Articles

As colleges of education in Ghana incorporate flipped instruction into the classroom, it is important to investigate effect of Flipped Classroom (FC) on pre-service teachers’ learning and pre-service teachers’ perception on flipped classroom with traditional kente weaving, which finally can be considered as a new innovation in teaching the topic at the colleges of education. The purpose of this experimental study was to find out pre-service teachers’ perception on Flipped Classroom method with the traditional kente weaving. 42 level 300 pre-service teachers in St. Ambrose College of Education in the 2020/2021 academic year were selected as samples. During an 8-week application process, the students learned Traditional Kente Weaving with the Flipped Classroom (FC) method and their product (kente stole) was assessed using scoring rubrics designed with a criterion for assessing art products. An adopted questionnaire of a 30-item questionnaire with Pearson correlation coefficient of (.87), was used to measure pre-service teachers’ perception on Flipped Classroom. The analyses through descriptive statistics techniques showed that the flipped classroom influenced pre-service teachers positively and that pre-service teachers’ perceptions of flipped classroom in the colleges of education is high. This study recommended the necessity of using flipped learning technique at colleges of education in Art education, due to its efficiency in developing students’ skills and understanding in traditional kente weaving and in motivating them to become active rather than passive participants in the classroom.

This study developed a co-design model for integrating children’s drawings into textile design and production within Ghana’s Creative Arts and Design (CAD) curriculum. Using a qualitative research design informed by Design-Based Research, the study involved 24 teachers and 120 visual artworks produced by pre-school and primary school learners from the northern, central, and southern zones of Ghana. Through co-design sessions, learners engaged in establishing narratives, contextual reflection, ideation, and low-tech prototyping to transform their artworks into textile designs and products. The findings informed the development of a context-specific model comprising three iterative phases and six textile design stages: motif, trace, transfer, arrange, colour, and texture. The model provided opportunities for learners to develop creativity, critical thinking, problem-solving, collaboration, decision-making, and practical design skills while expressing their cultural identities and everyday experiences. The study concluded that integrating co-design into the CAD curriculum can promote child-centred, culturally responsive, and inclusive learning while positioning children as active design partners. The study recommended incorporating the model into pre-school and primary school teaching practices to strengthen creative learning and practical textile design education in Ghana.

For an attentive reading of the city and to help understand the public policy of memory, we need to pay closer attention to the processes of sense-making inscribed in uncommon forms. Public art has long been recognised for its potential to transform urban spaces. While the most traditional way of conserving memory centres on formal street art, graffiti may be seen as subversive. Graffiti is considered vandalism; its role in urban memory is overlooked. The author argues that such a notion is not directly related to protecting public and private property in Cairo, but rather conflicts with the elites’ and authorities’ need to control the urban narrative, the diversity of cultural values, and political positions. The article explores the role of graffiti in Cairo by selecting numerous graffiti pieces across the city. The graffiti pieces were selected to address cultural diversity, aesthetics, and political aspects. They were selected to represent what came to be known as guerrilla memory. Graffiti pieces were classified by their objectives and analysed semiotically. Besides the political graffiti, Cairo exhibits commercial, aesthetic and religious graffiti. The different types of graffiti in Cairo tell a story about the community’s hopes, frustrations, and cultural values. This turns the city walls into memory carriers. Graffiti in Cairo plays a significant role in expressing the silenced community’s thoughts by providing a visible and tangible representation. Graffiti’s visibility and its imposition of diverse, unauthorised urban narratives explain why it is highly contested in Cairo, as it draws marginalised citizens’ voices into urban places.

Objective: Kratom (Mitragyna speciosa) has emerged as a widely accessible nonprescription substance that is being utilized in the United States. Kratom is commonly used for self-management of pain, psychiatric symptoms, and opioid withdrawal. Veterans receiving care within the Veterans Health Administration (VHA) represent a high-risk population due to elevated rates of chronic pain, post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD), and substance use disorders (SUDs). Despite increasing prevalence, kratom use remains underrecognized and is not routinely assessed in clinical practice. This narrative review studies the pharmacology, patterns of use, and clinical implications of kratom among Veterans and proposes a standardized screening framework for implementation within the VHA. This will help to align with the patient centered care delivered to our Veterans related to mental health conditions often concurrent with substance use, pain management, and opioid safety. Methods: A targeted narrative review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Google Scholar, and relevant federal agency reports. Search terms included “kratom,” “Mitragyna speciosa,” “substance use disorder,” “opioid withdrawal,” and “Veterans.” Articles were selected based on relevance to pharmacology, epidemiology, adverse effects, and clinical implications. Findings were synthesized and interpreted using DSM-5-TR substance use disorder criteria. Results: Kratom exhibits partial agonist activity at μ-opioid receptors, producing dose-dependent stimulant and opioid-like effects. According to the National Institutes of Health's National Library of Medicine, mu-opioid receptors, found in the brain and spinal cord, are primarily responsible for pain relief and other opioid-like effects such as euphoria and respiratory depression. Veterans frequently use kratom to self-manage pain, mood symptoms, and opioid withdrawal (Garcia-Romeu et al., 2020; Grundmann, 2017). Kratom use is associated with dependence, withdrawal, and increased risk of polysubstance use (Post et al., 2019). Detection remains limited due to lack of standardized screening tools and the absence of detection in routine toxicology panels. Conclusions: Given the rising incidence of kratom use among Veterans and associated clinical risks, implementation of a standardized screening within the VHA is an appropriate intervention. Incorporating DSM-5-TR-informed criteria into structured assessments can help improve early identification, enhance patient safety, and support evidence-based treatment strategies.

C-phycocyanin (C-PC) is a high-value pigment–protein in Spirulina biomass whose thermolability makes it vulnerable to degradation during post-harvest drying, yet freeze-drying—the gold-standard preservation method—remains prohibitively energy-intensive for large-scale production. This study investigated whether controlled-humidity air drying can preserve C-PC content and its antioxidant functionality in dried biomass comparably to freeze-drying. Wet Spirulina biomass (25 g fresh weight) was dried under nine factorial combinations of temperature (25, 40, and 60°C) and relative humidity (20, 30, and 40%) using a temperature–humidity chamber, with freeze-drying (FD) as the reference. C-PC was extracted, quantified spectrophotometrically along with allophycocyanin and chlorophyll, and its purity index (A₆₂₀/A₂₈₀) and antioxidant activity (DPPH radical scavenging, IC₅₀, and ascorbic acid equivalent antioxidant capacity) were determined. Statistical analyses included one-way ANOVA with Tukey's post-hoc test and partial Pearson correlation. Air drying at 25°C yielded C-PC contents of 184.39 - 194.72 mg g^-1 DW (98 - 104% of the FD reference, 188.11 mg g^-1 DW) with food-grade purity indices of 0.95 - 1.00, whereas drying at 40°C and 60°C reduced C-PC to 76 - 85% and 58 - 63% of the FD value, respectively. Partial correlation analysis identified temperature as the dominant determinant of C-PC loss (Pearson r = -0.90 to -1.00), while relative humidity exerted a secondary, modulatory influence. The 25°C air-dried C-PC retained 86 - 87% of the antioxidant capacity of a commercial C-PC reference standard, approaching the 94% retention achieved by freeze-drying. These findings demonstrate that controlled-humidity air drying at 25°C and 20 - 30% relative humidity effectively preserves both C-PC yield and bioactivity at levels comparable to freeze-drying, offering a potential scalable and low-cost drying alternative for the Spirulina nutraceutical industry

This Practice-based research explores the innovative application of textiles in the creation of decorative flower vases, positioning them at the intersection of functional design and contemporary art. The study investigates the potential of techniques such as weaving, embroidery, and applique to transcend the conventional boundaries of the medium. Through a methodological framework combining material experimentation interviews with textile artisans and pottery producers in Accra, and critical reflection, the research examines the interplay of materiality, form and aesthetics. It integrates traditional Ghanaian motifs with modern design principles to create culturally resonant, sustainable artworks. The findings demonstrate textiles' significant versatility and creative capacity for producing unique decorative objects. This study contributes to discourses on material innovation and sustainable design by highlighting textiles as a dynamic medium for artistic expression. It offers practical insights for artisans and designers, underscoring the role of textiles in evolving traditional crafts for contemporary contexts.

This study addresses the critical challenge of material scarcity within Ghana’s creative industries by pioneering the synthesis of professional-grade stage blood from indigenous, locally-sourced materials. In the context of Ghanaian theatre and film, practitioners face significant barriers due to the high cost and limited availability of imported special effects products, often resulting in the use of inadequate substitutes that compromise aesthetic realism, safety, and narrative authenticity. This paper responds by exploring the potential of cassava starch, tapioca, kenkey dough, and fufu wax. Grounded in Schumacher’s theory of Appropriate Technology, the paper reframes indigenous resources not as inferior alternatives but as technologically and contextually appropriate solutions that align with Ghana’s economic, environmental, and social realities. The study provides detailed, reproducible recipes for both flowing and clotted blood variants, validated through practical application in simulated special effects such as gunshot wounds and deep-tissue scars. These formulations meet key performance criteria: visual fidelity under theatrical and cinematic conditions, controlled viscosity, ease of application and removal, and performer safety. Beyond technical innovation, this research contributes to shifting academic and professional discourse from dependency and scarcity toward resourcefulness, sustainability, and artistic self-reliance. It offers a practical framework for reducing production costs, enhancing the quality of visual storytelling, and fostering local value chains within Ghana’s growing creative economy.

Background: The sacroiliac joint (SIJ) plays a crucial role in transmitting axial loads and maintaining pelvic stability. Sacroiliac joint arthropathy (SIJA) accounts for 10%–30% of low back pain cases but remains underrecognized due to overlapping pain referral patterns and nonspecific imaging findings. Diagnosis relies primarily on characteristic pain distribution and provocative maneuvers, with image-guided intra-articular block serving as the diagnostic gold standard. This study aimed to characterize the clinical profile of block-confirmed SIJA, emphasizing referral pain distribution, triggering position, and provocative test responses. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 98 patients with diagnostic block–confirmed SIJA at Siloam Hospital Lippo Village, Indonesia. Demographic data, referral pain sites, sitting duration, and results of FABER, compression, and distraction tests were analyzed descriptively. Results: The mean age was 52.07 ± 14.17 years, with 72.4% females. Referral pain most frequently involved the lower back (28.6%) and thigh (28.6%), with occasional extension to the groin (8.2%) or calf (4.1%). Over half of patients (55.1%) reported sitting more than six hours daily. Pain was predominantly triggered during sit-to-stand transitions (85.7%) and while sitting (74.5%). SIJ tenderness (98.0%) and FABER positivity (75.5%) were most consistent. Conclusion: The dominant referral pain in SIJA involves the lower back and posterior thigh. Sit-to-stand transition is the most frequent triggering position, while FABER testing demonstrates the highest diagnostic yield among provocative maneuvers. These consistent patterns may serve as practical clinical indicators to improve diagnostic accuracy in suspected SIJ-related pain.

In contemporary society, a marked decline in humanity's intrinsic values has become a point of lamentation for many observers. This is particularly evident when one considers the recognition often bestowed upon individuals of dubious character, while those who embody exemplary virtues are frequently overlooked or forgotten. In this context, this paper seeks to pay rightful tribute to David Kwadwo Boadu—the Renaissance Man of Kyekyeku—a figure whose remarkable life reflects a profound dedication to multiplicity and benevolence. This study delves deeply into his multifaceted contributions spanning various domains, including his roles as a husband, father, farmer, herbalist, midwife, hunter, catechist, musician, builder, arbitrator, counsellor, and cacao merchant. Each of these roles highlights essential themes of generosity and diversity, serving to illustrate how such attributes shape both an individual's identity and their contributions to the broader society. Utilising qualitative approach that involved interviews and employing the Streamwrite methodology—an innovative art-based approach designed to engage with the complexities of human experiences—this study underscores the critical importance of recognising individuals who exemplify these virtues as key to restoring the eroding humaneness in our communities.

A man in his 60s with multiple vascular comorbidities presented with sudden, painless vision loss in one eye. Although he had a high risk for atherosclerotic events, initial evaluation for stroke was negative for acute ischemia, but found to have markedly elevated inflammatory markers. Accordingly, giant cell arteritis was investigated and Ophthalmologic findings and fulfillment of the 2022 American College of Rheumatology/European Alliance of Associations for Rheumatology classification criteria supported the diagnosis of giant cell arteritis, despite a negative temporal artery biopsy. Management included high-dose glucocorticoids and delayed tocilizumab initiation due to the need for multiple vascular surgeries. Vision loss was irreversible, but systemic symptoms resolved and vascular interventions were successful. This case highlights the diagnostic and management complexities of biopsy-negative giant cell arteritis in patients with severe atherosclerotic vascular disease, emphasizing the importance of clinical judgment and established classification criteria when imaging and biopsy results are inconclusive.

Objective: This systematic review aimed to identify, synthesize, and critically analyze the available evidence on clinical protocols used for the prevention and treatment of prosthetic joint infection (PJI) in total hip arthroplasty (THA), based on studies published between 2000 and 2025. Methods: The review was conducted according to PRISMA guidelines. Electronic searches were performed in PubMed (MEDLINE), Scopus, Web of Science, and Embase between January and April 2025. Eligible studies included clinical trials, cohort studies, case-control studies, systematic reviews, and meta-analyses published in English that addressed either preventive or therapeutic strategies for PJI in THA. Study selection, data extraction, and quality assessment were carried out independently by two reviewers. Due to the heterogeneity of the included studies, a qualitative synthesis was performed. Results: A total of 32 studies were included. Preventive measures identified in the literature comprised combined antibiotic prophylaxis (cefazolin and gentamicin), multimodal perioperative protocols such as ACERTO, nasal decolonization for Staphylococcus aureus, silver-impregnated dressings, and structured post-discharge surveillance. Treatment strategies included DAIR (Debridement, Antibiotics, and Implant Retention), the DAPRI technique, one-stage and two-stage revision surgeries, muscle flap reconstructions, and protocols without spacers. These interventions were associated with significantly reduced infection rates and improved clinical outcomes when applied appropriately and in accordance with patient-specific factors. Conclusion: Effective prevention and treatment of PJI in total hip arthroplasty require a systematic and evidence-based approach. Integrated protocols—spanning preoperative optimization, meticulous intraoperative techniques, and rigorous postoperative monitoring—have proven effective in reducing infection incidence. In cases of established infection, surgical management must be tailored to the timing of infection, microbial profile, and host conditions. Two-stage revision remains the gold standard for complex infections, while one-stage revision and emerging techniques like DAPRI offer promising results in selected cases. This review contributes to the standardization of clinical practice and supports improved patient outcomes.

This work explores the intimate process of creating an acrylic portrait of a long-time friend, guided by photographs. Through a detailed examination of the technical and emotional aspects of portrait painting, this narrative reflects on the deep bond and shared history between the artist and subject. Emphasising the role of mutual understanding, trust, and empathy in the creative process, the paper illustrates how personal experiences and memories shape artistic expression. Drawing on art therapy, narrative identity, and the psychological impact of art, this study offers insights into how portrait painting can facilitate personal reflection, retrospection, and meaningful connection.

This research is a collaboration involving a university team, a partnering corporation, and a hemodialysis clinic, which is a cross-disciplinary research initiative in the field of Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) within the medical informatics domain. The research has two objectives: (1) The development of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based Information System customized for the hemodialysis machines at the clinic, including transmission bridges, clinical personnel dedicated web/app, and a backend server. The system has been deployed at the clinic and is now officially operational; (2) The research also utilized de-identified, anonymous data (collected by the officially operational system) to train, evaluate, and compare Deep Learning-based Intradialytic Blood Pressure (BP)/Pulse Rate (PR) Predictive Models, with subsequent suggestions provided. Both objectives were executed under the supervision of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Mackay Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. The system completed for objective one has introduced three significant services to the clinic, including automated hemodialysis data collection, digitized data storage, and an information-rich human-machine interface as well as graphical data displays, which replaces traditional paper-based clinical administrative operations, thereby enhancing healthcare efficiency. The graphical data presented through web and app interfaces aids in real-time, intuitive comprehension of the patients’ conditions during hemodialysis. Moreover, the data stored in the backend database is available for physicians to conduct relevant analyses, unearth insights into medical practices, and provide precise medical care for individual patients. The training and evaluation of the predictive models for objective two, along with related comparisons, analyses, and recommendations, suggest that in situations with limited computational resources and data, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model with six hidden layers, SELU activation function, and a focus on artery-related features can be employed for hourly intradialytic BP/PR prediction tasks. It is believed that this contributes to the collaborating clinic and relevant research communities.

Objective: To identify and evaluate the main functional assessment tools applied in the postoperative monitoring of patients undergoing total knee arthroplasty (TKA), and to synthesize the functional outcomes reported through these instruments in the current scientific literature. Methodology: A structured review was conducted following PRISMA 2020 guidelines. Thirty-one peer-reviewed studies were selected through a targeted manual search based on predefined eligibility criteria. Included studies evaluated functional recovery following TKA using validated outcome measures such as the WOMAC, KSS, KOOS, IKDC, SF-36, and SANE. Data extraction focused on the instruments used, patient population characteristics, and reported outcomes. A descriptive synthesis was compiled in Table 1. Additionally, 15 studies with quantitative data were analyzed using a forest plot to illustrate risk ratios (RR) and 95% confidence intervals (CI) for functional improvement. Risk of bias was assessed qualitatively based on methodological rigor, clarity of reporting, and validation of the outcome tools. Results: All included studies reported improvements in functional status following TKA. Most risk ratios ranged from 0.66 to 0.85, indicating a consistent reduction in the risk of postoperative functional limitation. High-quality studies demonstrated more precise effect estimates and greater internal validity. The SANE scale emerged as a valid and practical tool with high responsiveness, including in its culturally adapted Brazilian version. Despite heterogeneity in study design, the direction of effect remained consistent across all included studies. Conclusion: Validated functional assessment tools are essential for monitoring recovery after total knee arthroplasty. Instruments such as WOMAC and SANE demonstrate strong clinical utility and psychometric validity. Their systematic use enhances outcome comparability, supports individualized rehabilitation planning, and improves decision-making in orthopedic care.

This systematic review aimed to evaluate the biomechanical properties, functional performance, and clinical outcomes of different hip prosthesis materials and designs used in total hip arthroplasty (THA). A comprehensive search strategy identified 34 peer-reviewed studies published between 2015 and 2024. The materials investigated included cobalt-chromium-molybdenum (CoCrMo), titanium alloys, PEEK, ceramics, and advanced surface coatings such as polycrystalline diamond (PCD). In addition, dual mobility systems, lattice structures, and additively manufactured and patient-specific implants were assessed. The studies utilized clinical trials, finite element analysis, and biomechanical testing to compare outcomes such as wear resistance, stress distribution, osseointegration, and range of motion. The findings demonstrated that titanium alloys and porous lattice structures reduce stress shielding, while ceramics and CoCrMo provide superior wear resistance. Dual mobility implants improved joint stability and range of motion, particularly in high-risk patients. PEEK and PCD showed promising properties but lacked robust long-term data. The integration of advanced manufacturing technologies and material innovations has led to more personalized and biomechanically efficient solutions for THA. Further longitudinal studies are needed to validate these developments. This review provides a critical synthesis of the biomechanical, functional, and clinical implications of contemporary hip prosthetic systems.

Objective: This integrative review aims to critically examine the clinical management of periprosthetic joint infections (PJI) in total hip arthroplasty (THA), emphasizing decision-making strategies, diagnostic advancements, and therapeutic innovations. The study focuses on the complexity of infection control, microbial resistance, and individualized treatment planning. Methods: A systematic review of the literature was conducted using PubMed, Scopus, Web of Science, and Google Scholar, targeting studies published between 2015 and 2025. Articles were selected based on their contribution to understanding the clinical, microbiological, and surgical aspects of PJI in THA. Fifty-five studies met the inclusion criteria and were analyzed descriptively. Results: PJI in THA is influenced by multifactorial risk profiles, including obesity, diabetes, and immunosuppression. Staphylococcus aureus, particularly MRSA, remains the most frequently isolated pathogen, followed by Gram-negative organisms and fungal species. Diagnostic innovations such as next-generation sequencing have enhanced pathogen detection, while two-stage revision remains the gold standard for chronic infections. Emerging strategies—such as antimicrobial coatings, tailored antibiotic protocols, and multidisciplinary care models—demonstrate promise in improving clinical outcomes. Conclusion: Managing PJI in THA necessitates a comprehensive and individualized approach, integrating early and accurate diagnosis, pathogen-specific treatment, and advanced preventive measures. The integration of emerging technologies and personalized care pathways is critical to optimizing outcomes and reducing the clinical and economic burden of PJI.

The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing a profound transformation driven by advancements in Information Technology (IT), with Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems playing a pivotal role in reshaping operations. These systems offer integrated solutions that streamline key business processes, such as production, inventory management, supply chain optimization, regulatory compliance, and data integration, contributing significantly to operational efficiency and organizational agility. This paper explores the evolution and impact of ERP systems within the pharmaceutical sector, highlighting their contributions to overcoming the industry’s inherent challenges, including complex regulatory requirements, the need for accurate and real-time data, and the demand for supply chain resilience. The integration of cloud-based ERP solutions, the incorporation of emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and the Internet of Things (IoT), and enhanced data analytics capabilities have revolutionized pharmaceutical IT. These advancements not only reduce operational costs, improve forecasting accuracy, and enhance collaboration but also ensure compliance with stringent global regulations, such as Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and FDA guidelines. Moreover, ERP systems have been instrumental in managing the pharmaceutical supply chain, ensuring product traceability, and improving inventory control and order fulfillment processes. This manuscript examines how ERP systems enable pharmaceutical companies to maintain high standards of product quality, improve decision-making, and ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs through robust tracking and auditing mechanisms. A case study of a pharmaceutical company that implemented an ERP system demonstrates the tangible benefits, including increased operational efficiency, improved compliance rates, and enhanced customer satisfaction. However, despite the clear advantages, challenges such as customization complexities, data integration issues, and resistance to change remain. As the pharmaceutical industry continues to evolve, ERP systems will remain a cornerstone of digital transformation, facilitating smarter decision-making, better resource management, and enhanced collaboration across global operations. This paper also identifies future trends, including the potential of AI and blockchain technologies in further strengthening ERP systems and transforming the pharmaceutical landscape.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic degenerative joint disorder that significantly impairs mobility and quality of life. While surgical interventions such as total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are effective in severe cases, conservative treatments are critical for early and intermediate disease management. This review evaluates the efficacy, safety, and clinical applications of both conservative and surgical treatment approaches, including lifestyle modifications, physical therapy, pharmacological interventions, regenerative medicine, and surgical procedures. The integration of a multidisciplinary approach is emphasized as a key strategy for optimizing clinical outcomes and tailoring interventions to disease severity.

The integration of LiDAR and Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized feature detection in urban environments. LiDAR systems, which utilize pulsed laser emissions and reflection measurements, produce detailed 3D maps of urban landscapes. When combined with AI, this data enables accurate identification of urban features such as buildings, green spaces, and infrastructure. This synergy is crucial for enhancing urban development, environmental monitoring, and advancing smart city governance. LiDAR, known for its high-resolution 3D data capture capabilities, paired with AI, particularly deep learning algorithms, facilitates advanced analysis and interpretation of urban areas. This combination supports precise mapping, real-time monitoring, and predictive modeling of urban growth and infrastructure. For instance, AI can process LiDAR data to identify patterns and anomalies, aiding in traffic management, environmental oversight, and infrastructure maintenance. These advancements not only improve urban living conditions but also contribute to sustainable development by optimizing resource use and reducing environmental impacts. Furthermore, AI-enhanced LiDAR is pivotal in advancing autonomous navigation and sophisticated spatial analysis, marking a significant step forward in urban management and evaluation. The reviewed paper highlights the geometric properties of LiDAR data, derived from spatial point positioning, and underscores the effectiveness of machine learning algorithms in object extraction from point clouds. The study also covers concepts related to LiDAR imaging, feature selection methods, and the identification of outliers in LiDAR point clouds. Findings demonstrate that AI algorithms, especially deep learning models, excel in analyzing high-resolution 3D LiDAR data for accurate urban feature identification and classification. These models leverage extensive datasets to detect patterns and anomalies, improving the detection of buildings, roads, vegetation, and other elements. Automating feature extraction with AI minimizes the need for manual analysis, thereby enhancing urban planning and management efficiency. Additionally, AI methods continually improve with more data, leading to increasingly precise feature detection. The results indicate that the pulse emitted by continuous wave LiDAR sensors changes when encountering obstacles, causing discrepancies in measured physical parameters.

Artificial Immune Systems (AIS) are bio-inspired computational frameworks that emulate the adaptive mechanisms of the human immune system, such as self/non-self discrimination, clonal selection, and immune memory. These systems have demonstrated significant potential in addressing complex challenges across optimization, anomaly detection, and adaptive system control. This paper provides a comprehensive exploration of AIS applications in domains such as cybersecurity, resource allocation, and autonomous systems, highlighting the growing importance of hybrid AIS models. Recent advancements, including integrations with machine learning, quantum computing, and bioinformatics, are discussed as solutions to scalability, high-dimensional data processing, and efficiency challenges. Core algorithms, such as the Negative Selection Algorithm (NSA) and Clonal Selection Algorithm (CSA), are examined, along with limitations in interpretability and compatibility with emerging AI paradigms. The paper concludes by proposing future research directions, emphasizing scalable hybrid frameworks, quantum-inspired approaches, and real-time adaptive systems, underscoring AIS's transformative potential across diverse computational fields.