Parametric Optimization of Thermoelastic Energy Harvesting Systems under Low-Grade Thermal Cycling

Table 3. Key optimization and sensitivity results for thethermoelastic rod design.

Result	Value
Maximum-power design, D_opt	150.0 mm
Maximum-power design, L_opt	3.888 m
Maximum average power at baseline λ =0.50	0.16624 W
Mass at maximum-power design	539.3 kg
Distance-to-ideal compromise mass	223.0 kg
Distance-to-ideal compromise power	0.09231 W
Distance-to-ideal compromise diameter	111.7 mm
Distance-to-ideal compromise length	2.899 m
Refined system-level optimum λ_opt	0.473
Maximum power at λ_opt	0.170454 W
Power penalty at λ=0.50	2.47%
Analytical Pareto scaling	P_avg ∝ m^2/3
Fitted scaling exponent	0.66717
Scaling-fit R²	0.999999
Exponent error relative to 2/3	0.075%
Bi_max at h=100 W∙m^-2∙K^-1	0.08272
P_max at h=10 W∙m^-2∙K^-1	0.03325 W
P_max at h=100 W∙m^-2∙K^-1	0.33247 W