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Open Access November 05, 2024

Effect of Different Processing Methods on Total Phenolic and Total Flavonoid Content of Selected Indigenous Vegetables

Theresia Ponsiano Ngungulu, Alex Wenaty, Bernard Chove, Rashid Suleiman, Hadijah Mbwana
Universal Journal of Food Science and Technology 2024, 2(1), 60-72. DOI: 10.31586/ujfst.2024.1054
Abstract Foods rich in phytochemicals are well recognized for their role in the prevention of chronic disease development, in addition to fulfilling the nutrient requirements. However, different processing methods employed during preparation may affect their levels and functionality as they are sensitive to different processing parameters such as temperature and light. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of three common processing methods; boiling, fermentation, and drying (sun and solar drying, with and without blanching), on total phenolic content and total flavonoid content in cassava (Manhot esculenta Crantz), black jack (Bidens pilosa) and bitter lettuce leaves (Launaea cornuta [...] Read more.
Foods rich in phytochemicals are well recognized for their role in the prevention of chronic disease development, in addition to fulfilling the nutrient requirements. However, different processing methods employed during preparation may affect their levels and functionality as they are sensitive to different processing parameters such as temperature and light. This study aimed to evaluate the effects of three common processing methods; boiling, fermentation, and drying (sun and solar drying, with and without blanching), on total phenolic content and total flavonoid content in cassava (Manhot esculenta Crantz), black jack (Bidens pilosa) and bitter lettuce leaves (Launaea cornuta) grown in Mkuranga District in the Eastern part of Tanzania. Total phenolic content and total flavonoid content were analyzed by using the spectrophotometric method with the use of Folin-Ciocalteu and Aluminum Chloride reagents, respectively. Total phenolic content ranged from 0.9±0.14 to 85.7 ± 0.56 mg Gallic Acid Equivalent (GAE)/100g and flavonoids ranged from 0.03±0.00 to 3.9±0.03 mg/100g across the treatments. Both parameters were adversely affected by fermentation and boiling, while solar and sun drying only reduced the flavonoid content. Results showed that direct solar and sun drying appear to be effective processing methods, for the retention and maintenance of total phenolic content in all samples while, none proved to be effective for flavonoid content.
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Open Access November 24, 2022

Relativistic Radial Density Theory (RRDT)

Branko Novakovic
Universal Journal of Physics Research 2022, 1(1), 77-87. DOI: 10.31586/ujpr.2022.500
Abstract Starting with Planck scale it is developed the Relativistic Radial Density Theory (RRDT). In this theory, the Planck and gravitational parameters can be described as the functions of the radial mass (energy) density value. This density is maximal at the minimal radius and minimal at the maximal radius. This conclusion is based on the fact that the ratio of Planck mass and Planck length (radius) is constant. These radiuses can be described as the function of the energy conservation constant κ. Using RRDT, it is possible to develop the connections between Planck’s and gravitational parameters as function of the maximal and minimal radial mass (energy) density values. In that sense, the gravitational length, time, energy and temperature can be presented as the function of the Planck length, time, energy and temperature, respectively. This opens possibility to merge of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and the General Theory of Relativity (GTR) at the quantum scale in gravitational field. The existence of the maximal radial mass (energy) density value at the minimal radius in gravitational field means that no singularity in that field. Further, the existence of the minimal radial mass (energy) density value at the maximal radius in gravitational field means that no infinity in that field. It follows the postulation: the most minimal radius in a gravitational field belongs to the minimal mass (energy). Since the Planck mass is not the minimal mass in space-time, the Planck length/radius is not the minimal length/radius in the space-time. If the calculated minimal (or maximal) radius is the bigger than the related official radius it means that there exists a dark matter in this object. In that sense, the black holes are presenting the state of the matter at the minimal radius where we have the maximal radial mass (energy) density value. Further, the maximal possible radius of the matter is presenting the state with the minimal radial mass (energy) density value. Thus, the maximal and minimal radial mass (energy) density values are constants and conserved items. Now the question is: do motion of the Universe follows the RRDT [...] Read more.
Starting with Planck scale it is developed the Relativistic Radial Density Theory (RRDT). In this theory, the Planck and gravitational parameters can be described as the functions of the radial mass (energy) density value. This density is maximal at the minimal radius and minimal at the maximal radius. This conclusion is based on the fact that the ratio of Planck mass and Planck length (radius) is constant. These radiuses can be described as the function of the energy conservation constant κ. Using RRDT, it is possible to develop the connections between Planck’s and gravitational parameters as function of the maximal and minimal radial mass (energy) density values. In that sense, the gravitational length, time, energy and temperature can be presented as the function of the Planck length, time, energy and temperature, respectively. This opens possibility to merge of Quantum Field Theory (QFT) and the General Theory of Relativity (GTR) at the quantum scale in gravitational field. The existence of the maximal radial mass (energy) density value at the minimal radius in gravitational field means that no singularity in that field. Further, the existence of the minimal radial mass (energy) density value at the maximal radius in gravitational field means that no infinity in that field. It follows the postulation: the most minimal radius in a gravitational field belongs to the minimal mass (energy). Since the Planck mass is not the minimal mass in space-time, the Planck length/radius is not the minimal length/radius in the space-time. If the calculated minimal (or maximal) radius is the bigger than the related official radius it means that there exists a dark matter in this object. In that sense, the black holes are presenting the state of the matter at the minimal radius where we have the maximal radial mass (energy) density value. Further, the maximal possible radius of the matter is presenting the state with the minimal radial mass (energy) density value. Thus, the maximal and minimal radial mass (energy) density values are constants and conserved items. Now the question is: do motion of the Universe follows the RRDT?
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Open Access August 21, 2021

Global Analysis of Potential COVID 19 Transmission and Enabling Factors

Hesham Magd, Henry Karyamsetty
Global Journal of Epidemiology and Infectious Disease 2021, 1(1), 46-61. DOI: 10.31586/gjeid.2021.010103
Abstract Background: Coronavirus disease has caused global turmoil especially causing huge impact on human life all over the world. Current reports states more than 3 million people have lost life and more than 160 million people are known to be suspected with the SARS-CoV-2. Transmission and disease incidence rates are indicators to assess the seriousness of COVID-19 pandemic and studies to understand the factors that aid in this direction are very vital to curb the disease. Methods: The study intends to discover the relationship by performing statistical analysis using correlation and multiple linear regression analysis between the variable’s population density, temperature, relative humidity, and active time of virus and find out the parameters that predict the cases reported per million population in 83 countries. Results: Analysis indicates active time of virus in days is very positively associated with the COVID -19 cases in all the countries r = .604, p < .01. Active time of virus shows strong negative correlation with temperature r = -.930, p [...] Read more.
Background: Coronavirus disease has caused global turmoil especially causing huge impact on human life all over the world. Current reports states more than 3 million people have lost life and more than 160 million people are known to be suspected with the SARS-CoV-2. Transmission and disease incidence rates are indicators to assess the seriousness of COVID-19 pandemic and studies to understand the factors that aid in this direction are very vital to curb the disease. Methods: The study intends to discover the relationship by performing statistical analysis using correlation and multiple linear regression analysis between the variable’s population density, temperature, relative humidity, and active time of virus and find out the parameters that predict the cases reported per million population in 83 countries. Results: Analysis indicates active time of virus in days is very positively associated with the COVID -19 cases in all the countries r = .604, p < .01. Active time of virus shows strong negative correlation with temperature r = -.930, p < .01 revealing that rise in temperature will reduce the virus activity in the population. Together, these variables will account for 36.2% variance in the cases per million population with no significant prediction estimated from any factor. Conclusion: The study outcomes clearly state that population density alone is insufficient to estimate the extent of influence on COVID -19 cases as the number of persons living per sq. km of land is a dynamic quantity tend to fluctuate over time and space due to migration of population. In conjunction to the previous studies reported on the environmental and climatic factors influencing the cases reported, population dynamics does not show much significance on the disease spread and incidence. Contribution: The rise in confirmed cases and the high incidence rate reported in countries can be attributed to the active time of virus life expectancy as there is a positive correlation observed between the COVID-19 cases reported and the virus active time in the examined countries. Also, environment and climatic factors play a role in modulating the infection and transmission rate with less significant influence of population density on the COVID-19.
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Open Access April 30, 2025

An Alternative Renewable Energy Source: Thermal Expansion and Contraction of Materials

Abdulkobi Parsokhonov, Orziqul Nurullayev, Abdurauf Akhmedov
Online Journal of Engineering Sciences 2025, 4(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.31586/ojes.2025.6087
Abstract The processes of technical and technological development are unequivocally linked to increasing energy consumption, with a significant portion of energy being produced from fossil fuels worldwide. The reserves of natural energy sources such as petroleum, gas, coal, and turf are finite. The transition to renewable energy sources has been ongoing for a long time, but share in global energy [...] Read more.
The processes of technical and technological development are unequivocally linked to increasing energy consumption, with a significant portion of energy being produced from fossil fuels worldwide. The reserves of natural energy sources such as petroleum, gas, coal, and turf are finite. The transition to renewable energy sources has been ongoing for a long time, but share in global energy consumption remains lower than desired. The main limitations include limited availability, inability to operate continuously throughout the year, high costs, and a lack of materials and devices capable of withstanding high temperatures and pressures. The goal of our research is to create a device that generates electricity using a new type of renewable energy source based on the thermal expansion and contraction of materials. This paper presents the construction, details, and working principles of the new device. The primary focus is on utilizing materials and components that are readily available. The proposed method has own advantages, addresses some of the aforementioned limitations, and can be particularly beneficial for providing electrical energy in remote areas. Calculations indicate that the device built using this new method will be competitive with appliances that utilize other renewable energy sources in terms of features and efficiency.
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Open Access December 04, 2023

The Effect of Nutrition on the Autonomous Nervous System: A Systematic Review

Antonio Beira de Andrade Junior, Elena Marie Peixoto Ruthes de Andrade
Open Journal of Food and Nutrition 2023, 2(1), 1-5. DOI: 10.31586/ojfn.2023.670
Abstract Nutrition plays a key role in regulating the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, breathing, digestion and body temperature. Some nutrients, such as amino acids, vitamins and minerals, have a specific role in the ANS. For example, amino acids are necessary for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and [...] Read more.
Nutrition plays a key role in regulating the autonomic nervous system (ANS), which is responsible for controlling involuntary bodily functions such as heart rate, breathing, digestion and body temperature. Some nutrients, such as amino acids, vitamins and minerals, have a specific role in the ANS. For example, amino acids are necessary for the synthesis of neurotransmitters, such as serotonin and dopamine, which regulate mood and anxiety. Vitamins and minerals are important for the proper functioning of the ANS, such as vitamin B12, magnesium and zinc. A balanced diet can help reduce oxidative stress and inflammation, which can negatively affect ANS functioning. On the other hand, a nutrient-poor diet can lead to dysfunctions in the ANS, such as hypertension, changes in heart rate and digestive disorders. Digestive problems such as constipation, diarrhea, irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) and functional dyspepsia can occur when the ANS is not working properly. It is important to maintain a healthy and balanced diet to ensure the proper functioning of the autonomic nervous system.
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Open Access October 27, 2023

An Assessment of Insect Fauna on Staminate and Pistillate Flowers of Cocos nucifera: A Case of Asebu in the Central Region of Ghana

Emmanuel Sylvanus Aidoo, Millicent Gyesi
Open Journal of Agricultural Research 2023, 3(1), 42-57. DOI: 10.31586/ojar.2023.814
Abstract Quantitatively, this study aimed to determine the abundance and diversity of the insect fauna that visits the staminate and pistillate flowers of Cocos nucifera. The study was conducted at an experimental plantation belonging to the Coconut Research Programme (CRP) of the Oil Palm Research Institute (OPRI) of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), to provide diagnostic support for the Cape St. Paul Wilt Disease (CSPWD) at Asebu in the Central Region of Ghana. The populations of coconut palms represented the dwarf type with few tall ecotypes. Five Insects were randomly chosen with newly opened inflorescences. Observations and collections of insect visitors to coconut flowers were made once a week on 30 newly opened inflorescences, five from each batch within the plantation. Specimens of the data were deposited in the official insect collection and processed at the laboratory of the Entomology Museum of the Department of Conservation Biology and Entomology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. The study indicated that 9 different species of insects were identified to be the true fauna that visited the staminate and pistillate flowers of C. nucifera Ethiosciapus sp., Sarcophaga sp., Scolia dubia, Lucilia sp., Ornidia sp., Apis melifera, Dactylurina standingeri, Red Ant and Black Ant. These insects were observed in all the six batches considered and were available at all times of the day. Most of the insects were observed in the early morning from 6 am - 9 am followed by the evening 4 pm –7 pm. The abundance of insect visitors was low during the mid-day (11 a.m. to 3 p.m.) in all six batches during high temperatures. The results of this study revealed that there were abundances of Ethioscipus sp. was the least abundant in all the batches followed by Scolia dubia then Sarcophaga sp. Red Ants had the highest abundance in most of the Batches thus becoming the most abundant insect that forage the coconut inflorescence at the Asebu plantation. The bees, Apis melifera and Dactylurina standingeri were the most abundant species after the Red Ants. All these groups of insects were not considered in the study and it is recommended that further studies consider such visitors to observe which insects are doing what on the inflorescence. The range for the ‘time of day for’ of the study was mostly diurnal (morning 6 am-9 am, afternoon 11 am-2 pm and evening 4 pm7 pm). There was no observation made of the pollination system or activities of these insect visitors nocturnally. There may be high pollination activities of these insects during the late evenings. It is recommended that future work should incorporate the late evening period to observe an abundance of diurnal insect visitors of the coconut inflorescences.Keywords: Insect, Fauna, Staminate, Pistillate Flowers, Cocos nucifera [...] Read more.
Quantitatively, this study aimed to determine the abundance and diversity of the insect fauna that visits the staminate and pistillate flowers of Cocos nucifera. The study was conducted at an experimental plantation belonging to the Coconut Research Programme (CRP) of the Oil Palm Research Institute (OPRI) of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), to provide diagnostic support for the Cape St. Paul Wilt Disease (CSPWD) at Asebu in the Central Region of Ghana. The populations of coconut palms represented the dwarf type with few tall ecotypes. Five Insects were randomly chosen with newly opened inflorescences. Observations and collections of insect visitors to coconut flowers were made once a week on 30 newly opened inflorescences, five from each batch within the plantation. Specimens of the data were deposited in the official insect collection and processed at the laboratory of the Entomology Museum of the Department of Conservation Biology and Entomology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. The study indicated that 9 different species of insects were identified to be the true fauna that visited the staminate and pistillate flowers of C. nucifera Ethiosciapus sp., Sarcophaga sp., Scolia dubia, Lucilia sp., Ornidia sp., Apis melifera, Dactylurina standingeri, Red Ant and Black Ant. These insects were observed in all the six batches considered and were available at all times of the day. Most of the insects were observed in the early morning from 6 am - 9 am followed by the evening 4 pm –7 pm. The abundance of insect visitors was low during the mid-day (11 a.m. to 3 p.m.) in all six batches during high temperatures. The results of this study revealed that there were abundances of Ethioscipus sp. was the least abundant in all the batches followed by Scolia dubia then Sarcophaga sp. Red Ants had the highest abundance in most of the Batches thus becoming the most abundant insect that forage the coconut inflorescence at the Asebu plantation. The bees, Apis melifera and Dactylurina standingeri were the most abundant species after the Red Ants. All these groups of insects were not considered in the study and it is recommended that further studies consider such visitors to observe which insects are doing what on the inflorescence. The range for the ‘time of day for’ of the study was mostly diurnal (morning 6 am-9 am, afternoon 11 am-2 pm and evening 4 pm7 pm). There was no observation made of the pollination system or activities of these insect visitors nocturnally. There may be high pollination activities of these insects during the late evenings. It is recommended that future work should incorporate the late evening period to observe an abundance of diurnal insect visitors of the coconut inflorescences.Keywords: Insect, Fauna, Staminate, Pistillate Flowers, Cocos nucifera
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Open Access February 20, 2023

Response of Three Cucumber Cultivars to the Application of Sulphate of Ammonia as top Dressing with Respect to Fruit Yield and Shelf Life

Yakubu Jacob Fuseini, Alhassan Nurideen
Open Journal of Agricultural Research 2023, 3(1), 1-11. DOI: 10.31586/ojar.2023.629
Abstract The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the Horticulture Department, University for Development Studies (UDS), Nyankpala campus with the aim of determining the response of three cucumber cultivars (Marketer, Nandini, Pointset) to the application of sulphate of ammonia as top dressing with respect to fruit yield, and shelf life. It was a 3 x 3 x 2 factorial arranged in a [...] Read more.
The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the Horticulture Department, University for Development Studies (UDS), Nyankpala campus with the aim of determining the response of three cucumber cultivars (Marketer, Nandini, Pointset) to the application of sulphate of ammonia as top dressing with respect to fruit yield, and shelf life. It was a 3 x 3 x 2 factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data was collected on total fruit yield, shelf life and percentage fruit decay in storage. Their effect on the varieties differed significantly to a varying degree. The factors, however, had no significant impact and caused no difference in the fruit yield and fruit weight. 15:15:15 NPK effect on the cucumbers caused a high decay incidence when applied alone or in combination with (NH4)2SO4. Therefore, the application rate may be revised or reduced to experiment if decay incidence would decline in storage. Further studies may extensively be carried out to note if varying the rate of NPK would impact positively on the shelf life of cucumber. (NH4)2SO4 effect increased weight loss in cucumbers hence, better storage techniques should be considered by controlling high temperatures. Complete fertilizer; 15:15:15 NPK and (NH4)2SO4 had a positive impact on protein and fibre. Hence, their application is recommended for increasing protein and fibre level in cucumbers.
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Open Access August 27, 2022

Thermal Energy Consumption Assessment in a Fluid Milk Plant

Hernández Touset J. P., Roche Delgado L.
Online Journal of Engineering Sciences 2022, 2(1), 13-22. DOI: 10.31586/ojes.2022.392
Abstract The main energy conservation opportunities in a dairy plant are in refrigeration, and steam generation. This paper aims to identify potential energy and water savings and opportunities to improve the thermal efficiency of a fluid milk processing plant, using energy analysis and Heat Integration methods. Methodologies for energy analysis and Pinch Analysis with the use of HENSAD and Aspen Energy [...] Read more.
The main energy conservation opportunities in a dairy plant are in refrigeration, and steam generation. This paper aims to identify potential energy and water savings and opportunities to improve the thermal efficiency of a fluid milk processing plant, using energy analysis and Heat Integration methods. Methodologies for energy analysis and Pinch Analysis with the use of HENSAD and Aspen Energy Analyzer are applied. The main specific energy consumptions are defined as indicators of the progress of improved energy efficiency. The determination of energy performance indicators and energy targets of the heat exchanger network, as well as its design, allowed identifying opportunities for improvement to reduce fuel and water consumption through heat recovery in the milk pasteurization process. Current hot and cold utilities duties are satisfied, for a minimum allowable temperature difference of 20 °C. Total annual savings of 60 t of fuel oil and 15,800 m3 of water allow assessing the feasibility of an investment project for improved heat recovery.
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Open Access July 05, 2022

Farmers’ Perceptions on the Impacts of Climate Change (CC) on Crops Output

Isaac Verberk Mensah, Samuel Kingsford Twene, Eric Kofi Adjei
Universal Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 2022, 2(3), 119-132. DOI: 10.31586/ujssh.2022.355
Abstract The study aimed at examining farmers’ perceptions on the impacts of climate change on food crops and the farming practices that contribute to climate change (CC) in Bibiani – Ahwiaso – Bekwai municipality of Western North Region of Ghana. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used for this study. The population of the study consisted of the number of households in six communities (Hwenampori, [...] Read more.
The study aimed at examining farmers’ perceptions on the impacts of climate change on food crops and the farming practices that contribute to climate change (CC) in Bibiani – Ahwiaso – Bekwai municipality of Western North Region of Ghana. Qualitative and quantitative methods were used for this study. The population of the study consisted of the number of households in six communities (Hwenampori, Wenchi, Tanoso, Awaso-Asempanaye, Kunkumso, and Sefwi Bekwai), officials from MoFA, GMA, and heads of households who are food crop farmers from the study area. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select respondents for the study. 231 respondents were selected and contacted for information to aid them in the study. The main instruments for data collection were the administration of questionnaires to farmers, organization of focus group discussions with key informants, the use of structured interview guides on MoFA directorates and direct observation of some farms. The primary and secondary data were sourced mainly from household heads from the study communities who are in the production of maize, cassava, and plantain. Pearson Chi-Square and Cross-tabulation of the IBM SPSS Version 20 were also used in performing descriptive statistical analysis. The study revealed that the output of maize, cassava, and plantain have all proved to be negatively impacted by changes in rainfall and temperature patterns with a more significant impact observed from maize responses to temperature. The study also indicated that the impact of climate change may affect the crops at any stage of the production process right from the land preparation to the maturity stage of crops but the more profound effect is observed at fruit development and maturation stages. The study indicated that changes in temperature affect crop yield, especially during the fruit/seed development stage. The study revealed that most farmers (about 92.2%) have observed climate change in the study area and indicated events like unpredictable rainfall patterns, excessively high temperatures and strong winds. It is recommended that capacity building and awareness creation should be enhanced by GMA and MoFA through the media to ensure that communication about climate change and food security is meaningful. This means that education on diversification of farming methods has not been enough if there is any at all in the area. Awareness creation, therefore, allows people to make informed and responsible decisions toward sustainable farming practices which will lead to food security and also environmental sustainability.
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