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Caste-based Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Wealth Accumulation in India
Open Journal of Educational Research
| Vol 4, Issue 5
Table 1. Descriptive Data Overall and by Caste (n =273,304)
| All | Upper Caste (n = 133347) | Scheduled Caste (n = 139957) | ||||
| n | % | n | % | n | % | |
| Education* | ||||||
| Primary | 86901 | 31.8 | 30391 | 22.8 | 56510 | 40.4 |
| Secondary | 140370 | 51.4 | 72021 | 54.0 | 68349 | 48.8 |
| Higher | 46033 | 16.8 | 30935 | 23.2 | 15098 | 10.8 |
| Scheduled Caste | ||||||
| No | 133347 | 48.8 | 133347 | 100.0 | - | - |
| Yes | 139957 | 51.2 | - | - | 139957 | 100.0 |
| Religion* | ||||||
| Hindu | 220377 | 80.6 | 96307 | 72.2 | 124070 | 88.6 |
| Muslim | 29971 | 11.0 | 26930 | 20.2 | 3041 | 2.2 |
| Christian | 5300 | 1.9 | 2572 | 1.9 | 2728 | 1.9 |
| Sikh | 13180 | 4.8 | 5957 | 4.5 | 7223 | 5.2 |
| Buddhist / Neo-Buddhist | 2960 | 1.1 | 382 | .3 | 2578 | 1.8 |
| Jain | 608 | .2 | 578 | .4 | 30 | .0 |
| Jewish | 2 | .0 | 2 | .0 | 0 | .0 |
| Parsi / Zoroastrian | 30 | .0 | 3 | .0 | 27 | .0 |
| No religion | 34 | .0 | 14 | .0 | 20 | .0 |
| Other | 842 | .3 | 602 | .5 | 240 | .2 |
| Urban* | ||||||
| No | 195131 | 71.40 | 87631 | 65.7 | 107500 | 76.8 |
| Yes | 78173 | 28.60 | 45716 | 34.3 | 32457 | 23.2 |
| Location / State* | ||||||
| Jammu & Kashmir | 13971 | 5.1 | 12029 | 9.0 | 1942 | 1.4 |
| Himachal Pradesh | 7562 | 2.8 | 4963 | 3.7 | 2599 | 1.9 |
| Punjab | 17965 | 6.6 | 7859 | 5.9 | 10106 | 7.2 |
| Chandigarh | 604 | .2 | 401 | .3 | 203 | .1 |
| Uttarakhand | 9954 | 3.6 | 7146 | 5.4 | 2808 | 2.0 |
| Haryana | 14941 | 5.5 | 8419 | 6.3 | 6522 | 4.7 |
| Nct Of Delhi | 8094 | 3.0 | 5271 | 4.0 | 2823 | 2.0 |
| Rajasthan | 16241 | 5.9 | 7123 | 5.3 | 9118 | 6.5 |
| Uttar Pradesh | 40819 | 14.9 | 17918 | 13.4 | 22901 | 16.4 |
| Bihar | 16878 | 6.2 | 6560 | 4.9 | 10318 | 7.4 |
| Sikkim | 333 | .1 | 145 | .1 | 188 | .1 |
| Arunachal Pradesh | 2396 | .9 | 1056 | .8 | 1340 | 1.0 |
| Nagaland | 209 | .1 | 19 | .0 | 190 | .1 |
| Manipur | 2739 | 1.0 | 2212 | 1.7 | 527 | .4 |
| Mizoram | 226 | .1 | 1 | .0 | 225 | .2 |
| Tripura | 2378 | .9 | 750 | .6 | 1628 | 1.2 |
| Meghalaya | 439 | .2 | 243 | .2 | 196 | .1 |
| Assam | 8312 | 3.0 | 3963 | 3.0 | 4349 | 3.1 |
| West Bengal | 12072 | 4.4 | 5820 | 4.4 | 6252 | 4.5 |
| Jharkhand | 6282 | 2.3 | 2167 | 1.6 | 4115 | 2.9 |
| Odisha | 10016 | 3.7 | 4294 | 3.2 | 5722 | 4.1 |
| Chhattisgarh | 4422 | 1.6 | 1050 | .8 | 3372 | 2.4 |
| Madhya Pradesh | 14276 | 5.2 | 6353 | 4.8 | 7923 | 5.7 |
| Gujarat | 9338 | 3.4 | 5215 | 3.9 | 4123 | 2.9 |
| Dadra & Nagar Haveli And Daman & Diu | 718 | .3 | 431 | .3 | 287 | .2 |
| Maharashtra | 16058 | 5.9 | 10275 | 7.7 | 5783 | 4.1 |
| Andhra Pradesh | 4640 | 1.7 | 2225 | 1.7 | 2415 | 1.7 |
| Karnataka | 8463 | 3.1 | 2047 | 1.5 | 6416 | 4.6 |
| Goa | 663 | .2 | 534 | .4 | 129 | .1 |
| Lakshadweep | 78 | .0 | 47 | .0 | 31 | .0 |
| Kerala | 4072 | 1.5 | 2791 | 2.1 | 1281 | .9 |
| Tamil Nadu | 7626 | 2.8 | 393 | .3 | 7233 | 5.2 |
| Puducherry | 928 | .3 | 282 | .2 | 646 | .5 |
| Andaman & Nicobar Islands | 1145 | .4 | 1129 | .8 | 16 | .0 |
| Telangana | 8359 | 3.1 | 2167 | 1.6 | 6192 | 4.4 |
| Ladakh | 87 | .0 | 49 | .0 | 38 | .0 |
| Low Wealth* | ||||||
| No | 176557 | 64.6 | 102873 | 77.1 | 73684 | 52.6 |
| Yes | 96747 | 35.4 | 30474 | 22.9 | 66273 | 47.4 |
*p<0.05 for comparison of Castes