World Journal of Electrical and Electronic Engineering

PLCs, or programmable logic controllers, are essential parts of contemporary industrial automation systems and are responsible for managing and keeping an eye on a variety of operations. PLC reliability is critical to maintaining industrial systems' continuous and secure operation. A wide range of reliability strategies were used to improve the reliability of Programmable Logic Controllers, and this article methodically looks... PLCs, or programmable logic controllers, are essential parts of contemporary industrial automation systems and are responsible for managing and keeping an eye on a variety of operations. PLC reliability is critical to maintaining industrial systems' continuous and secure operation. A wide range of reliability strategies were used to improve the reliability of Programmable Logic Controllers, and this article methodically looks at them all. The evaluation classified PLC reliability techniques into Root Cause Analysis (RCA), Reliability Centered Maintenance (RCM), Hazard analysis (HA), Reliability block diagram (RBD), Fault tree analysis (FTA), Physics of failure (PoF) and FMEA/FMECA, after thoroughly reviewing the body of literature. The proportion of reviewed papers using either RCA, RCM, FMEA/FMECA, FTA, RBD, RCM, PoF, or Hazard analysis to increase the reliability of PLCs showed that RCA, which makes up 20% of the publications reviewed, has been used the most to increase the reliability of the PLC, followed by HA, RCM, RBD, FTA, and PoF, which account for 17%, 16%, 16%,13%, 10%, and 8% of the articles reviewed, respectively. The paper discusses new developments and trends in PLC reliability, such as the application of machine learning (ML) and artificial intelligence (AI) to fault detection and predictive maintenance. Read more

The control of processes is made smooth and effective by Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), which are essential to industrial automation. The assessment of PLCs' reliability is crucial since more and more sectors depend on them for crucial tasks. In-depth reviews of the components necessary to evaluate PLC system reliability are presented in this study. To ensure a robust review, the... The control of processes is made smooth and effective by Programmable Logic Controllers (PLCs), which are essential to industrial automation. The assessment of PLCs' reliability is crucial since more and more sectors depend on them for crucial tasks. In-depth reviews of the components necessary to evaluate PLC system reliability are presented in this study. To ensure a robust review, the review first clarifies the basic concepts of reliability, highlighting the significance of system uptime and the ramifications of failures in industrial settings. Next, it examined the different elements that go into a PLC's overall reliability, such as availability, testability, and (maintenance and maintainability). The percentage of the reviewed papers that employed (maintenance and maintainability), testability, or availability to improve the reliability of PLC systems showed that, availability and (maintenance and maintainability) has been employed the most for enhancing system reliability, accounting for 32% each of publications analyzed, followed by testability, accounting for 28% respectively. The scatter chart that depicts the progression of reliability components from 2010 to 2023 also explained that the use of availability and (maintenance and maintainability) was increasing. This upward trend can be explained by the fact that repairable systems are heavily reliant on availability, whereas (maintenance and maintainability) tend to avoid unnecessary equipment breakdown and testability, which ensures the ease with which the functionality of any system or component can be ascertained with the required level of precision. Read more

Among the most significant systems that organizations of all stripes, whether public or private, use is the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. Due in large part to the rapid growth of Internet services and the growing reliance on the infrastructure of Cloud service providers, ERP design has advanced, and numerous types of Internet-service-dependent ERP systems have emerged. In addition to... Among the most significant systems that organizations of all stripes, whether public or private, use is the Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) system. Due in large part to the rapid growth of Internet services and the growing reliance on the infrastructure of Cloud service providers, ERP design has advanced, and numerous types of Internet-service-dependent ERP systems have emerged. In addition to the traditional ERP system, the most significant ERP types are Web-based ERP and Cloud ERP. As a result, ERP system vendors and designers, including Oracle and SAP, are relying on cloud-based ERP system design, and offering the ERP system as a service for monthly and annual subscription, where the system is external to the organization and does not need to exist within the organization. Read more

The main goal of this paper is to study the effect of winding topology on coils electrical behavior in experimental way to take into account the self capacitance of coils, several coils are fabricated using copper wire with changing the number of winding layers and fixing the spiral numbers, in addition two coils was fabricated to study the effect of... The main goal of this paper is to study the effect of winding topology on coils electrical behavior in experimental way to take into account the self capacitance of coils, several coils are fabricated using copper wire with changing the number of winding layers and fixing the spiral numbers, in addition two coils was fabricated to study the effect of the winding wire diameter, the measured reactance and resistance of eddy current coils are done using precision LCR-meter with a frequency range from 0Hz to 5 MHz, the experimental results shows very remarkable interactions of resonator due to the changing of winding topology and his effect on self capacitance of coils. Read more

This research work is about the propagation of electromagnetic waves on coaxial cables such that its resistive losses are minimized, and signal quality is improved. The resistive loss of a coaxial cable is caused by several things; impedance of the conductor, and the type of dielectric material used and the skin effect and causes the signal to be attenuated. In... This research work is about the propagation of electromagnetic waves on coaxial cables such that its resistive losses are minimized, and signal quality is improved. The resistive loss of a coaxial cable is caused by several things; impedance of the conductor, and the type of dielectric material used and the skin effect and causes the signal to be attenuated. In this research, various comparison was made on different coaxial cables in other to test their resistivity per length of the conductor and measure the losses per meter of the coaxial cables. The various properties of the conductor, the impedance, capacitance, and the velocity of propagations was taken into consideration. Measurements were carried out to derive our data, and MATLAB was used in analyzing the results and the behaviour of the LMR series, RG8, RG6A, Davis RF, and CQ110 coaxial cables. Based on the findings, it is concluded that for a better and improved signal quality and to reduce resistive losses in coaxial cables, the characteristic impedance of the cable should be 80 ohms as this will reduce the coaxial cable resistive losses. Read more

The Doppler shift is an angle dependent function. Based on the relationship between frequency shift and angle, direction-finding method can be used directly to obtain the ranging solution based on frequency shift measurement. The Doppler ranging solution obtained by this method has excellent calculation accuracy and can keep the same accuracy as the ranging solution based on frequency shift difference... The Doppler shift is an angle dependent function. Based on the relationship between frequency shift and angle, direction-finding method can be used directly to obtain the ranging solution based on frequency shift measurement. The Doppler ranging solution obtained by this method has excellent calculation accuracy and can keep the same accuracy as the ranging solution based on frequency shift difference processing. Read more