample of U.S. children. Resting-state fMRI data were used to assess functional connectivity within the sensory-motor network. Bivariate analyses examined associations between rsFC in the sensory-motor mouth and hand regions and baseline SES, past SES, childhood trauma exposure, family conflict, impulsivity, and MDD. Longitudinal analyses assessed whether baseline rsFC predicted future substance use. Results: Greater rsFC between the sensory-motor mouth and hand regions was significantly associated with lower SES, higher trauma exposure, and greater family conflict. Increased connectivity was also correlated with older age and more advanced puberty status. Higher rsFC between the sensory-motor mouth and hand regions was linked to greater impulsivity, lower cognitive function, an increased likelihood of MDD, and future marijuana use. Conclusion: These findings suggest that sensory-motor connectivity is sensitive to socioeconomic and psychosocial stressors, with potential long-term implications for mental health and substance use risk. The results highlight the importance of early-life environmental factors in shaping neurodevelopmental trajectories and emphasize the need for targeted interventions to mitigate the effects of adversity on brain function and behavior. Future research should further explore the role of sensory-motor network alterations in behavioral health outcomes as a function of environmental stressors.

Marcus Gunn syndrome or unilateral trigemino-oculomotor syncinesis is a very rare autosomal dominant genetic disorder characterised by a combination of congenital ptosis and mandibulopalpebral syncinesis during certain mandibular movements. We report a series of two cases of children with Marcus Gunn syndrome. Case 1: A 5-year-old boy with no previous pathological findings presented with unilateral ptosis of the left upper eyelid at the age of 4 months. His visual acuity was 10/10 in right eye on the right and 5/10 in left eye. Second case: a 7-year-old girl, brought in by her parents for a ptosis of the left eye noted at birth. This is a 7-year-old girl brought in by her parents for ptosis of the left eye, diagnosed at birth. She had no particular pathological antecedents. Her visual acuity was 10/10 in right occlusion and 3/10 in left occlusion. Both children had undergone sectioning of the superior levator muscle with frontal suspension using prolene sutures, with good progression, followed by total optical correction and treatment of the amblyopia.

Background: The Cingulo-Opercular Network (CON) is a crucial executive control network involved in regulating actions and facilitating higher-order cognitive processes. Resting-state functional connectivity between the CON and the Default Mode Network (DMN) plays a vital role in cognitive regulation, enabling the transition between internally focused and externally directed tasks. This study investigates whether resting-state functional connectivity between the CON and DMN mediates the effects of social determinants, such as educational opportunities and family structure, on cognitive outcomes in youth. Aims: This study aims to explore how CON-DMN connectivity influences the relationship between social gradients and cognition in youth. Specifically, it examines whether resting-state functional connectivity between these networks mediates the effects of educational opportunities and family structure on cognitive outcomes and seeks to uncover the neural mechanisms underlying these social gradients. Methods: Data were derived from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a large longitudinal dataset of over 11,000 children aged 9–10 years. Cognitive outcomes were assessed using standardized NIH toolbox measures: Total Composite, Fluid Reasoning, Picture Vocabulary, Pattern Recognition, and Card Sorting. Social determinants were operationalized using indicators such as parental education, family composition, and neighborhood educational opportunities (COI). Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) between the CON and DMN was measured using functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test whether CON-DMN rsFC mediated the relationship between social determinants and cognitive outcomes, adjusting for potential confounders such as age, sex, and race/ethnicity. Results: Stable family structure and greater educational opportunities were significantly associated with improved cognitive performance. These relationships were mediated by reduced functional connectivity between the CON and DMN. Conclusion: Reduced functional connectivity between the CON and DMN serves as a neural mechanism linking social gradients, such as educational opportunities and family structure, to better cognitive outcomes in youth.

Rabies is a virus present in more than 150 nations and territories worldwide, but it can be prevented through vaccination. Each year, tens of thousands of people die from rabies, primarily in Asia and Africa, with children under the age of 15 representing 40% of these fatalities. Up to 99% of rabies transmissions to humans occur through dog bites, making dogs the leading cause of rabies-related deaths in humans. We present a fatal case of rabies after a 5-month exposure incident. The patient, a 55-year-old Nigerian missionary from Enugu state, Nigeria presented with restlessness, hydrophobia, occasional barking gestures, abdominal discomfort and agitation. His condition was said to have progressively worsened as patients was unable to eat and drink fluids for days. His wife reported that the patient had experienced a bite from a stray dog on his right arm 5 months before presentation, for which no antirabies prophylaxis was given. The patient died on the second day of admission to the hospital (within 7 days of symptom onset).

Objective: To examine racial/ethnic differences in the associations of family socioeconomic status (SES), neighborhood SES, and inhibitory control with body mass index (BMI) in 9-10-year-old children using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Methods: This cross-sectional study included a diverse sample of children aged 9-10 years, representing non-Latino White, Black, Latino, Asian, and Other racial/ethnic groups. BMI was the primary outcome. Key predictors were family SES, neighborhood SES, and inhibitory control. Multivariable regression models were stratified by race/ethnicity to identify group-specific associations. Results: Race/ethnic groups differed in psychosocial correlates of childhood BMI at age 9 and 10. Among non-Latino White children, higher family income (B = -0.086, p < 0.001), higher parental education (B = -0.069, p < 0.001), and living in a married household (B = -0.079, p < 0.001) were associated with lower BMI. Additionally, the presence of healthy food options in the zip code (B = -0.030, p = 0.032) was linked to lower BMI, while lack of planning (B = 0.032, p = 0.030) was associated with higher BMI. For non-Latino Black children, positive urgency (B = -0.068, p = 0.022) was negatively associated with BMI, while other factors such as family SES and neighborhood SES did not show significant associations. For Latino children, higher family income (B = -0.093, p = 0.001) and parental education (B = -0.099, p < 0.001) were associated with lower BMI. In this group, male gender (B = 0.043, p = 0.033) was associated with higher BMI. Among Asian children, higher family income (B = -0.199, p = 0.006) and parental education (B = -0.144, p = 0.037) were significantly associated with lower BMI. For children in the "Other" racial/ethnic category, higher family income (B = -0.101, p = 0.023), living in a married household (B = -0.076, p = 0.026), and higher median income in the zip code (B = -0.083, p = 0.013) were associated with lower BMI. In this group, male children had lower BMI compared to females (B = -0.089, p = 0.001). Conclusion: The findings highlight substantial racial/ethnic differences in the psychosocial and socioeconomic correlates of BMI in children. There is a need for tailored interventions that target social determinants of childhood high BMI. One size does not fit all.

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) is a well-established predictor of cognitive function in children, but the neurobiological pathways through which SES influences cognitive outcomes remain underexplored. This study examines the role of the cingulate gyrus (region of the brain that is involved in emotion regulation, decision-making, error detection, and cognitive control) in mediating the relationship between SES and cognitive performance, with a focus on whether these effects vary by sex. Objective: To investigate the role of the cingulate gyrus in mediating the association between social gradients (family SES) and cognitive function in children and assess potential sex differences in these pathways. Methods: Data were drawn from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Cognitive function was assessed using a composite measure of executive function and general cognitive ability. Structural MRI data were used to measure the volume of the cingulate gyrus. Path analysis was conducted to examine the mediating role of the cingulate gyrus in the association between SES and cognitive function. Interaction terms were included to test for sex differences. Results: Higher SES was significantly associated with a larger cingulate gyrus volume and better cognitive function. The volume of the left cingulate gyrus partially mediated the relationship between family and neighborhood SES and cognitive function, explaining a portion of the social gradient in cognitive outcomes. No significant sex differences were found in these mediating effects. Conclusions: The cingulate gyrus partially mediates the link between SES and cognitive function in children. These findings suggest that social disparities in cognitive function may operate, in part, through neurobiological changes such as those in the cingulate gyrus, without significant variation by sex.

Background: Parental employment is a significant social determinant of children's developmental outcomes, shaping their cognitive and behavioral trajectories. However, the effects of parental employment may not be equally protective across racial groups. The Minority Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework suggests that socioeconomic status (SES) factors, such as employment, yield fewer protective benefits for Black families compared to White families. Objective: This study investigates the diminished returns of parental employment on trauma and associated neurocognitive and behavioral outcomes in children, with a focus on racial variation in these effects. Methods: Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, a large and diverse sample of children was analyzed. We applied MDRs theory and social determinants of health frameworks to examine the association between parental employment, trauma, and children's cognitive and behavioral outcomes. The analysis controlled for family SES, neighborhood factors, and racial group differences. Results: Preliminary findings suggest that while parental employment is generally protective against trauma, the strength of this association is diminished for Black children. Black families with employed parents experience higher levels of trauma and stress compared to their White counterparts, which may contribute to racial disparities in cognitive and behavioral outcomes. Conclusion: Parental employment may not equally buffer against trauma-related risks for Black children, reflecting the broader pattern of diminished returns for racially disadvantaged groups. These findings highlight the need for policies addressing the unequal benefits of SES across racial groups.

Background: Although some neural mechanisms underlying socioeconomic status (SES) disparities are known, the role of brain-wide resting-state functional connectivity in these effects remains less understood. Aim: This study aims to identify brain-wide resting-state functional connectivity signatures that may mediate the effects of SES on body mass index (BMI) and blood pressure in children, using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Methods: Data were drawn from the ABCD study, a large, diverse cohort of children aged 9-10. Pre-processed resting-state functional MRI data were used, and factor analysis was conducted to extract a whole-brain connectivity factor. The first factor, capturing the greatest variance in brain-wide resting-state connectivity, was selected for further analysis in a structural equation model (SEM). This connectivity factor was tested as a potential mediator of the relationship between SES (measured by parental education, family income, and neighborhood characteristics) and two indicators of cardiometabolic health: BMI and systolic blood pressure. Results: Factor analysis revealed a robust first factor that accounted for a significant proportion of variance in brain-wide resting-state functional connectivity. This factor was significantly associated with SES, indicating that children from lower SES backgrounds exhibited distinct connectivity patterns. Additionally, the factor was linked to both BMI and systolic blood pressure, suggesting its relevance to cardiometabolic health. Mediation analysis showed that this connectivity factor partially mediated the relationship between SES and both BMI and systolic blood pressure. Conclusions: Brain-wide functional connectivity may be a mediator of SES effects on BMI and blood pressure in children. The first connectivity factor provides a promising neural signature linking SES with cardiometabolic risk. Comprehensive brain-wide approaches to functional connectivity may offer valuable insights into how social determinants of health shape neural and physical development in childhood.

Background: Climate change has raised significant concerns about its impact on health, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children and adolescents. While extensive research has examined physical health effects, limited attention has been given to the influence of extreme heat on developmental and behavioral outcomes. Objectives: This study investigates the association between extreme heat exposure and early puberty initiation (ages 9-10), using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. It further explores how early puberty correlates with behavioral problems and tobacco use initiation. Methods: Data from 11,878 participants in the ABCD study were analyzed to examine the relationship between extreme heat exposure (independent variable) and puberty initiation (outcome). Behavioral problems and tobacco use initiation were evaluated as downstream outcomes of early puberty. Covariates included age, sex, and race/ethnicity, and behavioral problems were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed for analysis. Results: Extreme heat exposure was significantly associated with earlier puberty initiation at ages 9-10. Early puberty, in turn, correlated with higher levels of behavioral problems and an increased likelihood of tobacco use initiation. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of addressing environmental factors such as extreme heat to reduce risks associated with early maturation, including behavioral and substance use challenges. Targeted interventions and policies are needed to mitigate the impact of extreme heat on child development, and longitudinal studies are essential to confirm these results and inform effective prevention strategies.

Background: Extreme heat exposure is an increasing public health concern, particularly in the context of climate change. Limited research has explored its impact on children's cognitive outcomes. This study investigates the association between extreme heat exposure and cognitive function in 9–10-year-old children, using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Additionally, we assess whether this effect is independent of socio-demographic factors such as race, family socioeconomic status (SES), and neighborhood SES. Methods: Data were drawn from the ABCD study, comprising over 10,000 children aged 9–10 years. Cognitive function was assessed through standardized cognitive tests, while extreme heat exposure was estimated using geographic and climate data. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the direct effects of heat exposure on cognitive outcomes and to account for potential confounding variables, including race, family SES, and neighborhood SES. Results: Black families, low SES households, and children from low SES neighborhoods were disproportionately exposed to extreme heat. Extreme heat exposure was significantly associated with lower cognitive function in children, and this association remained robust even after adjusting for socio-demographic factors. Conclusions: Extreme heat exposure is linked to diminished cognitive function in children, particularly among socio-economically disadvantaged and marginalized populations. Given the increasing frequency of extreme heat events due to climate change, future research should further explore these implications for children’s cognitive outcomes. Policy interventions that improve access to cooling infrastructure, expand green spaces, and prioritize at-risk populations are critical to mitigating the adverse cognitive effects of extreme heat in low SES communities.

Background: The rising concerns surrounding climate change have drawn attention to its potential impact on health, particularly among vulnerable groups such as children and older adults. Despite extensive research on health consequences, limited studies have explored the connection between extreme heat exposure and tobacco use initiation among adolescents in the United States. Objectives: This study examines the relationship between extreme heat exposure and the initiation of tobacco use in adolescents, using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. It also evaluates the mediating roles of major depressive disorder (MDD) and childhood behavioral problems. Methods: Data from 11,878 participants in the ABCD study were analyzed to explore the link between extreme heat exposure (independent variable) and tobacco use initiation (dependent variable). Covariates included age, sex, and race/ethnicity, while MDD and behavioral problems (measured using the Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL) were assessed as potential mediators. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied for analysis. Results: The findings indicated a significant association between extreme heat exposure and an increased likelihood of tobacco use initiation in adolescents aged 9 to 15. MDD and behavioral problems partially mediated this relationship. Conclusions: These results underscore the importance of targeted interventions aimed at mitigating the impact of extreme heat on adolescent health, including its influence on tobacco use initiation. Addressing mental health and behavioral challenges could help reduce these risks. Future longitudinal research is needed to confirm these findings and evaluate the efficacy of strategies to protect vulnerable youth populations.

Background: The increasing frequency and intensity of extreme heat exposure is a significant consequence of climate change, with broad public health implications. While many health risks associated with heat exposure are well-documented, less research has focused on its impact on children’s cognitive function. Objectives: This study examines the relationship between extreme heat exposure and various domains of cognitive function in children. Methods: Data were drawn from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Key variables included race/ethnicity, age, gender, family socioeconomic status (SES), heatwave exposure, and multiple cognitive domains: total composite score, fluid composite score, crystallized intelligence, reading ability, picture vocabulary, pattern recognition, card sorting, and list recall. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used for data analysis. Results: A total of 11,878 children were included in the analysis. Findings revealed significant associations between extreme heat exposure and lower cognitive performance across multiple domains. The strongest adjusted effects were observed in pattern recognition (B = −0.064, p < 0.001) and reading ability (B = −0.050, p < 0.001), both within the learning domain, as well as total composite cognitive ability (B = −0.067, p < 0.001), fluid composite (B = −0.053, p < 0.001), and crystallized intelligence (B = −0.061, p < 0.001), all within general cognitive ability. Weaker but still significant associations were found for list recall (B = −0.025, p = 0.006) and card sorting (B = −0.043, p < 0.001) within the memory domain, as well as picture vocabulary (B = −0.025, p = 0.008) within general cognitive ability. These associations remained significant after controlling for demographic factors, race/ethnicity, family SES, and neighborhood SES. Conclusions: This study underscores the impact of climate change on cognitive function disparities, particularly in learning and general cognitive ability among children exposed to extreme heat. Findings highlight the need for targeted interventions to mitigate the cognitive risks associated with heat exposure in vulnerable populations.

Silver nanoparticles (Ag⁺NPs) contamination in the environment is a serious concern. This study investigated selected heavy metal (Ag⁺, Cd^2+, Cr²⁺ and Pb²⁺) concentrations at different sampling points to assess the risk to human health (infants, children, and adults). To do this, an enclosed area (laboratory) of 12.6 m X 8.5 m (107.1 m²) was clearly marked at different coded distances of S1, S2, S3, and S4 representing 2, 4, 6, and 8 m, while unpolluted atmosphere at 50 m away without Ag⁺NPs served as the control (S5). The silver fireworks were allowed to burn for an approximate 00h03m30s at each sampling points using a high-volume air sampler mounted at the Environmental Engineering Departmental Laboratory, Rivers State University, with windows and doors closed to simulate indoor conditions. Samples were digested using a mixture of analytical-grade nitric acid, analytical-grade hydrochloric acid and analyzed to evaluate the levels of heavy metals by atomic absorption spectrophotometry. The Ag⁺ result at S1 shows 30,000 µg/cm³, S2 was 29,000 µg/cm³, while S3 was 28000 µg/cm³ and then S4 was 13,000 µg/cm³. These results exceeded the permissible values of the United States National Ambient Air Concentration for rural, urban and industrial areas (0.0005, 0.004 and 0.6 µg/cm³, respectively). The result for the control (S5) (0.037 µg/cm³) was within the maximum allowable value. Results from other heavy metals such as Cd were 1000, 743, 401, 153, 0.001 µg/cm³, Cr was 5000, 4000, 3729, 2960, 0.002 µg/cm³, Pb was 0.048, 0.041, 0.035, 0.034 and 0.01, µg/cm³, respectively. However, higher values of Ag⁺, Cd, and Cr indicated a higher propensity for the metals to be toxic (bioavailable). In addition, the assessment of the potential health risk posed by these metals proved contaminated and harmful. Visitors recorded high values in exposure concentration (EC) and low values in average daily dose (ADD).

Background: Previous research shows that socioeconomic status (SES) positively impacts children's development, yet the benefits are not equally distributed across racial groups. According to the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework, Black children tend to experience smaller gains from parental education compared to White children. Objective: Building on the MDRs framework, this study examines whether high financial strain contributes to the diminished returns of parental education for Black children, using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. We hypothesized that: (1) there would be a positive effect of parental education on total cortical volume, (2) this effect would be weaker for Black than White children, and (3) higher household financial strain in Black families would mediate the diminished returns of parental education on total cortical volume for Black children. Methods: Data were drawn from the baseline ABCD Study, focusing on 7,936 9- and 10-year-old children identified as either Black (n = 1,775) or White (n = 6,161). Parental education was the key independent variable, covariates included age, sex, household income, and marital status, race was the moderator, financial strain was the mediator, and total cortical volume was the outcome. Structural Equation Models (SEMs) were employed to examine the associations between parental education and cortical volume, with financial strain as a mediator and race as a moderator. Results: Higher parental education was associated with greater cortical volume in the pooled sample. However, this effect was significantly weaker for Black children. Financial strain partially mediated the observed diminished returns of parental education. Conclusion: High financial strain experienced by middle-class Black families partially explains why the association between parental education and child development is weaker in Black than White families. Interventions aimed at enhancing educational quality, increasing employability, expanding access to higher-paying jobs, and reducing labor market discrimination against Black individuals may help address racial inequities in child development in the U.S. Efforts to reduce financial strain should extend beyond low-income populations to also support higher-educated minority families.

Objective: Inequalities exist in children’s educational outcomes—including reading proficiency, school discrimination, and school disciplinary actions—across zip codes with different levels of educational childhood opportunity index (COI). This study examines the interaction between race and educational environment on children’s educational outcomes. We hypothesize that race, parental education, and their interaction are associated with perceived school discrimination, which in turn reduces their cognitive, academic, and emotional wellbeing. We also hypothesize that Black children with high socioeconomic status (SES) report high perceived school discrimination in high-COI settings. Methods: Data were drawn from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, which measures a wide range of educational, cognitive, and emotional outcomes. At the same time, the ABCD children are sampled across areas with vast differences in COI rankings, that can be classified into these five categories: very high, high, average, low, and very low educational COIs. Our structural equation models (SEM) tested the additive and interactive effects of race and educational attainment on perceived school discrimination, and the effects of school discrimination on various cognitive abilities (reading proficiency, picture vocabulary, and list sorting working memory), school suspension, as well as depressed mood. Our multi-group SEM assessed how these relationships vary across educational COI levels. Results: Our findings showed that high SES Black children report highest school discrimination in residential areas with highest COIs. This is based on the observation that the interaction between race and parental education on experiences of school discrimination were only significant in areas with highest COI. Across residential areas with different COI levels, students who experienced higher school discrimination had higher suspension, worse depression, and worse cognitive performance. Conclusion: While higher COIs are associated with better academic outcomes, Black-White gaps exist in the role of increased COI through increased racial bias that children perceive. These findings underscore the complexity of educational equity, suggesting that improving COI alone is insufficient for eliminating racial disparities in school experiences. Policies should be in place to reduce school-based discrimination against Black students in high COI settings.

This study examined the psychological impact of poverty on the mental health and wellbeing of children in Adentan Municipality, Ghana. The study adopted a phenomenological qualitative approach. A sample of 15 children from poor homes were selected using purposive and snowball sampling for the study. Data were collected using a semi-structured interview guide and analysed using thematic analysis. The study found that the main experiences of the children raised in poor homes were that they had unmet basic needs and limited income. Also, it was found that the psychological impact of poverty on children included stigma and inferiority, distress and hopelessness. From the results, it was concluded that poverty can have a psychological impact on the mental health and wellbeing of children. it was recommended that Social Welfare liaise with community leaders to identify children from poor homes and provide support for these children in terms of their basic needs like food and clothing.