Smallholder farmers play a pivotal role in global food security; however, they remain exceptionally vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to their reliance on natural resources and limited adaptive capacities. This narrative review synthesizes a wide range of global sources to explore the intersection of smallholder agriculture and climate adaptation strategies. The review examines adaptation practices, agroecological methods, and the adoption of climate-resilient crop varieties. It reveals that the implementation of these strategies is frequently hindered by systemic barriers such as financial constraints, limited technological access, and institutional inefficiencies. Recognizing that previous studies have addressed isolated aspects of adaptation or relied on secondary data, this review highlights research gaps and offers a comprehensive synthesis of relevant literature. This review uses a narrative synthesis model suitable for integrating evidence from agronomy, economics, and social science to capture the complex challenges faced by smallholder farmers. The review emphasizes the importance of policy frameworks and participatory approaches that empower smallholder communities. This review synthesizes current evidence to inform potential directions for targeted interventions and future field-based studies, while recognizing the limitations of relying on secondary data. These recommendations aim to facilitate integrated policy reforms and drive research initiatives, ultimately strengthening the resilience and adaptability of smallholder agriculture in the face of ongoing climate change.

Smallholder farmers face challenges when they lack information on their agricultural activities. To address this, we suggest a web-based system that can be used by farmers to help them in decision making considering the fact that all necessary information is provided by the system. Farmers can input crop type they want to grow and area. This data will help to recommend them the best crops that are suitable to be grown in that area and the necessary growing practices that can be done to produce high yield and have maximum profits, considering the average rainfall of that year. A persistent issue we face in Zimbabwe is the lack of access to reliable agricultural data. In the agricultural sector, one major uncertainty for farmers is the outlook of their future harvest. Once their produce is ready for sale, the presence of other potential buyers compels traders to offer prices that align closely with those in the formal market. However, without timely information, traders can take advantage of the situation by purchasing crops at unfairly low rates. Having data that tracks prices across various markets in near real-time would enable farmers to have a precise and complete understanding of their selling choices to maximize their profits.