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Article Open Access October 24, 2022

Effect of Drying Methods and Drying Days on Essential Oil Content and Physicochemical Properties of Basil (Ocimumbasilicum) Varieties in Ethiopia

Beriso Mieso 1, Abdela Befa 1,* and Tamene Haile 1
1
Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Centre, P.O. Box 198, Shashamene, Ethiopia
Publihed in: Universal Journal of Food Science and Technology (Volume 1, Issue 1, 2022)
Page(s): 1-11
DOI: 10.31586/ujfst.2022.487
Received
September 01, 2022
Revised
October 14, 2022
Accepted
October 22, 2022
Published
October 24, 2022
Keywords
Basil; Essential oil; Hydro distillation; Open sun; Shade
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright: Copyright © The Author(s), 2022. Published by Scientific Publications

Abstract

:Basil (Ocimumbasilicum L.) is an herbaceous annual aromatic herb that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. This study aimed to analyze the essential oil content and physicochemical properties of basil varieties stored under different drying methods and dried on different drying days. The fresh leaf of basil varieties was collected from the Wondo Genet Agriculture research center experimental field and subjected to open sun and shade drying methods and four drying days (0,5, 10, and 15). The sample was subjected to oven and hydrodistillation methods on each four particular drying days. The obtained essential oils were analyzed for physical properties (specific gravity and refractive index) and chemical composition using GC-MSD. As shown in the result of all-cause drying methods and drying days significantly affect the essential oil content and physicochemical properties of Basil Variety. In the case of Variety, Basil 02 has a high essential oil content than Basil 05 in the chemical composition, and different chemical compositions exist in both. In the case of drying methods, the sample dried under the shade is higher than in the open sun in essential oil content and physicochemical properties. In the case of different drying days, as the drying days increase, the essential oil content is significantly affected. The essential oil content and physicochemical properties of essential oil decrease as drying days increase for both basil varieties. Drying affects the chemical composition of the two variables, which means, as in the cause of open sun drying, affects the chemical composition more than shade drying as the drying days increase, and the chemical composition decrease. Therefore, this study provides evidence that drying herbs on different drying days and under drying conditions affect the essential oil content and physicochemical properties of essential oil.

1. Introduction

Common Basil (Ocimumbasilicum L.) is an herbaceous annual aromatic herb that belongs to the Lamiaceae family [1]. This plant is native to Iran, India, and the Mediterranean region and is under cultivation in nearly all parts of the world [2]. Common basil is a multipurpose medicinal and aromatic herb with great applications in the perfume, food, cosmetic and pharmaceutical industries [2]. For therapeutic purposes, this plant and its volatile oil have been used as a sedative, antitussive, diuretic, carminative, and spasmodic [2]. Different chemo varieties and major components have been reported for this plant such as estragole, linalool, methyl eugenol, geraniol, methyl cinnamate, bergamotene, α-cubebene, β-elemene, cinnamic acid, and limonene [2].

Apart from growing conditions, its related geographical and environmental parameters, and the plant’s intrinsic biochemical and secondary metabolite pool, harvest and postharvest processes play a vital role in essential oils content/composition and subsequently [3]. Harvesting medicinal plants with maximum accumulated essential oil as well as immediate drying of the harvested material is a key step in retaining the high metabolite content/composition of medicinal plants and presumably an easy way to increase their quality. Since in the majority of production methods and areas, high fresh material supply in a short period is out of secondary metabolites extraction facility capacity, there are crucial needs for drying of plant materials following different extraction times [3].

Furthermore, drying of plant material allows the producer the long-term storage and easy manipulation of plant materials and finally cost-effective and year-long supply of secondary metabolites [4]. In addition, consumer demand has increased for processed products that keep more of their original characteristics without substantial effects on texture, color, flavor, aroma, taste, and mineral and biochemical profile [5].

A literature survey revealed that divergent drying methods have been used for drying different medicinal and aromatic plants. Some of them include conventional shade and sun drying, oven drying under diverse temperatures, solar drying, microwave-assisted drying, freeze-drying, and fire heat drying []. However, no further work has been done on the drying condition and drying time of basil varieties in Ethiopia so far. Therefore, the study aimed to evaluate the effect of sun and shade drying conditions and different drying days on the essential oil yield and chemical composition of basil varieties existing in Ethiopia.

2. Materials and Methods

2.1. Sample Collection and Preparation

The Experiment was carried out in the Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center. The sample of two basil varieties was collected from the Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center experimental field at optimum harvesting age. The sampling site was located at an altitude of 1800 m a.s.l., latitude and longitude of N 39° 1' 44" E 8° 25' 59". The collected samples were weighed and taken to Wondo Genet Food Science and Nutrition Research Laboratory for extraction and further analysis. The samples were subjected to open sun and shade drying conditions and four drying days (0 days, 5 days, 10 days, and 15 days) after harvesting.

2.2. Essential Oil Extraction and Content

The essential oil was extracted from fresh and dried leaves of basil varieties using the Clevenger apparatus for 3 hours by hydro-distillation method and dried with anhydrous Na2SO4 [11].

The Essential oil content of basil samples was calculated by the following formula.

Oil content (w/w ( % ) =  massofextractedoil ( g ) massofextractedsample ( g )  × 100
2.3. Moisture Content

The moisture content of basil variety samples was determined from the fresh leaf by using a drying oven according to the method described by [12]. The moisture content was calculated as follows:

Moisture content ( % )= massoffreshsample−massofdrysample massoffreshsample  × 100
2.4. Physical Properties of Essential Oil
2.4.1. The Specific Gravity of the Essential Oil

The specific gravity was determined according to the method described by[13]. The 5ml of distilled water was added to the cleaned pycnometer. The distilled water was weighed (Mwater) (make sure that there is no bubble or air inside the pycnometer while weighing). The distilled water was removed and the pycnometer was dried. Then the same volume of oil was added to the pycnometer and weighed (Moil). Finally, the specific gravity or relative density was calculated using the following formula

Specific gravity/relative density =  massofoil massofwater ×100
2.4.2. Refractive Index Determination

The refractive indexes of the essential oils were measured by a Refractometer (Reichert, AR200) according to the method described by [13, 14]. The prism of the digital spectrophotometer was cleaned and the red button was pressed first to make sure that it was cleaned well. The sample was applied to the prism of a digital spectrophotometer using a micropipette. Finally, the result of the refractive index was read and recorded. The triplicate analysis occurred and the result was the average triplicate value in all cases.

2.5. Chemical Composition of Essential oil

The chemical composition of the extracted essential oil was analyzed according to [15] with some modifications. EO samples in hexane (1:1000) were analyzed on an Agilent 7820А Gas Chromatography system equipped with Agilent 5975C mass spectrometer detector. The HP-5 ms capillary column (30 m x 0.25 mm, film thickness 0.25 μm) was used. Adam’s analytical conditions were as follows: oven temperature at 60 °C (0 min), 3 °C/min to 240 °C (1 min), and at the end increased to 280 °C at a rate of 10 °C/min (1 min) (Adams, 2007); helium, as the carrier gas, at a flow rate of 1 ml/min; injector temperature 220 °C. One ml of each sample was injected at a split ratio of 1:1. The mass spectrometry conditions were: ionization voltage 70 eV, ion source temperature 230 °C, transfer line temperature 280 °C, and mass range from 50 to 550 Da. The MS was operated in scan mode.

2.6. Data Analysis

Significant differences in the physical properties of the essential oil extracted from basil varieties were subjected to JMP software.

3. Result and Discussion

3.1. Physical properties

The physical properties of essential oil and moisture content of the two basil varieties were analyzed at different drying conditions and drying days. Their significant difference was analyzed as shown in Table 1. The mean value of all physical properties of essential oil by variety was large in Basil 05 variety and small in Basil 02 variety. All physical properties of the essential oil except specific gravity were significantly different between the two varieties. The mean value of all physical properties of essential oil by drying condition was large in shade dry and small in open sundry. All physical properties of essential oil except moisture content were significantly different between the two drying conditions. The mean value of all physical properties of essential oil by drying days was large in 0 days followed by 5 days, 10 days, and small in 15 days. All physical properties of the essential oil except specific gravity and refractive index were significantly different between the four drying days. The value of essential oil content in this study was slightly greater than the research finding [16]. The small differences may be because of the difference in agroecology and variety between the two samples [16]. The finding of specific gravity in this study was within the range of the research finding [17], slightly smaller than the research finding [18], and slightly less than the research finding [16]. The small differences between the two studies arise because of the agroecology and the variety of differences between the two samples [2]. The value of the refractive index of this activity was slightly less than the research finding reported by [19] and slightly greater than the report of [16]. The slight difference between the two results may be because of the variation of the two samples by variety and agroecology [5].

Table 1
Mean values of the effect of drying days and drying conditions on the physical properties of basil varieties
3.2. Interaction Effects of physical properties

As shown in Table 2, the mean value of the interaction effect of basil variety on drying conditions, and all physical properties of the essential oil except specific gravity are significantly different between varieties and drying days. The highest value of moisture content was observed in Basil 05, shade dry with a value of 31.78%, and the lowest value was observed in Basil 02, open sundry with a value of 26.19%. The highest volume by weight of essential oil content was found in Basel 05, open sundry (1.03%), and the lowest was found in Basil 02, open sundry (0.58%). The highest weight by weight essential oil content was found in Basil 05, shade dry (0.91%) and the lowest was found in Basil 02, open sundry (0.51%). The highest specific gravity was observed in Basil 05, shade dry (0.93) and the lowest value was observed in Basil 02, open sundry (0.92). The highest Refractive index was found in Basil 05, shade dry (1.512), and the smallest value was found in Basil 02 shade dry (1.50). All physical properties of the essential oil except specific gravity were significantly different between variety and drying conditions.

All physical properties of the essential oil except specific gravity were significantly different between varieties and drying days. In the interaction effect of basil varieties on drying days, the highest value of moisture content was observed in Basil 02 day 0 (83.77%), and the lowest value was observed in Basil 02, day 15(7.00%). The highest value of essential volume by weight and weight by weight was observed in Basil 05, day 0 (1.17%,1.04%), and the lowest value was observed in Basil 02, day 15(0.54%,0.48%) respectively. The highest value of specific gravity was 0.94 and the lowest value was 0.92. The highest RI value was found in Basil 05, day 10 (1.5125), and the lowest value was found in Basil 02, D10 (1.4965).

As shown in Table 2, the interaction effect of drying conditions with drying days is significant, and all causes expect specific gravity and refractive index. The highest moisture content was recorded in shade dry D0, and Open sundry (83.37%), and the lowest value was recorded in open sundry, D15 (6.40%). The highest essential oil volume by weight was recorded in shade dry D0 and Open sundry D0 (0.90%).and the lowest was recorded in shade dry D15, and Open sundry, D15 (0.71% and 0.68%) respectively. The highest essential weight by weight was recorded in shade dryD0 and Open sundry D0 (0.80%), and the lowest was recorded in shade dry D15, and Open sundry, D15 (0.63% and 0.59%) respectively. The highest value of specific gravity was 0.94 and the lowest was 0.92. All physical properties of the essential oil except specific gravity and refractive index were significantly different between drying conditions and drying days.

The interaction effect of varieties with drying conditions with drying days the highest moisture content was recorded in Basil 02, shade dry D0 and Basil 02, open sundry D0 (83.77%), and the lowest was recorded in Basil 02, open sundry, D15, and Basil 05 open sundry D15 (5.77%). The highest essential oil content volume by weight was recorded in Basil 05, shade dry D0 and Basil 05, open sundry D0 (1.17%), and the lowest were recorded in Basil 02, shade dry, D15, and Basil 02, open sundry, D15 (0.55% and 0.52%) respectively. The highest volume by weight essential oil content was recorded in Basil 05, shade dry D0 and Basil 05, open sundry, D0 (1.04%), and the lowest was recorded in Basil 02, shade dry, D15, and Basil 02, open sundry, D15 (0.49%,0.46%) respectively.

Table 2
Mean value of the interaction effect of drying method and drying days on the physical properties of basil varieties.
3.3. Chemical Composition of Essential oil

The relative percentages of the major constituents of essential oil of basil variety are affected by drying methods and drying days are shown in Table 3. The major constituents of the basil 02 oil samples were found to be Butyl acrylate, Eucalyptol, Linalool, and Epi-camphor. beta. -Camphor, Estragole, phenylpropionate, cinnamic acid, beta. -Bisabolene, Eugenol, Caryophyllene, Humulene, beta. -Cubebene and alpha-Bergamotene ranged from 2.22 to 15.16%. The major constituents of the basil 05 oil samples were found to be 1Butyl acrylate Eucalyptol. Linalool, Epi-camphor. beta. -Camphor, Estragole, phenylpropionate CINNAMIC ACID,. beta. -Bisabolene, alpha-Bergamotene, beta-cubebene, cis-beta-Elemene,5β-Androsterone,1H- naphthalene, Quinoxalinone, E- sesquisabinene hydrate and Eugenol ranged from 2.28 to 32.96 %.

Table 3
Chemical composition of two Basil Variety essential oil
3.4. Effect Of Drying Methods and Drying Days on Chemical Composition of Basil Essential Oil Variety

As shown in the as shown in Tables (4 and 5), all chromatograms of drying methods and drying days (0,5,10, and 15), open sun and shade drying conditions can affect the amount of compound that exists in both basil varieties in the cause of relative percentages. However, shade drying gave a higher percentage of the chemical composition than open sun drying and sun drying gave the lowest one in both varieties. There were also disappearances of some chemicals shown in both varieties and a severe decrease in the compound. It can be concluded from the above-mentioned results that shade drying was the best treatment to obtain the best yield of volatile oil with the highest quality. The finding is the same as the finding of [2] and different from the finding of [20].

Table 4
Effect of different drying methods and drying days on the chemical composition of Basil 02 essential oil.
Table 5
Effect of different drying methods and drying days on the chemical composition of Basil 05 essential oil.

4. Conclusions

On the essential oil content of the two varieties, Basil 02 has high essential oil content than Basil 05 and in chemical composition, the two varieties have different com, Open sun and shade drying conditions and drying days (0,5,10, and 15) resulting show significant differences in all cases between varieties, drying conditions, drying days, and interaction effect except for specific gravity. Open sun drying has low chemical composition than shade drying conditions. The oil content decreases as drying days increased for both basil varieties and physicochemical composition was also affected. Among the drying methods, shade drying is the best drying method for preserving basil essential oil and physicochemical composition.

Acknowledgments

The authors would like to acknowledge the Ethiopia Institute of Agricultural Research, Wondo Genet Agricultural Research Center, and Medicinal and Aromatic Plants Research program for financial support for this study. Again, Food Science and Nutrition laboratory for their technical support.

References

  1. Ahvazi M, Khalighi-sigaroodi F, Mahdi M. Introduction of Medicinal Plants Species with the Most Traditional Usage in Alamut Region. 2012;11(August 2011):185–94.
  2. Hassanpouraghdam MB, Hassani A, Vojodi L, Farsad-Akhtar N. Drying method affects essential oil content and composition of basil (ocimum basilicum l.). Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants. 2010;13(6):759–66.[CrossRef]
  3. Rao BRR, Plants A, Sastry KP, Plants A, Kumar RR, Patel RP, et al. Survey , Utilisation and Conservation of Medicinal Plants Organized by. 2008;(December).
  4. Okoh OO, Sadimenko AP, Asekun OT, Afolayan AJ. The effects of drying on the chemical components of essential oils of Calendula officinalis L . 2008;7(10):1500–2.
  5. Arslan D, Ahmet U. Effect of drying methods on the mineral content of basil ( Ocimum basilicum L .). 2005;69:375–9.[CrossRef]
  6. Arabhosseini A, Padhye S, Beek TA Van, Boxtel AJB Van, Huisman W, Posthumus MA, et al. Loss of essential oil of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L .) due to drying. 2006;2550(March):2543–50.[CrossRef]
  7. Jaganmohan Rao’ I, Singh M, Abraham KO. ROSEMARY (ROSMARINUS OFFZCZNAL,ZS L,): IMPACT OF DRYING ON ITS FLAVOR QUALITY.
  8. Beigi M, Torki-harchegani M, Pirbalouti AG. Quantity and chemical composition of essential oil of peppermint ( Mentha × piperita L .) leaves under different drying methods. International Journal of Food Properties. 2018;21(1):267–76.[CrossRef]
  9. Versen TOREI. Effect of Harvest Time and Drying Method on Biomass Production , Essential Oil Yield , and Quality of Peppermint ( Mentha × piperita L .). 2005;
  10. Yiljep CYD, Fumen GA, Ajisegiri ESA. The Effects of Peeling , Splitting and Drying on Ginger Quality and Oil / oleoresin The Effects of Peeling , Splitting and Drying on Ginger Quality and Oil / oleoresin Content. 2015;(December 2005).
  11. Tepe B. Food Chemistry Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and various extracts of Salvia tomentosa Miller ( Lamiaceae ). 2005;90:333–40.[CrossRef]
  12. Al-mentafji HN. Of fi cial Methods of Anal y sis of AOAC IN TER NA TIONAL. 2016;(February).
  13. Chophi R, Sharma S, Sharma S, Singh R. Trends in the forensic analysis of cosmetic evidence. Forensic Chemistry. 2019;14(April):100165.[CrossRef]
  14. Ghasemi A, Oraie M, Pouriamehr M, Solaymani E. Effects of drying methods on qualitative and quantitative of the essential oil of Bakhtiari savory ( Satureja bachtiarica Bunge .). Industrial Crops & Products. 2013;46:324–7.[CrossRef]
  15. Cheliku N, Cvetkovikj Karanfilova I, Stefkov G, Karapandzova M, Bardhi N, Qjazimi B, et al. Essential oil composition of five Basil cultivars (Ocimum basilicum) from Albania. Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2015;61(2):11–8.[CrossRef]
  16. Ijaz A, Anwar F, Tufail S, Sherazi H, Przybylski R. Food Chemistry Chemical composition , antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) essential oils depends on seasonal variations. 2008;108:986–95.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Mann K, Mann K. Certificate of analysis. 2022;(801).
  18. Mustapha A, Processing NG. Comparative Analysis on the Extraction of Essential Oil from Lemongrass and Basil Leaves. International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology. 2018;5(11):114–8.
  19. Idris, A. A., Nour, A. H., Ali, M. M., Erwa, I. Y., Omer Ishag, O. A., & Nour, A. H. (2020). Physicochemical Properties and Fatty Acid Composition of Ocimum basilicum L. Seed Oil. Asian Journal of Physical and Chemical Sciences, January, 1–12. https://doi.org/10.9734/ajopacs/2020/v8i130104.[CrossRef]
  20. Özek T, Beis SH, Demirçakmak B, Baser KHC. Composition of the essential oil of Ocimum basilicum L. Cultivated in Turkey. Journal of Essential Oil Research. 1995;7(2):203–5.[CrossRef]
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Cite This Article

APA Style
, B. M. , , A. B. , & Haile, T. (2022). Effect of Drying Methods and Drying Days on Essential Oil Content and Physicochemical Properties of Basil (Ocimumbasilicum) Varieties in Ethiopia. Universal Journal of Food Science and Technology, 1(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.31586/ujfst.2022.487
ACS Style
, B. M. ; , A. B. ; Haile, T. Effect of Drying Methods and Drying Days on Essential Oil Content and Physicochemical Properties of Basil (Ocimumbasilicum) Varieties in Ethiopia. Universal Journal of Food Science and Technology 2022 1(1), 1-11. https://doi.org/10.31586/ujfst.2022.487
Chicago/Turabian Style
, Beriso Mieso, Abdela Befa , and Tamene Haile. 2022. "Effect of Drying Methods and Drying Days on Essential Oil Content and Physicochemical Properties of Basil (Ocimumbasilicum) Varieties in Ethiopia". Universal Journal of Food Science and Technology 1, no. 1: 1-11. https://doi.org/10.31586/ujfst.2022.487
AMA Style
BM, AB, Haile T. Effect of Drying Methods and Drying Days on Essential Oil Content and Physicochemical Properties of Basil (Ocimumbasilicum) Varieties in Ethiopia. Universal Journal of Food Science and Technology. 2022; 1(1):1-11. https://doi.org/10.31586/ujfst.2022.487 
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AUTHOR = {, Beriso Mieso and , Abdela Befa and Haile, Tamene},
TITLE = {Effect of Drying Methods and Drying Days on Essential Oil Content and Physicochemical Properties of Basil (Ocimumbasilicum) Varieties in Ethiopia},
JOURNAL = {Universal Journal of Food Science and Technology},
VOLUME = {1},
YEAR = {2022},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {1-11},
URL = {https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/UJFST/article/view/487},
ISSN = {ISSN Pending},
DOI = {10.31586/ujfst.2022.487},
ABSTRACT = {:Basil (Ocimumbasilicum L.) is an herbaceous annual aromatic herb that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. This study aimed to analyze the essential oil content and physicochemical properties of basil varieties stored under different drying methods and dried on different drying days. The fresh leaf of basil varieties was collected from the Wondo Genet Agriculture research center experimental field and subjected to open sun and shade drying methods and four drying days (0,5, 10, and 15). The sample was subjected to oven and hydrodistillation methods on each four particular drying days. The obtained essential oils were analyzed for physical properties (specific gravity and refractive index) and chemical composition using GC-MSD. As shown in the result of all-cause drying methods and drying days significantly affect the essential oil content and physicochemical properties of Basil Variety. In the case of Variety, Basil 02 has a high essential oil content than Basil 05 in the chemical composition, and different chemical compositions exist in both. In the case of drying methods, the sample dried under the shade is higher than in the open sun in essential oil content and physicochemical properties. In the case of different drying days, as the drying days increase, the essential oil content is significantly affected. The essential oil content and physicochemical properties of essential oil decrease as drying days increase for both basil varieties. Drying affects the chemical composition of the two variables, which means, as in the cause of open sun drying, affects the chemical composition more than shade drying as the drying days increase, and the chemical composition decrease. Therefore, this study provides evidence that drying herbs on different drying days and under drying conditions affect the essential oil content and physicochemical properties of essential oil.},
}
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%M doi:10.31586/ujfst.2022.487
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AB  - :Basil (Ocimumbasilicum L.) is an herbaceous annual aromatic herb that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. This study aimed to analyze the essential oil content and physicochemical properties of basil varieties stored under different drying methods and dried on different drying days. The fresh leaf of basil varieties was collected from the Wondo Genet Agriculture research center experimental field and subjected to open sun and shade drying methods and four drying days (0,5, 10, and 15). The sample was subjected to oven and hydrodistillation methods on each four particular drying days. The obtained essential oils were analyzed for physical properties (specific gravity and refractive index) and chemical composition using GC-MSD. As shown in the result of all-cause drying methods and drying days significantly affect the essential oil content and physicochemical properties of Basil Variety. In the case of Variety, Basil 02 has a high essential oil content than Basil 05 in the chemical composition, and different chemical compositions exist in both. In the case of drying methods, the sample dried under the shade is higher than in the open sun in essential oil content and physicochemical properties. In the case of different drying days, as the drying days increase, the essential oil content is significantly affected. The essential oil content and physicochemical properties of essential oil decrease as drying days increase for both basil varieties. Drying affects the chemical composition of the two variables, which means, as in the cause of open sun drying, affects the chemical composition more than shade drying as the drying days increase, and the chemical composition decrease. Therefore, this study provides evidence that drying herbs on different drying days and under drying conditions affect the essential oil content and physicochemical properties of essential oil.
DO  - Effect of Drying Methods and Drying Days on Essential Oil Content and Physicochemical Properties of Basil (Ocimumbasilicum) Varieties in Ethiopia
TI  - 10.31586/ujfst.2022.487
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  1. Ahvazi M, Khalighi-sigaroodi F, Mahdi M. Introduction of Medicinal Plants Species with the Most Traditional Usage in Alamut Region. 2012;11(August 2011):185–94.
  2. Hassanpouraghdam MB, Hassani A, Vojodi L, Farsad-Akhtar N. Drying method affects essential oil content and composition of basil (ocimum basilicum l.). Journal of Essential Oil-Bearing Plants. 2010;13(6):759–66.[CrossRef]
  3. Rao BRR, Plants A, Sastry KP, Plants A, Kumar RR, Patel RP, et al. Survey , Utilisation and Conservation of Medicinal Plants Organized by. 2008;(December).
  4. Okoh OO, Sadimenko AP, Asekun OT, Afolayan AJ. The effects of drying on the chemical components of essential oils of Calendula officinalis L . 2008;7(10):1500–2.
  5. Arslan D, Ahmet U. Effect of drying methods on the mineral content of basil ( Ocimum basilicum L .). 2005;69:375–9.[CrossRef]
  6. Arabhosseini A, Padhye S, Beek TA Van, Boxtel AJB Van, Huisman W, Posthumus MA, et al. Loss of essential oil of tarragon (Artemisia dracunculus L .) due to drying. 2006;2550(March):2543–50.[CrossRef]
  7. Jaganmohan Rao’ I, Singh M, Abraham KO. ROSEMARY (ROSMARINUS OFFZCZNAL,ZS L,): IMPACT OF DRYING ON ITS FLAVOR QUALITY.
  8. Beigi M, Torki-harchegani M, Pirbalouti AG. Quantity and chemical composition of essential oil of peppermint ( Mentha × piperita L .) leaves under different drying methods. International Journal of Food Properties. 2018;21(1):267–76.[CrossRef]
  9. Versen TOREI. Effect of Harvest Time and Drying Method on Biomass Production , Essential Oil Yield , and Quality of Peppermint ( Mentha × piperita L .). 2005;
  10. Yiljep CYD, Fumen GA, Ajisegiri ESA. The Effects of Peeling , Splitting and Drying on Ginger Quality and Oil / oleoresin The Effects of Peeling , Splitting and Drying on Ginger Quality and Oil / oleoresin Content. 2015;(December 2005).
  11. Tepe B. Food Chemistry Antimicrobial and antioxidant activities of the essential oil and various extracts of Salvia tomentosa Miller ( Lamiaceae ). 2005;90:333–40.[CrossRef]
  12. Al-mentafji HN. Of fi cial Methods of Anal y sis of AOAC IN TER NA TIONAL. 2016;(February).
  13. Chophi R, Sharma S, Sharma S, Singh R. Trends in the forensic analysis of cosmetic evidence. Forensic Chemistry. 2019;14(April):100165.[CrossRef]
  14. Ghasemi A, Oraie M, Pouriamehr M, Solaymani E. Effects of drying methods on qualitative and quantitative of the essential oil of Bakhtiari savory ( Satureja bachtiarica Bunge .). Industrial Crops & Products. 2013;46:324–7.[CrossRef]
  15. Cheliku N, Cvetkovikj Karanfilova I, Stefkov G, Karapandzova M, Bardhi N, Qjazimi B, et al. Essential oil composition of five Basil cultivars (Ocimum basilicum) from Albania. Macedonian Pharmaceutical Bulletin. 2015;61(2):11–8.[CrossRef]
  16. Ijaz A, Anwar F, Tufail S, Sherazi H, Przybylski R. Food Chemistry Chemical composition , antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of basil ( Ocimum basilicum ) essential oils depends on seasonal variations. 2008;108:986–95.[CrossRef] [PubMed]
  17. Mann K, Mann K. Certificate of analysis. 2022;(801).
  18. Mustapha A, Processing NG. Comparative Analysis on the Extraction of Essential Oil from Lemongrass and Basil Leaves. International Journal of Innovative Science, Engineering & Technology. 2018;5(11):114–8.
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