Neurodegeneration and aging are pressing issues with significant personal, economic, ethical, and social consequences. However, the underlying biological mechanisms of these conditions remain largely unknown, making the development of effective treatments challenging. The difficulty in early detection and diagnosis of neurodegenerative diseases further compounds the issue. Recent advancements in genetics, genomics, and brain imaging technology hold great promise for improving our understanding of neurodegeneration and aging, as well as the development of personalized medicine and new drugs and therapies. Addressing these challenges will require a multi-disciplinary and collaborative approach from researchers in various fields. This Special Issue offers valuable insights and perspectives on this critical area of research, which can help advance our understanding and improve the health and well-being of our aging population.