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Article Open Access February 17, 2025

Gender Differences in the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Cardiometabolic Health: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey

Shervin Assari 1, 2, 3, 4,* and Hossein Zare 5, 6
1
Department of Internal Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
2
Department of Family Medicine, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
3
Department of Urban Public Health, Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and Science, Los Angeles, CA, United States
4
Marginalization-Related Diminished Returns (MDRs) Center, Los Angeles, CA, United States
5
Department of Health Policy and Management, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD, United States
6
School of Business, University of Maryland Global Campus (UMGC), Adelphi, MD, United States
Publihed in: Current Research in Public Health (Volume 4, Issue 1, 2025)
Page(s): 50-58
DOI: 10.31586/gjcd.2025.1198
Received
November 09, 2024
Revised
January 20, 2025
Accepted
February 12, 2025
Published
February 17, 2025
Keywords
Gender; Sex Differences; Gender Differences; Obesity; Diabetes; Heart Disease; Cardiometabolic Diseases
Creative Commons

This is an Open Access article, distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution and reproduction in any medium or format, provided the original work is properly cited.
Copyright: Copyright © The Author(s), 2025. Published by Scientific Publications
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APA Style
Assari, S. , & Zare, H. (2025). Gender Differences in the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Cardiometabolic Health: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Current Research in Public Health, 4(1), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.31586/gjcd.2025.1198
ACS Style
Assari, S. ; Zare, H. Gender Differences in the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Cardiometabolic Health: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Current Research in Public Health 2025 4(1), 50-58. https://doi.org/10.31586/gjcd.2025.1198
Chicago/Turabian Style
Assari, Shervin, and Hossein Zare. 2025. "Gender Differences in the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Cardiometabolic Health: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey". Current Research in Public Health 4, no. 1: 50-58. https://doi.org/10.31586/gjcd.2025.1198
AMA Style
Assari S, Zare H. Gender Differences in the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Cardiometabolic Health: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. Current Research in Public Health. 2025; 4(1):50-58. https://doi.org/10.31586/gjcd.2025.1198 
@Article{crph1198,
AUTHOR = {Assari, Shervin and Zare, Hossein},
TITLE = {Gender Differences in the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Cardiometabolic Health: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey},
JOURNAL = {Current Research in Public Health},
VOLUME = {4},
YEAR = {2025},
NUMBER = {1},
PAGES = {50-58},
URL = {https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/GJCD/article/view/1198},
ISSN = {2831-5162},
DOI = {10.31586/gjcd.2025.1198},
ABSTRACT = {Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) is a well-established determinant of health, often associated with lower risk of cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). However, the extent to which SES influences CMD may vary by gender due to differences in social roles, health behaviors, and biological susceptibilities. This study examined the relationship between SES, measured by the poverty-to-income ratio (PIR), and CMD indicators—including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD)—among men and women using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized NHANES data (1999-2018), adjusting for race/ethnicity and age. SES was operationalized using PIR, with CMD outcomes (obesity, diabetes, and CVD) as dependent variables. Generalized linear models (GLM) were employed to evaluate the main effects of SES on CMD, with gender included as a moderator. Results: Higher SES was associated with lower overall CMD risk. However, the protective effects of SES were more pronounced in women than in men for all outcomes. These findings suggest that gender-specific pathways may mediate the relationship between SES and CMD. Women may derive greater health benefits from higher SES due to factors such as reduced stress exposure, healthier behaviors, and increased healthcare utilization. Conversely, the weaker association observed in men may reflect differences in social hierarchy sensitivity, responses to unemployment, or other contextual factors. Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of gender-specific considerations when addressing SES-related disparities in CMD outcomes. Policies and interventions aimed at reducing CMD burden should account for these gender differences to promote equitable improvements in cardiometabolic health. Further research is needed to unravel the mechanisms driving these differences and to inform targeted strategies.},
}
%0 Journal Article
%A Assari, Shervin
%A Zare, Hossein
%D 2025
%J Current Research in Public Health

%@ 2831-5162
%V 4
%N 1
%P 50-58

%T Gender Differences in the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Cardiometabolic Health: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
%M doi:10.31586/gjcd.2025.1198
%U https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/GJCD/article/view/1198

TY  - JOUR
AU  - Assari, Shervin
AU  - Zare, Hossein
TI  - Gender Differences in the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Cardiometabolic Health: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
T2  - Current Research in Public Health
PY  - 2025
VL  - 4
IS  - 1
SN  - 2831-5162
SP  - 50
EP  - 58
UR  - https://www.scipublications.com/journal/index.php/GJCD/article/view/1198
AB  - Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) is a well-established determinant of health, often associated with lower risk of cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). However, the extent to which SES influences CMD may vary by gender due to differences in social roles, health behaviors, and biological susceptibilities. This study examined the relationship between SES, measured by the poverty-to-income ratio (PIR), and CMD indicators—including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD)—among men and women using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized NHANES data (1999-2018), adjusting for race/ethnicity and age. SES was operationalized using PIR, with CMD outcomes (obesity, diabetes, and CVD) as dependent variables. Generalized linear models (GLM) were employed to evaluate the main effects of SES on CMD, with gender included as a moderator. Results: Higher SES was associated with lower overall CMD risk. However, the protective effects of SES were more pronounced in women than in men for all outcomes. These findings suggest that gender-specific pathways may mediate the relationship between SES and CMD. Women may derive greater health benefits from higher SES due to factors such as reduced stress exposure, healthier behaviors, and increased healthcare utilization. Conversely, the weaker association observed in men may reflect differences in social hierarchy sensitivity, responses to unemployment, or other contextual factors. Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of gender-specific considerations when addressing SES-related disparities in CMD outcomes. Policies and interventions aimed at reducing CMD burden should account for these gender differences to promote equitable improvements in cardiometabolic health. Further research is needed to unravel the mechanisms driving these differences and to inform targeted strategies.
DO  - Gender Differences in the Association Between Socioeconomic Status and Cardiometabolic Health: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey
TI  - 10.31586/gjcd.2025.1198
ER  -