Articles

Background: Hypertensive disorders of pregnancy are a leading cause of maternal and perinatal morbidity and mortality, with a disproportionate burden in low- and middle-income settings such as Bangladesh. This study assessed knowledge and attitude regarding hypertension prevention among pregnant women at a private hospital in Dhaka and their association with socio-demographic characteristics. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted among 122 pregnant women attending antenatal care at Ashulia Women and Children Hospital, Dhaka, using systematic random sampling. Data were collected via face-to-face interviews using a pre-tested, bilingual, structured questionnaire (10-item knowledge and 10-item attitude scales; Cronbach's alpha 0.814 and 0.795). Scores were dichotomized as low (≤50%) or high (>50%). Chi-square tests examined associations with socio-demographic variables (p<0.05). Results: Overall, 50.8% of women had high knowledge and 60.7% had a favorable attitude toward hypertension prevention; 63.9% had a high combined perception score. Knowledge was significantly associated with age (χ²=18.177, p<0.001), highest among women aged 20-29 years. Attitude was significantly associated with number of children (χ²=9.545, p=0.023), most favorable among women with two children. Education and occupation showed no significant association with either. Gaps persisted around dietary intervention, organic foods, and bed rest, despite high perceived importance of prevention (81.1%) and social media influence (81.1%). Conclusion: Knowledge and attitude toward hypertension prevention were moderate to favorable, with age and family size as the key socio-demographic correlates. Age-specific and family-inclusive education, potentially via social media, may be more effective than broadly targeted interventions.

This study utilized a qualitative approach to completely ascertain Junior High School Social Studies teachers’ knowledge, strategies and tools used in formative assessment. This study employed a qualitative approach. The study, which was based on a qualitative paradigm, used a phenomenological research methodology to investigate the lived experience and acuity of formative assessment procedures. A selected sample of nine (9) Junior High School Social Studies teachers was chosen based on their academic credentials and professional teaching experience. A focus group discussion was employed to gather data, which was then thematically examined in light of the research questions. The results showed that the participants had a robust knowledge and were adept at using formative assessment strategies and tools in Social Studies lesson. It was recommended that pre-service and in-service teachers should be allowed to use formative assessment techniques sparingly. The National Teaching Council seminars ought to focus on how Junior High School Social Studies teachers can effectively use formative assessment techniques to enhance instruction.

Background: Antimicrobial resistance (AMR) is a major global public health threat that compromises the effectiveness of antimicrobial therapy. Nurses play a critical role in antimicrobial stewardship (AMS); however, evidence regarding their knowledge, attitudes, and practices (KAP) in the Philippine setting remains limited. Objective: To determine the knowledge, attitudes, and practices regarding antimicrobial stewardship among bedside nurses employed in selected tertiary hospitals in Baguio City, Philippines, and to examine the relationships between selected socio-demographic characteristics and AMS competencies. Methods: A quantitative descriptive cross-sectional correlational study was conducted among 119 bedside nurses from two tertiary hospitals in Baguio City. Data were collected using a modified, validated self-administered questionnaire. Descriptive statistics summarized respondents' characteristics and KAP scores. The Shapiro–Wilk test assessed normality. Univariate linear regression examined associations between socio-demographic characteristics and KAP outcomes. Statistical significance was set at p < 0.05. Results: Most respondents demonstrated moderate knowledge, highly positive attitudes, and favorable antimicrobial stewardship practices. Greater knowledge was significantly associated with better stewardship practices. Likewise, positive attitudes were positively associated with stewardship practices. Previous antimicrobial stewardship education and selected socio-demographic characteristics were associated with improved KAP outcomes. Conclusion: Bedside nurses demonstrated positive attitudes and favorable antimicrobial stewardship practices despite moderate knowledge levels. Strengthening competency-based antimicrobial stewardship education may enhance nurses' participation in stewardship initiatives and improve patient safety while contributing to national and global efforts to combat antimicrobial resistance.

Knowledge work teams operating under variable demand face a class of delivery failure that single-layer governance models cannot prevent: structural overload injected at the commitment-formation boundary, invisible to execution-layer metrics, and amplified by cognitive fragmentation that standard workflow instruments do not register. This article examines the architectural conditions under which knowledge work control systems reduce cognitive load and improve delivery predictability. Through a grouped analytical review of empirical and theoretical literature on WIP-limit governance, team cognitive load, and observability-driven telemetry, the article identifies a shared structural limitation across all three bodies of research: none models the coupling between commitment formation, execution mode, and cognitive context as a single governed system. Drawing on control systems theory, queueing dynamics, and cognitive psychology, the article argues that delivery predictability degrades not from execution inefficiency but from the absence of cross-loop coupling rules that prevent obligation surplus, flow degradation, and cognitive fragmentation from reinforcing one another. The three-loop flow architecture comprising a Commit Loop with capacity-bounded intake, a Delivery Loop with explicit Normal, Overload, and Recovery operating modes, and a Cognition Loop enforcing context-capacity constraints through a Context Token Protocol is identified as a structural response to the documented failure modes of existing frameworks. The analytical contribution is a precise specification of the boundary conditions under which WIP-limit Kanban, team-topology design, and DORA-type telemetry each remain adequate, and the condition under which none of them does.

This study investigated the pedagogical implications of out-of-field teaching in Social Studies. The Out-of-field Social Studies teachers could encounter several challenges in their preparation and the implementation of the integrated Social Studies curriculum. This study sought the lived experiences of the out-of-field teachers concerning the causes of out-of-field teaching in social studies, problems encountered by the out-of-field teachers and the mechanisms they employ to cope with the teaching of Social Studies. The study chose the qualitative phenomenological research design. Data were collected from all the 17 out-of-field Social Studies teachers through in-depth structured interview. Data were transcribed and analysed, through the inductive thematic analysis approach, unveiling of themes and concepts from the narratives of the research participants. The study revealed that out-of-field teaching in Social Studies occurs as a result of teacher shortage in integrated social studies programme. It is also caused by the perception that any teacher could teach Social Studies irrespective of the teachers’ qualification. Out-of-field teacher encounter problems such as inadequate content and pedagogical knowledge, lack of classroom managerial techniques and inability to deliver lessons through the integrated approach. Engaging in professional development courses, peer coaching, in-service training and workshops were some of the mechanisms employed by out-of-field teachers to cope with the teaching of Social Studies. The pedagogical implications of this phenomenon are that when teaching the Social Studies, the out-of-field teachers place more emphasis on aspects of the Social Studies curriculum where they have much knowledge and skip or put less emphasis on other aspects they lack in-depth knowledge, thus, the integrated approach to teaching Social Studies is not adopted effectively by out-of-field teachers. This waters down the content of Social Studies at the Senior High School level. Addressing the problem of out-of-field teaching in Social Studies requires training and recruiting more teachers who have background training and experience in the integrated approach to the teaching of Social Studies.

Objective: The knowledge, attitudes, and practices of SUA students about the use of plastics containing endocrine disruptors were investigated in this study. Methodology: A study with 150 participants was conducted to assess individuals' knowledge about endocrine disruptors, attitudes, and plastic use practices. Results: The findings indicate that the participants possessed an average degree of knowledge 50.2 ± 3.85 with the main emphasis of awareness being generic concepts rather than specific substances. Regarding the potential health impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals present in plastics, respondents' attitudes ranged from fair to positive, with a mean score of 3.5 ±0.09 indicating a fair attitude overall. Conclusion: It is important to practice polite behavior and increase public awareness of safe plastic disposal methods. Surprising only 38.0% of the participants mentioned that they refrain from heating their food in plastic containers to reduce their exposure to plastics. Students' practices revealed a notable dependence on plastic products despite their awareness of the concerns surrounding endocrine disruptors, as most of them reported using plastic water bottles, plastic cups, and plastic bags almost always. Additionally, only 20.7% of the respondents consistently implemented strategies to prevent exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Recommendation: The study recommended increasing the use of cleaner plastic substitutes and improving educational programs to convert information into practical actions. Policies that encourage environmentally friendly behavior and raise public awareness of safe plastic disposal techniques should be put into practice.

Background: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and vaping tobacco have increased rapidly worldwide, raising concerns about their health effects, social acceptability, and regulatory challenges. In many countries, e-cigarettes are more commonly used by individuals from higher socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds, who, in theory, should have greater knowledge about e-cigarettes and their associated risks. However, it remains unclear why a group with more knowledge about e-cigarette risks would also hold more positive attitudes toward vaping and exhibit higher usage rates — a phenomenon that may represent a knowledge-behavior paradox. Understanding this paradox, along with the complex relationships between e-cigarette knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, is critical for informing effective public health interventions, campaigns, social media messaging, and regulatory policies. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the complex relationship between SES, e-cigarette knowledge, pro-vaping attitudes, and e-cigarette use. Methods: The SMOKES Study (Study of Measurement of Knowledge and Examination of Support for Tobacco Control Policies) used a multi-center, cross-sectional design, collecting data from 2,403 college and university students across 15 provinces in Iran (covering nearly half of the country's provinces). The survey measured family income, age, sex, ethnicity, e-cigarette use, knowledge, and attitudes. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the interrelations between SES, knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, while adjusting for age, sex, and ethnic minority status. Results: SEM analysis confirmed the hypothesized paradox. Although greater knowledge about e-cigarettes was linked to less favorable attitudes toward vaping and lower use, pro-vaping attitudes emerged as the strongest predictor of vaping behavior, while knowledge played a weaker protective role. Notably, individuals with higher SES simultaneously showed higher knowledge and, paradoxically, more pro-e-cigarette attitudes and greater usage. Female students and ethnic minority students reported higher correct knowledge and lower pro-vaping attitudes and use. Although age and higher family income were associated with more favorable attitudes, they did not directly predict vaping behavior. These results suggest that for higher SES individuals, poor knowledge is not the main driver of e-cigarette use; rather, their pro-e-cigarette attitudes, which seem to outweigh the influence of knowledge, play a key role. Conclusions: Although individuals from higher SES backgrounds report greater correct knowledge about e-cigarettes, this knowledge does not necessarily translate into reduced positive attitudes or lower usage. This study highlights the complexity of these paradoxical effects and suggests that public health strategies need to go beyond simple education and knowledge-based interventions. Targeted approaches should address industry messaging, challenge misconceptions, and strengthen regulatory efforts to reduce e-cigarette use among young adults, including those from higher SES backgrounds.

Background: Tobacco use remains a major global health concern, and understanding the factors that influence tobacco-related knowledge and support for tobacco control policies is critical for effective development of tobacco control policies that are accepted by the public. Objectives: This study introduces the rationale, design, methodology, and participants of the SMOKES Study (Study of Measurement of Knowledge and Examination of Support for tobacco control policies), which is conducted to evaluate tobacco use, tobacco-related knowledge and attitude, as well as support for tobacco control policies among college and university students. Methods: The SMOKES Study was designed to address significant gaps in literature by focusing on college and university students in a non-Western context. A multi-center, cross-sectional design was employed to collect data from a diverse sample of college and university students across different geographical provinces in Iran. The survey instrument incorporated a range of measures covering socio-demographic characteristics, university-related variables, family tobacco use status, personal tobacco consumption behaviors (including detailed assessments of cigarette, hookah, and electronic cigarette use), and attitudinal as well as knowledge-based assessments related to vaping. Support for tobacco control policies is also measured. Data were collected using an online survey that included self-administered questionnaires, enabling access to a large diverse sample. This study may be used to determine the prevalence of ever and current use of cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and hookah, as well as examining the correlates of single, dual, and poly-tobacco use. The study also aims to assess the role of social determinants, attitudes, and ethnic/geographic differences in shaping these outcomes. Results: The study sample consisted of 2403 college and university students, including undergraduates enrolled in different academic programs from all faculties and disciplines. Participants were drawn from universities across 15 provinces, and 11 ethnic groups, ensuring a heterogeneous sample with respect to socio-demographic background, ethnicity, and institutional affiliation. This diversity enhances the generalizability of the findings and allows for the exploration of subgroup differences in tobacco use patterns and policy support. Conclusions: The SMOKES Study offers a framework for examining tobacco-related knowledge and the acceptability of tobacco control policies among a key part of the population, being college and university students. By providing detailed insights into the prevalence and correlates of tobacco knowledge, attitude, use, as well as the tobacco control policy support, the study lays the groundwork for tailored public health interventions and more effective tobacco regulation strategies particularly for college campuses in a non-Western setting.

Background: Proper umbilical cord care prevents neonatal infections and reduces neonatal mortality. Despite global recommendations for evidence-based cord care practices, traditional beliefs, and inadequate maternal knowledge often lead to unsafe practices, particularly in low-resource settings like Bangladesh. This study aimed to assess the understanding of umbilical cord care among mothers of neonates in Sherpur District, Bangladesh, and identify factors associated with knowledge levels. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from July to October 2020 at Sherpur Sadar Hospital. A total of 193 mothers of neonates were recruited using a non-randomized purposive sampling method. Data was collected through a pre-tested, semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Knowledge levels were categorized as "Good" (>6) or "Poor" (≤6) based on responses to 10 structured questions. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and crude odds ratios (COR), were performed to identify socio-demographic factors associated with knowledge levels. Results: Of the 193 participants, 48.7% demonstrated "Good" knowledge, while 51.3% had "Poor" knowledge. Education level (p = 0.01), occupation (p = 0.02), family type (p < 0.001), and family size (p = 0.04) were significantly associated with knowledge levels. Mothers with higher education and those from joint families exhibited better knowledge. However, 28.5% of respondents were unaware of the typical umbilical cord-shedding timeframe, and 44% could not identify signs of infection. Unsafe practices, such as using medications (14.5%) or hot compression (7.2%) for drying the cord, were reported. Conclusion: The study reveals significant gaps in maternal knowledge regarding umbilical cord care in Sherpur District, driven by socio-demographic disparities and cultural practices. Targeted health education programs, emphasizing evidence-based cord care practices and leveraging local social structures, are urgently needed to improve neonatal health outcomes in similar resource-limited settings. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions to inform policy and practice.

This study aimed to assess the knowledge level of street food vendors on hygiene in the Tamale metropolis in the Northern Region of Ghana. The study employed the health belief model as the theoretical basis. Quantitatively, the study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design to examine the microbial load of street-cut fruits and assess the knowledge and practice of vendors of cut fruits on personal and food hygiene in the study setting. The population consists of cut and vented pawpaw, watermelon, and street fruit vendors registered with the health directorate in the Tamale Metropolis. A convenient sampling technique was used to select 113 respondents for the study. The Yamane formula was used to determine the sample size to select one hundred and thirteen participants (113) out of one hundred and fifty-eight street fruit vendors in the Tamale Metropolis. The main instrument for data collection was a questionnaire. A questionnaire had close-ended questions which were developed using a 'Yes' and 'No' response, and a four-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1=Strongly Disagree (SD), 2=Disagree (D), 3=Agree (A) and 4= Strongly Agree (SA). The data were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages, means and standard deviation). The findings revealed that the overall knowledge level of respondents is low. The findings also indicate that vendors do not control the rate at which their customers touch their vended fruits. It is recommended that Street fruit vendors and handlers be educated on fruit hygiene practices through engagement by the Health Directorate Unit of Tamale Metropolis and the Ministry of Health. To keep consumers safe, the Tamale Metropolitan Assembly must strictly enforce compliance with regulations on operation permits and health clearance certificates. Metropolitan sanitation officers must regularly monitor fruit vendors to ensure compliance with goods.

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., commonly known as prickly pear, is a versatile plant widely used for food, medicinal, and cosmetic purposes in various regions of the Mediterranean and North Africa. This study provides a comparative ethnobotanical review of prickly pear uses in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Italy. In total, 74 articles were selected from ethnobotanical uses in Italy, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In the Maghreb, the plant is used for fruit production and processed products, such as jams, oils, and flours, as well as for traditional medicinal purposes. In Algeria and Morocco, the fruits and cladodes are used to treat digestive disorders, diabetes, and skin diseases. In Tunisia, products derived from O. ficus-indica are also applied in the cosmetic industry and for erosion control. In Italy, particularly in Sicily and Calabria, the prickly pear is a vital resource, used for both food consumption and for medicinal purposes. The cladodes, rich in mucilage, are applied as topical remedies for skin problems, while the fruits are a key ingredient in the preparation of traditional desserts. Furthermore, O. ficus-indica has historically been used as forage and to produce natural dyes. Results indicate that the versatility of this species, combined with its ability to adapt to extreme climates, makes it a valuable resource for the development of new nutraceutical and cosmetic products. However, further scientific research is necessary to explore the bio-functional potential of this plant and to promote its broader and more sustainable use, especially in arid and semi-arid regions.

The study examined teachers' perception of inclusive education in the three educational circuits in Tamale Metropolis in the Northern Region of Ghana. Research paradigms underpinning the study are Positivism, Interpretivism, and Pragmatism. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. The study population comprised 81 teachers from the Gumbihini Educational Circuit, 100 from the Hospital Educational Circuit, and 72 from the Salaga Road Educational Circuit. The study population was from a pool of two hundred and fifty-three (253) teachers. The census method was used as a sampling technique for three (3) educational circuits and two hundred and fifty-three (253) teachers. The main instrument for data collection was a questionnaire. The data were analysed with descriptive statistics to determine the frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation scores for the response from the questionnaire and hypothesis. On the level of knowledge teachers in Tamale Metropolis have about inclusive education, Even though the study revealed that teachers know how to meet the needs of learners with learning disabilities and use varied learning activities to engage a diverse range of learners, knowledge in meeting the needs of learners who are gifted most teachers do not know to meet the needs of learners with speech and language, or communication disorder. Again, the findings revealed that teachers need to learn about meeting the needs of learners who are seen as having behavioural difficulties. Teachers were also found to not know about meeting the needs of learners who are blind or have low vision. Furthermore, the study revealed that teachers do not know how to assess, test, or evaluate the learning of children with disabilities. In the statistical analysis, special educators were found to possess a higher level of knowledge among primary school teachers who were studied than their general/regular educators' counterparts, even though the difference was not statistically significant. On the level of knowledge teachers in Tamale Metropolis have about inclusive education, regular in-service education and refresher courses will help improve and reorient teachers' knowledge towards performing their duties in inclusive education. The study, therefore, recommends that the Tamale Metropolis Directorate of Ghana Education Service collaborate with bare school heads in assisting teachers through the implementation of professional development/training programmes to employ adaptive instructional strategies to help children with disabilities.

Background: Recently specific interactions and crosslinks between the gut microbiota and the lungs have been recognized, particularly with regard to respiratory immune and anti-microbial reactions. This is often known as the “gut-lung axis” or “a common mucosal immunological system”. Objective: The aim of the current systematic review was to evaluate evidence, from published clinical trials and cohort studies, if probiotics may have an effect in improving and managing COVID-19 symptoms. Materials and methods: The available studies were searched through a comprehensive search of electronic databases that included PubMed, Science Direct, Scirus, ISI Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), using a combination of the following keywords: “COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2" AND "Microbiota" OR "Probiotics” OR “Gut Lung Axis”. The literature was reviewed until August 31, 2022. Results: Only 3 studies were included. One of them evaluated the efficacy of probiotics in COVID-19 patients to obtain complete remission of all signs and symptoms. The clinical trial proves that probiotics have a significant effect on complete remission of all signs and symptoms of COVID-19 patients with statistical significant difference. Only one clinical trial out of the 3 included studies had evaluated the need for O2 therapy during the study between the probiotics and control groups, but without statistical significant difference. No statistical significant difference between the probiotics group and placebo group was observed regarding fatal prognosis during the only clinical trial that measured death as an outcome. Conclusion: We couldn’t judge on these results as they are insufficient data for pooling and meta-analysis. However, what we can say is “Most probably Probiotics have no role in treatment of COVID-19 infection”.

Background: The increasing prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is closely tied to complications, particularly diabetic foot ulcers, which significantly raise the risk of lower extremity amputations due to infected, non-healing ulcers. This study aimed to assess diabetic foot prevention knowledge, practices and associated factors among patients at the Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital (EFSTH), Banjul. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we employed a convenience sampling technique to enroll 357 diabetic patients, both inpatients and outpatients, who were under the care of EFSTH. Data on diabetic foot prevention were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted by trained interviewers. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS, encompassing descriptive analysis, chi-square, Fisher exact tests, and logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05, with a 95% confidence interval. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 47.3 years (±10.5), with women comprising 55.2% of the study population and 94.4% were married. About 73% demonstrated good knowledge of diabetic foot care and prevention, while 25.8% exhibited fair knowledge. A significant association was observed in bivariate analysis with patients’ educational level (P = 0.032). Specifically, patients with Madarasa (Arabic) education had a 68% lower likelihood 【aOR: 0.320, 95% CI: (0.103, 0.992), p = 0.048】 of practicing diabetic foot care and prevention compared to those with tertiary education. Conclusion: The study revealed that participants’ knowledge of preventing diabetic foot was high. However, the practice was poor. Therefore, there is a need for more health education on the practices that would emphasize diabetes management among diabetes patients.

The purpose of this study was to examine people’s knowledge base on Burkina beverages in Winneba in the Central Region of Ghana. The study employed a Mixed Sequential Explanatory research approach. The population for the study were dairy consumers living in Winneba. The Krejcie and Morgan table in 1970 was used to determine the 381 sample size of this study. The study employed the purposive, convenient and simple random sampling technique to select 100 out of 381 respondents for the study. The instrument employed in this study was a semi-structured interview guide to generate responses on people’s knowledge of “Burkina”. An Independent t-test was used to test the null hypothesis raised at a 0.05 level of significance. Based on the results of the study, it is concluded that respondents have substantial knowledge of “Burkina”. Street-sold “Burkina” can be modified using flavours and other cereals. Fresh milk must be pasteurized before using it for “Burkina”, well packaged, and sold in a hygienic condition. Certain factors such as packaging, environment, food safety, price, variation in thickness and flavours influence the rate of consumption of the “Burkina”. ‘‘Burkina’’ prepared with corn agglomerates had improved physicochemical attributes and health benefits. It is recommended that Food and Drug Authority representatives in winneba should regulate the “Burkina” samples on the Winneba market to ensure they are nutritious and, prepared and sold under hygienic conditions. There is the need also for Food and Drug Authority representatives in Winneba to ensure the standardization of the “Burkina” preparation to achieve a fair distribution of nutrients from all producers in Winneba and to ensure that the product meets standards before selling. Due to varying cereals, flavour options, good packaging, and pasteurization of the milk (fresh) and sold in a hygienic environment. It is again recommended that researchers develop ‘‘Burkina’’ with several flavour options and other cereals and test for consumer acceptability.

The purpose of this study was to examine teachers’ knowledge base in community resources used in assessing Social Studies concepts in the University of Education Practice Junior High School (JHS), Winneba. The case study design was employed as the study's qualitative methodology. The population comprised two Social Studies teachers in the University Practice JHS, Winneba. Purposive and convenient sampling techniques were used to select the teachers and school for the study. The main instrument for data collection was the interview guide. The two teachers were interviewed because they were in a position to give all the relevant information required for the research. They were also readily available at the time of the research. The study revealed that even though the Social Studies teachers were aware of community resources, they did not involve them often in their lesson delivery. However, in the only case where a teacher took the learners round the school compound to look at the various types of rocks, the learners were excited and willing to learn. The assessment results also showed that almost all learners, both low and high achievers had high scores. Evidence from the inquiry also shows that teachers used only traditional forms of assessment in Social Studies. Teachers give multiple choice and essay type of assessment items to learners. Teachers did not involve community resources in the assessment of Social Studies concepts because of challenges like inadequate time allocated for the teaching of the subject, financial constraints, bureaucratic processes involved in obtaining permission and the need to meet the requirements of external examinations. It is recommended that the Ghana Education Service (GES) should design appropriate policies to ensure that provision is made in the school academic calendar for field trips and community resource engagement for Social Studies education. Social Studies teachers should also be trained on the full range of assessment techniques suggested in the 2012 syllabus. Emphasis should be laid on authentic/alternate assessment practices. At the school level, heads of Social Studies department should organise periodic in-service training for the teachers to ensure that the curriculum, instruction and assessment practices are aligned to ensure that the subject attains its intended goals and outcomes.

Women must be aware of the risk factors of pregnancy complications and the negative maternal and fetal health consequences to take preventative measures and management strategies that will result in a successful pregnancy. This study aimed to assess the Level of Knowledge about obstetric warning signs and the associated factors among pregnant Saudi women attending antenatal care in a tertiary care maternity set-up in Riyadh City. Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained using a structured questionnaire from eligible pregnant women admitted to King Saud Medical City (KSMC) between August 2020 and March 2021. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Out of a minimum estimated sample size of 170, researchers recruited 362 participants. As observed, only 92 people, or 25.4%, had enough knowledge about various educational levels. The majority (91.2%) lived in villages, had no history of chronic disease (74.0%), and said that it took them at least 30 minutes to commute from their home to the hospital (69.3%). Two hundred two (55.7%) lacked appropriate knowledge, although most women (76.2%) had one to four pregnancies. Poor psychological health resulted from 37 people's (10.2%) inadequate Awareness. Even though 139 (38.4%) had spent more than 15 minutes receiving education from medical staff and 200 (61.5%) had attended the prenatal care clinic more than four times, most lacked adequate knowledge. The variables education level (P=0.000), working status (P=0.022), and place of residence (P=0.044) showed a statistically significant association with the knowledge level, also only education level statistically significantly affected the likelihood of knowledge gaps. In conclusion, early identification of obstetric warning signs and associated risk factors of pregnancy complications is integral to prevention.

This study investigated adolescent students‟ knowledge of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in eastern region schools for the deaf in Ghana. A descriptive survey design was used for the study. The researchers used HIV- The knowledge Questionnaire to assess the knowledge of respondents on STIs. Stratified sampling and simple random sampling techniques were employed. Proportional representation was used to select a sample of ninety-five (95) adolescent students with deafness from JHS2 and JHS3 between the ages of 13 and 24 years. Data were analyzed descriptively into frequencies and percentages. The results of the study indicated that the students knew of some of the types of STIs such as Gonorrhea, Syphilis, and HIV/AIDS. They, however, had inadequate knowledge of STIs such as Hepatitis B and Chlamydia.

The objective of this study was to assess the knowledge and training on Disaster Risk Reduction among Social Studies teachers’ trainees’ in the Selected Colleges of Education in Ghana. Embedded mixed method and a cross-sectional design was used for the study. The population of the study comprised Social Studies teacher trainees in St. Monicas, Berekum, Tamale, and John Bosco Colleges of Education. Homogenous purposive sampling technique was used to the four (4) Colleges of Education, convenient sampling technique was used to sample three hundred and nineteen (319) for the quantitative data while homogenous purposive sampling technique ten participants for the qualitative data. The main instrument used for data collection were close-ended questionnaire and interview guide. Legitimation process was adopted to ensure validity and reliability of the data collection instrument. The findings of the study revealed that Social Studies teacher trainees possessed low level of disaster risk reduction kits in their schools. The study also indicated that there was low level of extracurricular activities through which DRR knowledge could be impacted, such logistics should be provided by the various college authorities to help them mitigate disasters.. It is therefore recommended that clubs and Social Studies associations on disasters should be formed in the colleges by the college authorities. Discussions and programmes to be carried out in such associations will enable teacher trainees acquire the necessary knowledge and training needed for disaster risk reduction. It is also recommended that discussions should be tailored to reflect the types of risks and disasters which are not only common to all the colleges of education, but also peculiar to each of them.

Studies on the use of pesticides in southwest Nigeria have revealed a substantial rise in a variety of pesticide-related illnesses, including mental impairment and reproductive problems. Those who work in agriculture and are regularly exposed to pesticides are the most impacted. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that three million severe pesticide poisoning episodes occur globally each year, with at least 300.000 deaths and 99% of cases occurring in low- and middle-income nations. The effects of longer-term exposure to pesticides on health are not yet precisely estimated. Objectives: To this end, the objective of this study is to assess the knowledge of pesticide residues and common pesticides in grain-based food (brown and white beans, yellow and white maize, brown millet and rice) about pesticide use in selected markets of Southwest Nigeria. Methods: A total of 240 respondents were selected from four states (Ado-Ekiti, Ibadan, Osun and Ondo) with the aid of structured questionnaire and interview guide using purposive sampling technique. The markets were Oja-titun (market) Ile-Ife, Osun; Alesinloye Market Ibadan, Oyo; Oja Oba, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti; and Oja Oba, Akure Ondo State. The identification and quantification of pesticide residues was done using a Varian 3800/4000 gas chromatograph mass spectrometer while 60 structured questionnaires were administered to respondents including food merchants, buyers/consumers as well as food vendors. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: The experiment was conducted from November 2020 to November 2021. Up to 50.4% never read instructions on pesticide application while a shared 24.8% read them always and occasionally. The number of respondents who never read the instructions were particularly high in Ekiti and Ondo, up to 52.5% of the respondents in Ekiti do not know whether or not they are exposed to pesticides during application. Also, majority of the respondents never attended any professional training on pesticide application, this amounted to 79.3%. Most people were not aware that unsafe pesticide application is harmful to human health. Similarly, a wide variety of symptoms were reported by respondents following pesticide application or consumption of grains, these included headaches and dizziness, itching and redness of the eyes, skin allergy, diarrhea, and stomach disorder, vomiting and loss of appetite, weakness of the body, asthma, permanent skin patches, shortness of breath, excessive sweating. Millet recorded the highest number of OCP residues while maize had the lowest. On the contrary, maize had the highest number of OPP and carbamate residues while millet had the lowest number of OPP residues. Meanwhile, maize, rice and beans had only one carbamate pesticide residue. Conclusions: According to the study's conclusions, farmers who can only get information from agricultural extension officials should receive urgent and immediate attention for raising awareness. Additionally, extensive IPM training programs must be created with the intention of disseminating precautions for protecting human health and a healthy agro-ecosystem. In order to find more effective pest management methods that utilize less pesticides, it is crucial to reevaluate the pesticide residues and common pesticides found in grains in the targeted markets. To reduce farmers' exposure to pesticides, it is also required to establish personal protective measures, special educational initiatives, and legislation promoting the use of safer pesticides. Significance and novelty: This study gives policymakers a comprehensive understanding of the ways that may be utilized to close the significant knowledge gap on pesticide residues in grains and provides an insight into the knowledge of pesticide residues and common pesticides in grains.