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Article Open Access March 31, 2025

Flat Foot and Its Association with Mechanical Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study Utilizing Clarke’s Angle Measurement

Filjordan Andrisoni Imanuel Lulupoy 1, Tasya Meidy Pradhana 2,* and Yusak Mangara Tua Siahaan 2, 3
1
General Practitioner, Pratama Kualin Hospital, South Timor Tengah, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia
2
Department of Neurology, Siloam Hospital Lippo Village, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
3
Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, Pelita Harapan University, Tangerang, Banten, Indonesia
Publihed in: Current Research in Public Health (Volume 5, Issue 1, 2025)
Page(s): 34-39
DOI: 10.31586/wjcmr.2025.6048
Received
January 22, 2025
Revised
March 16, 2025
Accepted
March 28, 2025
Published
March 31, 2025
Keywords
Flat Foot; Pes Planus; Mechanical Low Back Pain; Foot Biomechanics; Clarke’s Angle
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright: Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Scientific Publications
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Cite This Article

APA Style
Lulupoy, F. A. I. , Pradhana, T. M. , & Siahaan, Y. M. T. (2025). Flat Foot and Its Association with Mechanical Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study Utilizing Clarke’s Angle Measurement. Current Research in Public Health, 5(1), 34-39. https://doi.org/10.31586/wjcmr.2025.6048
ACS Style
Lulupoy, F. A. I. ; Pradhana, T. M. ; Siahaan, Y. M. T. Flat Foot and Its Association with Mechanical Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study Utilizing Clarke’s Angle Measurement. Current Research in Public Health 2025 5(1), 34-39. https://doi.org/10.31586/wjcmr.2025.6048
Chicago/Turabian Style
Lulupoy, Filjordan Andrisoni Imanuel, Tasya Meidy Pradhana, and Yusak Mangara Tua Siahaan. 2025. "Flat Foot and Its Association with Mechanical Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study Utilizing Clarke’s Angle Measurement". Current Research in Public Health 5, no. 1: 34-39. https://doi.org/10.31586/wjcmr.2025.6048
AMA Style
Lulupoy FAI, Pradhana TM, Siahaan YMT. Flat Foot and Its Association with Mechanical Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study Utilizing Clarke’s Angle Measurement. Current Research in Public Health. 2025; 5(1):34-39. https://doi.org/10.31586/wjcmr.2025.6048 
@Article{crph6048,
AUTHOR = {Lulupoy, Filjordan Andrisoni Imanuel and Pradhana, Tasya Meidy and Siahaan, Yusak Mangara Tua},
TITLE = {Flat Foot and Its Association with Mechanical Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study Utilizing Clarke’s Angle Measurement},
JOURNAL = {Current Research in Public Health},
VOLUME = {5},
YEAR = {2025},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {34-39},
URL = {https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/WJCMR/article/view/6048},
ISSN = {2831-5162},
DOI = {10.31586/wjcmr.2025.6048},
ABSTRACT = {Background: Mechanical low back pain (MLBP) is a leading cause of disability worldwide, with well-established risk factors such as obesity, occupational ergonomics, and core muscle strength. However, the role of pes planus (flat foot) as a contributing factor remains underrecognized. This study aims to investigate the association between flat foot and MLBP using Clarke’s angle as an objective measure of foot posture. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in South Timor Tengah Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, from December 2024 to February 2025. Fifty patients diagnosed with MLBP and 50 healthy controls were enrolled. Foot type assessment was performed using Clarke’s angle, with a cutoff of ≤30° indicating flat foot. Pain severity in the LBP group was recorded using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). Statistical analysis was conducted using chi-square and independent t-tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Flat foot was significantly more prevalent in the LBP group (58%) than in the control group (18%) (p = 0.000; OR: 6.29, 95% CI: 2.52-15.69), indicating that individuals with flat feet are over six times more likely to experience MLBP. No significant differences were observed between the groups regarding BMI, age, or gender. Conclusion: These findings suggest that flat foot is an independent risk factor for MLBP, likely due to altered spinal biomechanics and compensatory postural changes. Clinicians should consider foot posture assessments in MLBP patients and explore targeted interventions, such as orthotic support, to mitigate symptoms.},
}
%0 Journal Article
%A Lulupoy, Filjordan Andrisoni Imanuel
%A Pradhana, Tasya Meidy
%A Siahaan, Yusak Mangara Tua
%D 2025
%J Current Research in Public Health

%@ 2831-5162
%V 5
%N 1
%P 34-39

%T Flat Foot and Its Association with Mechanical Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study Utilizing Clarke’s Angle Measurement
%M doi:10.31586/wjcmr.2025.6048
%U https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/WJCMR/article/view/6048

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Lulupoy, Filjordan Andrisoni Imanuel
AU  - Pradhana, Tasya Meidy
AU  - Siahaan, Yusak Mangara Tua
TI  - Flat Foot and Its Association with Mechanical Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study Utilizing Clarke’s Angle Measurement
T2  - Current Research in Public Health
PY  - 2025
VL  - 5
IS  - 1
SN  - 2831-5162
SP  - 34
EP  - 39
UR  - https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/WJCMR/article/view/6048
AB  - Background: Mechanical low back pain (MLBP) is a leading cause of disability worldwide, with well-established risk factors such as obesity, occupational ergonomics, and core muscle strength. However, the role of pes planus (flat foot) as a contributing factor remains underrecognized. This study aims to investigate the association between flat foot and MLBP using Clarke’s angle as an objective measure of foot posture. Methods: A case-control study was conducted in South Timor Tengah Regency, East Nusa Tenggara, Indonesia, from December 2024 to February 2025. Fifty patients diagnosed with MLBP and 50 healthy controls were enrolled. Foot type assessment was performed using Clarke’s angle, with a cutoff of ≤30° indicating flat foot. Pain severity in the LBP group was recorded using the Numerical Rating Scale (NRS). Statistical analysis was conducted using chi-square and independent t-tests, with significance set at p < 0.05. Results: Flat foot was significantly more prevalent in the LBP group (58%) than in the control group (18%) (p = 0.000; OR: 6.29, 95% CI: 2.52-15.69), indicating that individuals with flat feet are over six times more likely to experience MLBP. No significant differences were observed between the groups regarding BMI, age, or gender. Conclusion: These findings suggest that flat foot is an independent risk factor for MLBP, likely due to altered spinal biomechanics and compensatory postural changes. Clinicians should consider foot posture assessments in MLBP patients and explore targeted interventions, such as orthotic support, to mitigate symptoms.
DO  - Flat Foot and Its Association with Mechanical Low Back Pain: A Case-Control Study Utilizing Clarke’s Angle Measurement
TI  - 10.31586/wjcmr.2025.6048
ER  -