The purpose of this study was to evaluate a practical model in teaching double indicator titration in chemistry in the senior high schools in Ghana Research design for the study was Action research. The population was made up of chemistry teachers and students. in four senior high schools with two schools located in the Kwaebibirim District and two senior high schools located in the Denkyembuo District of the Eastern Region of Ghana. Purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to select the respondents for the study. The sample comprised of twenty-five (25) chemistry teachers and one hundred and fifty (150) students in the four Senior High schools. The study indicated that Chemistry teachers would improve upon the academic performance of chemistry students in double indicator titration when they use the developed practical teaching model (DEPTEM) more. The main instruments used in this study were classroom observational checklists and questionnaires. Descriptive statistics (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) were used to analyze the data gathered. Coding schemes were developed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) (version 21) to organize the data into meaningful and manageable categories. The study also revealed that the outcome of the post-test indicated that, the DEPTEM impact differently on the academic performance of SHS male and female chemistry students in the Kwaebibirim and Denkyembuo Districts of the Eastern Region. It is recommended that the government and non-governmental organizations should collaborate with the Ministry of Education to sponsor in production of more of the developed practical model (DEPTEM) for teaching chemistry lessons. This in a way would help improve the academic performance of chemistry students in the Kwaebibirim and Denkyembuo Districts of the Eastern Region and the nation at large. It is also recommended that chemistry teachers should consider teaching methods that would equally cater to both male and female chemistry students during chemistry lessons.

The purpose of this study was to examine chemistry teachers' teaching and learning strategies in double indicator titration in Senior High Schools in Ghana. Action research design using a quantitative approach was used for the study. Purposive and simple random sampling procedures were employed to select one hundred and seventy-five (175) participants (teachers and students) for the study. The classroom observational checklist and questionnaire were the instruments used to collect data in the study. Descriptive statistics tools (frequency, percentage, mean and standard deviation) were used to analyse the quantitative data. The study revealed that Chemistry teachers in the Kwaebibirim and Denkyembuo Districts of the Eastern Region used the lecture method in teaching double indicator titration lessons instead of practical activities and this had negative effects on their academic performance. The study also indicated that the effective model that can be used to improve teaching and learning of double indicator titration is the developed practical teaching model (DEPTEM) as compared to the teachers’ method. It is recommended that in-service training should be organized for chemistry teachers who were already in the field of work to use more of the developed practical model (DEPTEM) in relation to the lecture method. It is also recommended that chemistry teachers should use teaching methods that would allow chemistry students to participate and manipulate equipment/materials using their five senses and other skills instead of teaching in abstract or allowing them to remain less active in their class.

The plant leaves used as adsorbent in this study were Guava plant leaves (GPL) and Cashew plant leaves (CPL). The samples were collected within Gombe State. Batch adsorption method was used in determining the adsorption process. Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scan-ning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were used for the characterization. The results show promising signs as they were in agreement with most literatures; various per-centage removals were obtained from Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ (GPL and CPL) at optimum conditions. The equilibrium data fitted well with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Langmuir mod-el fitted well for Pb²⁺ (CPL) with R² value (0.9855) and Cd²⁺ for (GPL and CPL) with R²values (0.9945 and 0.9948) while Pb²⁺ (GPL) with correlation coefficient at 0.9116 best fits well with Freundlich isotherm model. Pseudo first order and second order were used in testing the kinetics study from which pseudo second order best fitted better than that of the first order kinetics. The thermodynamic study shows that ΔG is negative in most cases except for Cd²⁺ (GPL) where ΔG is positive. Whereas ΔH and ΔS are positive in some cases showing an endothermic and spontane-ous adsorption processes respectively, as well as negative in some. Based on this study, GPL and CPL could be used as a natural adsorbent to remove Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ heavy metals from wastewater and environment due to their high removal efficiencies.

In this Research work, Silver Nanoparticles were green synthesized from Psidium guajava leaves<b> </b>and different Characterization techniques including UV-Visible, FT-IR, SEM and XRD were all employed to ascertain the absorption peaks, functional group, surface morphology and crystalline size of the nanoparticles respectively. These nanoparticles green synthesized were applied against four different pathogens namely, S. aureus (gram- positive bacteria), E. coli (gram- negative bacteria), C. albicans (gram- positive fungus) and Aspergillus niger and the investigation showed that the Silver nanoparticles synthesized were potent against the selected pathogens. From the UV-Vis spectral analysis, it was observed that highest absorption peaks appeared at 400nm and 500nm reflecting the surface plasmon resonance of silver Nanoparticles from guava leaves which is characteristic of Silver Nanoparticles. From the FT-IR spectrum of the sample under studied, the peaks 3416.85 cm^-1, 2923.51 cm^-1, 1618.95 cm^-1, 1384.49 cm^-1 and 1033.63 cm^-1 were observed where the absorption band at 3416.85 cm^-1corresponds to the stretching due to N-H, while the band at 2923.51 cm^-1 is associated with C-H stretch of alkane and O-H stretching. The peak at 1618.95 cm^-1 shows C=C stretching, 1384.49 cm^-1reveals the existence of C-H bending and 1033.63 cm^-1 depicted C-O stretching. The SEM analysis revealed the shape of the nanoparticles as being spherical while XRD result admits that the average size of the green synthesized Ag NPs was 45.5 nm using the Scherer’s formula. Augmentin was used as control at concentration of 300μg/L throughout antimicrobial studies. Different concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500μg/L of Silver Nanoparticles were tested against each pathogen. It was discovered that with increase in concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles of all the pathogens, there generally appeared to be increase in inhibition zone. At higher concentration of 500μg/L, the zones of inhibition were in the following order; 22.50 mm, 17.00mm, 15.44mm, and 13.23mm for E. Coli, S. aureus, C. albicans and Aspergillus niger respectively. For each concentration investigated, E. coli, demonstrated higher zone of inhibition as opposed to all other pathogens investigated in this research.

During the past few decades, many of the synthetic chemicals are able to produce nanoparticles and nanoclusters, although these chemicals primarily act as reducing and capping agents, they are very toxic and hazardous and make the nanoparticles biologically incompatible. Thus there is need for green chemistry that includes a clean, non-toxic and environmental friendly method of nanoparticles synthesis. Cobalt, iron and copper nanoparticles were synthesized using the stem-bark extract of khayasenegalensis (mahogany) where cobalt chloride (CoCl₂ 6H₂O), ferric chloride (FeCl₂), and copper sulphate (CuSO₄ H₂O) were used as the metal precursor respectively. The change in color from light brown to dark brown indicates the formation of cobalt nanoparticles, from light brown to dark green indicates the formation of copper nanoparticles and also the change in color from light brown to a dark color indicates formation of iron nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were further characterized using UV visible spectroscopy, FTIR, and SEM. The UV result for CoNPs showed the highest peak at 500nm and both FeNPs and CuNPs showed the highest peak at 300nm. The FTIR results for all the nanoparticles showed the presence of Alkaloids and triterpenes. Also the SEM result showed spherical granular, partially dispersed and monodispersed morphology for CoNPs, FeNPs and CuNPs respectively. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of the synthesized NPs when tested against two gram positive bacteria and two gram negative bacteria was evaluated and good results were obtained. The antifungal activity when tested against two fungi showed a very good result.