Costus afer, a known medicinal plant used in the removal of total monocyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (TMAH) in crude oil-contaminated soil add to the list of plant that has the potential to restore the soil quality. This study investigated the potential of Costus afer plant at various ages (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days old) to biodegrade crude oil-contaminated soil. The group-balanced block design (GBBD) was used in establishing the experiment. TMAH was quantified by the standard method, according to USEPA method using gas chromatography-mass spectrometry (GC-MS). The contamination of 48kg of sandy loam soil was simulated by mixing 0.5, 1.0, and 1.5L of Bonny-Light crude oil with the soil in three separate vessels to achieve conditions of low (C₁), medium(C₂), and high(C₃) contamination, respectively. An additional vessel with medium-level contaminated soil but no treatment (C₄) served as the control. The Costus afer plants were nursed and transplanted at the stated ages to each vessel except the control. Controlled irrigation was applied, and the setups were housed to shield them from rainfall. After 90 days of treatment, results showed that the 7 days old Costus afer plants produced the highest amount of TMAH reduction of 96.5, 39.8, and 32.1%, for C₁, C₂ and C₃, respectively, while the control (C₄) was 9.45%. Furthermore, the sequence of TMAH reduction by the plants was 7 days old, 14 days old, 21 days old, 28 days old, 35 days old, and 42 days old. Thus, in addition to its medicinal value, Costus afer plant also has the potential to biodegrade TMAH in crude oil-contaminated sandy loam soil.

Accurate estimates of above-ground biomass (AGB) and below-ground biomass (BGB) are essential for estimating carbon (C) balances at various geographical scales and formulating effective climate change mitigation programs. This study aimed to formulate specific allometric equations and carbon stock for B. senegalensis in Cameroon. Destructive sampling technique was used for harvesting and weighing the biomass of 40 individual trees. Allometric models were developed using biomass as dependent variable and tree dendrometric parameters as independent variables. The best models selected based with Adjusted coefficients of determination (Adj.R²), residual standard error (RSE) and Akaike's information criterion (AIC) were: ln (leaf biomass) = 0.08 + 0.31*ln (D²×H×ρ); ln (branch biomass) = 0.14 + 0.65*ln (D²×H×ρ); ln (stem biomass) = 2.03 + 1.32*ln (D²×H); ln (AGB) = 4.55 + 2.85*ln(D) and ln (BGB) =3.04 + 1.64*ln(D). The belowground biomass of B. senegalensis represents on average 25 % of the total aboveground biomass. Aboveground carbon ranged between 7.09 ± 0.42- 9.01 ± 0.50 tC/ha; Belowground carbon ranged between 4.37 ± 0.26 - 7.11 ± 0.35 tC/ha; litter carbon ranged between 0.50 ± 0.02 - 0.95 ± 0.04 tC/ha; herbaceous carbon ranged between 1.05 ± 0.28 - 1.86 ± 0.20 tC/ha ; dead wood carbon ranged between 3.03 ± 0.40 - 8.98 ± 0.44 tC/ha; Soil Organic Carbon Stock varies between4.33 ± 0.79 - 6.14 ± 1.05 tC/ha ;Total carbon were 33.24 ± 4.28;27.40 ± 3.35;27.27 ± 3.27and 21.18 ± 3.00 tC/ha in site 3, site 2, site 1 and site 4 respectively.The specific allometric equation developed for B. senegalensis can be used in similar Sudano-Sahelian savannas to implement activities to reduce emissions from deforestation and degradation (REDD+) for the benefit of local carbon trading communities.

The right to the environment and the research right are human rights that must be protected. The right of individuals to a healthy environment is part of the human rights that are increasingly threatened by human activities. This right is a prominent example of solidarity rights and a prerequisite for realizing many human rights. Exercising this right requires a level of development that provides the basis for further environmental degradation. The activities of academic researchers in the direction of progress and development can pave the way for environmental damage. This article discusses when a researcher causes harm in conducting academic research. The need to compensate and support the researcher in conducting their research contrasts these two rights; Therefore, it is necessary to look for ways of compensation that make possible the simultaneous protection of these two rights. Because according to Article 21 of the Stockholm Declaration and Article 2 of the Rio Declaration, governments are responsible for ensuring that their activities do not lead to environmental damage. The key role of governments in resolving this conflict and helping to promote academic research, reducing harm, and trying to prevent this kind of harm is obvious. In this article, we intend to resolve this conflict by examining the principles of human rights, the right to research, and the right to the environment and to examine Iran’s legal approach in this regard.

This research explores the complex relationship between user-perceived Quality of Experience (QoE) and underlying network performance for multimedia traffic. As video streaming, online gaming, and interactive media dominate modern networks, ensuring consistent QoE has become a key challenge. The study develops a network performance model that integrates objective Quality of Service (QoS) parameters—such as delay, jitter, packet loss, and throughput—with subjective QoE metrics like Mean Opinion Score (MOS) and perceptual quality indices. Using simulation-based and analytical approaches, the paper evaluates how network conditions affect multimedia traffic behavior and user satisfaction. The results highlight critical thresholds for QoE degradation, enabling predictive modeling for adaptive multimedia delivery and real-time optimization. This work contributes to designing intelligent, user-centered network management systems capable of balancing resource efficiency and end-user satisfaction.