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  5. Volume 5, Number 1, 2025
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  7. Table 2

Why High Income Fails to Reduce E-Cigarette Use: The Knowledge-Attitude Paradox in the SMOKES Study

Table 2.

Summary of structural equation model
    B SE 95% CI p
Structural    
Age (Yr) → Correct Electronic Cigarette Knowledge 0.178 0.016 0.147 0.209 < 0.001
High Family Income → Correct Electronic Cigarette Knowledge 0.247 0.018 0.212 0.282 < 0.001
Ethnic Minority → Correct Electronic Cigarette Knowledge 0.481 0.015 0.451 0.511 < 0.001
Sex (Female) → Correct Electronic Cigarette Knowledge 0.363 0.016 0.331 0.396 < 0.001
               
Correct Electronic Cigarette Knowledge → Pro- Electronic Cigarette Attitude -0.031 0.001 -0.032 -0.030 < 0.001
Age (Yr) → Pro- Electronic Cigarette Attitude 0.204 0.015 0.175 0.233 < 0.001
High Family Income → Pro- Electronic Cigarette Attitude 0.145 0.022 0.102 0.187 < 0.001
Ethnic Minority → Pro- Electronic Cigarette Attitude 0.103 0.022 0.061 0.146 < 0.001
Sex (Female) → Pro- Electronic Cigarette Attitude -0.013 0.022 -0.056 0.029 0.544
               
Correct Electronic Cigarette Knowledge → Electronic Cigarette Use 0.072 0.001 0.070 0.075 < 0.001
Pro- Electronic Cigarette Attitude → Electronic Cigarette Use 0.330 0.027 0.276 0.383 < 0.001
Age (Yr) → Electronic Cigarette Use -0.009 0.019 -0.045 0.028 0.643
High Family Income → Electronic Cigarette Use 0.029 0.019 -0.008 0.067 0.125
Ethnic Minority → Electronic Cigarette Use -0.078 0.019 -0.115 -0.041 < 0.001
Sex (Female) → Electronic Cigarette Use -0.182 0.019 -0.219 -0.145 < 0.001
               
Measurement              
Correct Electronic Cigarette Knowledge              
Item 1     0.693 0.006 0.682 0.704 < 0.001
Item 2     0.379 0.027 0.326 0.432 < 0.001
Item 4     0.636 0.010 0.616 0.656 < 0.001
Item 5     0.388 0.004 0.380 0.396 < 0.001
Item 6     0.667 0.010 0.648 0.686 < 0.001
Item 7     0.495 0.005 0.484 0.505 < 0.001
Item 8     0.437 0.005 0.428 0.445 < 0.001
               
Pro - Electronic Cigarette Attitude              
Item 1     0.740 0.008 0.725 0.756 < 0.001
Item 2     0.564 0.008 0.548 0.580 < 0.001
Item 3     0.671 0.009 0.653 0.688 < 0.001
Item 4     0.672 0.008 0.657 0.688 < 0.001
Item 5     0.551 0.011 0.528 0.573 < 0.001
Item 6     0.539 0.012 0.515 0.563 < 0.001
Item 7     0.433 0.006 0.421 0.444 < 0.001
Item 8     0.161 0.007 0.147 0.174 < 0.001
               
E-Cig Use              
Ever Use     0.782 0.009 0.765 0.799 < 0.001
Current Use     0.811 0.007 0.798 0.824 < 0.001
Frequency of Use     1.000 0.000 1.000 1.000 < 0.001