The banana (Musa spp.) is a tropical fruit with excellent sensory characteristics in terms of aroma, flavor and texture, consumed worldwide and exploited in most tropical countries. Green banana flour is rich in flavonoids, which protect the gastric mucosa, has a high content of resistant starch, which acts in the body as a dietary fiber and thus has health benefits, and is an alternative option for bakery products, reducing waste of both the peel and the pulp. The aim of this study was to develop bread formulations with partial substitution of wheat flour with green banana flour (FBV), thus increasing the nutritional, technological and sensory value. 4 formulations, (A), standard sample; (B), bread with 10% FBV; (C), bread with 15% FBV and (D), bread with 20% FBV. Physico-chemical quality was assessed in terms of moisture content by drying at 105ºC, ash by incineration, fat by the Soxhlet method, protein by the biuret method, carbohydrates by difference calculation and calorific value by sum calculation and sensory analysis by affective methods. The data was evaluated using the RStudio 4.2.1 DCC statistical package. There were no significant differences in moisture content, lipids and calorific value. Differences were evident in the ash and protein content. Sensory acceptance of the standard formulation was 82.22%. The results obtained show that green banana flour can be used as a partial substitute for wheat flour to produce breads with functional properties.

Background: Prolonged decline in the ability of the kidney to regulate acid–base balance, eliminate waste products, and manage water homeostasis and entered chronic phase, toxic metabolic accumulates and erythropoietin secretion by the kidney is decreasing and causes hematological changes including decrease of HCT, MCV, RBCs and platelet counts. Hemodialysis became a practical treatment for kidney failure and is the most common method used to treat advanced and permanent kidney failure. Anemia is one of the most common complications in hemodialysis patients. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the prevalence of anemia among hemodialysis patients and investigate the variations of hematological parameters among anemic hemodialysis patients in the Tripoli region. Materials and Methods: The present study was conducted on 250 renal failure patients, attending Tripoli Center for dialysis and 100 normal healthy subjects. The study Ethical Committee of the medical centers and the Libyan Academy of graduate studies reviewed and approved the study design and patient consent statements were taken from each patient. Information's about the patients were recorded in a questionnaire. A blood sample of 5 ml was drawn by venous puncture from each normal healthy individual and hemodialysis patient. 2.5 ml of the blood sample was collected in K-EDTA tubes for the hematological examinations and another 2.5 ml of the blood sample was collected in a plain tubes for biochemical tests (serum urea, creatinine, and uric acid concentrations). The hematological parameters (RBCs count, Hb, HCT, MCV, MCH, MCHC, WBCs count, differential count of WBCs, and Platelets count) were determined using an automated hematology analyzer Sysmex (K- 4500) machine. The data were compared using GraphPad Prism version.9. The statistical significance of differences between groups was evaluated with the independent t-test. A P-value of <0.05 was considered significant for all statistical tests. Results: The results showed that the prevalence of anemia among hemodialysis patients was 89.8%. The degrees of anemia were 17% severe, 71.66% moderate, and 11.34% mild anemia. The types of anemia were 13.36% microcytic hypochromic, 82.59% normocytic hypochromic, and 4.05% macrocytic hypochromic anemia. RBCs, WBCs & platelets counts, Hct, MCHC, and Lymphocytes % showed a significant (P<0.01) decrease, and MCV was a significant (P<0.01) increase in the anemic hemodialysis patients compared with the healthy individuals. But, a significant (P<0.05) decrease in MCH was observed in the anemic hemodialysis patients when compared with the healthy individuals. A significant correlation was observed between RBCs and their indices with most of the hematological parameters. A significant (P<0.01) negative correlation was observed between serum urea with Hb, and RBCs count and Hct. While, a significant (P<0.01) positive correlation was recorded between uric acid with platelets count. A significant (P<0.05) positive correlation was observed between gender with platelets count, while, a significant negative correlation was recorded between gender with serum urea (P<0.01), creatinine, and uric acid, and Hb (P<0.05). A significant (P<0.01) negative correlation was observed between blood groups with serum uric acid. A significant (P<0.01) positive correlation was observed between durations of hemodialysis with RBCs count and Hb, while, a significant (P<0.05) negative correlation was recorded between durations of hemodialysis with body weight, and MCHC. Conclusion: It can be concluded that a higher prevalence of moderate, normocytic hypochromic anemia among hemodialysis patients. Also, results showed a significant variation in hematological parameters among the anemic hemodialysis patients. So, hemodialysis patients advice to examine the hematological parameters and treated from anemia if detected.

The synthesis and optimization of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) is fundamental to pharmaceutical drug development, directly influencing drug efficacy, safety, and cost-effectiveness. Over recent years, significant advancements in synthetic methodologies and manufacturing technologies have transformed API production. This manuscript provides an overview of the latest innovations in API synthesis, focusing on key techniques such as green chemistry, continuous flow chemistry, biocatalysis, and automation. Green chemistry principles, including solvent substitution and catalytic reactions, have enhanced sustainability by reducing waste and energy consumption. Continuous flow chemistry offers improved reaction control, scalability, and safety, while biocatalysis provides an eco-friendly alternative for synthesizing complex and chiral APIs. Additionally, the integration of automation and advanced process control using machine learning and real-time monitoring has optimized production efficiency and consistency. The manuscript also discusses the challenges associated with regulatory compliance and quality assurance, highlighting the role of advanced analytical techniques such as HPLC, NMR, and mass spectrometry in ensuring API purity. Looking ahead, personalized medicine and smart manufacturing technologies, including blockchain for traceability, are expected to drive further innovation in API production. This review concludes by emphasizing the need for continued advancements in sustainability, efficiency, and scalability to meet the evolving demands of the pharmaceutical industry, ultimately enabling the development of safer, more effective, and environmentally responsible medicines.

The growing unconcern and poor attitude of some Ghanaians towards environmental protection and sanitation practices has become very endemic in Ghanaian Societies. Littering especially is considered a major environmental problem within the setting of this study. This study employed the mixed-method approach in integrating qualitative and quantitative research data. The study adopted a convergent parallel research design. The population for this study consisted of all teaching staff and students of Sefwi Wiawso Senior High Technical School and St. Joseph Catholic Senior High School in Sefwi Wiawso municipality in the Western North Region of Ghana. Purposive, simple random, and convenient sampling techniques were used to select the schools, teachers and students for the study. A sample size of one hundred and ninety-eight (198) consisting of one hundred eighty-eight (188) students and ten (10) teachers were selected for the study. The two main instruments used for data collection were questionnaires and interview guides. The quantitative data obtained from the questionnaire were coded with numerical values and keyed into the data view of the SPSS version 23. The qualitative data was analysed through content analysis and was further transcribed into themes for analysis with a side-by-side comparison with the quantitative data. The qualitative data gathered and presented, were organised and analysed manually using emerging themes. The study revealed that littering is currently caused by irresponsible behaviour among some staff and students coupled with other factors such as lazy attitudes among people, inadequate waste bins on campus, and more seriously, less sensitization of people on littering in the various senior high schools. The study also indicated that provisions of adequate waste bins at vantage points in the various campuses, awarding prizes to individual students and groups with good waste management practices on campus, implementing rules and regulations on littering, as well as educating, and sensitizing students and staff on littering on campuses formed the possibilities on how schools can shape up staff and student’s attitudes towards healthy environment by avoid littering. It is recommended that Students with good waste management practices should be rewarded to encourage others in Senior High Schools. It is also recommended that sustainable waste management practices (collection, transportation, and treatment) should be employed in all the Senior High Schools across the country.

The objective of this study was to examine the barriers to effective solid waste management in the Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana. This study adopted the cross-sectional descriptive survey research design. The population for the study comprised all residents of 18 years or older as well as waste management agencies in the KEEA Municipality. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 380 residents together with 45 staff of the Zoomlion Company Ltd in the KEEA Municipality for the study. The questionnaire was the main instrument used for the data collection. Frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations were used to analyse the questionnaire items on the research questions. This was done with the use of the Statistical Package for Service Solutions (SPSS) version 21. There were a number of barriers to effective solid waste management practices. Some of the barriers were inadequate environmental education; inadequate logistics and funds; inadequate depots, skips and dustbins; lack of adequate skilled personnel to manage services efficiently; and apathetic attitude/inertia on the part of some of the residents. Some other barriers included: irregular collection of waste by waste management companies; lack of appropriate sites for waste disposal; unwillingness of some households to pay for the collection and appropriate disposal of solids; and refuse dumps located very far from home. It is recommended that the government through the Ministry of Local Government should provide adequate logistics and funds for the procurement of dustbins in order to ensure proper solid waste management. The Assembly should ensure that Zoomlion collects waste regularly. The Assembly should encourage residents to pay for the collection of waste and sanction recalcitrant residents who do not adhere to appropriate solid waste management practices.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of environmental solid waste management policies and practices for sustainable development in Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana. The case study research design was adopted for the study. Using the simple random sampling procedure, 425 respondents comprising of 380 residents and 45 Zoomlion staff were involved in the study. The data were analysed through the computation of frequencies, percentages, as well as means and standard deviations. On the waste management strategic action plan for sustainable development, it can be concluded that, regular monitoring system should be in place to ensure that households adhere to the solid waste management practices; and education/training programmes on solid waste management should be provided for employees so that they can appreciate the need for sustainable development practices. It can also be concluded that, most of the environmental management policies and practices of solid waste management were not effective in the KEEA Municipality because the residents were uncertain about the effectiveness of the environmental policies that have been put in place. Perhaps, the Assembly does not conduct regular monitoring to find out solid waste management practices of the various households. It could be that the Assembly does not enforce bye-laws on sanitation on appropriate solid waste management practices. It is recommended that, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Assembly should conduct regular monitoring system in order to ensure that residents adhere to the solid waste management practices. Again, the Assembly should make available a reliable data on solid waste generation for households in the Municipality. It is also recommended that, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Assembly should ensure proper enforcement of the bye-laws on sanitation on appropriate solid waste management practices. Residents of the KEEA Municipality should be encouraged by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to consider reuse and recycling as important activities.

Groundwater geochemistry refers to the general chemical properties of water, particularly groundwater. Precipitation, volatilization, oxidation/reduction, sorption/partition, and complexation are processes involved in the distribution and fate of organic molecules in water. Determining hydrogeochemical facies is a great help for determining relationships and similarities among the chemistry of waters in an aquifer. This study focused on the coastal aquifer of Tripoli (Lebanon) with Mio-Quaternary age. It is considered as a confined aquifer and an important hydraulic reserve for domestic water use in the region. Recently, it underwent an urban development that leads to an increase in water demand causing a decrease in the piezometric level and a high-risk of deterioration to water quality through seawater intrusion and anthropic pollution. To understand the origin of mineralization and the mechanism of water hydro-chemistry variation and to provide a vision to underground water recharge, this study aims to analyze the hydrodynamic, piezometric, and geochemical characteristics of the coastal aquifer. The fluctuation of physicochemical parameters for cool and warm seasons has been studied and monitored for 16 coastal wells during April, May, and June 2020. Results were interpreted by using a statistical analysis called Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Cartographic of groundwater levels and concentrations for nitrate, chloride, sulphate ions, the ratio sulphate/chloride were determined by using SUFFER8 software. It can be noticed that the Mio-Quaternary formation at Tripoli consists of thick sedimentary sandstones and conglomerates with argillaceous roots, which provide significantly high permeability characteristics. It is mainly recharged from precipitations through karstic formations. Chemical analysis shows that bicarbonate ions (HCO₃^-), characterized by dissolution of carbonate rocks from geological upstream formations of Tripoli, means that the aquifer is subjected to intensive recharge of fresh water and snow melting making a hydrostatic equilibrium facing marine intrusion [1]. High contents of chloride and Sodium are due to anthropic contamination or seawater intrusion. However, Magnesium ion concentration assures this intrusion. Meanwhile, nitrates, sulfates and phosphorus high concentrations are related to wastewater leakage or agricultural activities [2].

This study seeks to collect, recycle and repurpose fabrics waste into decorative household items to reinforce the concept of recycling as a viable alternative to indiscriminate dumping that leads to environmental pollution. It has been observed that garment producers, fashion designers, dressmakers, seamstresses and tailors generate several quantities of fabric waste which are initially piled up to occupy space at their workshops then later disposed indiscriminately. For this studio-based study, an average of 300kg of fabric remnants which are generated by the 30 workshops of garment producers in four suburbs of Kumasi in the Ashanti region of Ghana were collected. The fabric waste was sorted into types, sizes, colours and textures, out of the 300kg collected, approximately 250kg were identified as cotton and the remaining 50kg were an assortment of polyester, nylon, rayon, wool, acetate and sateen. It also came out that the garment producers lack adequate knowledge on waste management, hence the indiscriminate disposal of the waste fabrics. The need for effective means of recycling without adverse repercussion to the environment was found critical. Based on the idea of recycle art, 280 kilograms of the fabric waste collected were converted into interior decoration pieces such as a pair of footrest, a set of arm rest, a set of chair-back, Others include a set of table mats, a set of placemats, a door mat, and a set of curtains and window blinds. It is anticipated that such craft activities will serves as pointers to craft people about the potential of waste fabrics as cheaper raw materials for diverse products and by extension help to reduce the waste management problems associated with fabric waste.

The purpose of the study was to examine solid waste disposal situation and its resultant effects in Winneba The research adopted quantitative approach for the study. The design for this research was a descriptive survey. The population for the study were residents of Winneba Township the capital of the Effutu municipality. The area is a fast growing urban community. Stratified sample sampling technique was used to select the respondents for the study. One hundred and fifty-six (156) residents were selected using strata sampling to answer questionnaires. The data entry and analysis was done by using the SPSS software package. The data was edited, coded and analysed into frequencies, percentages with interpretations. The study revealed that there was irregular or lack of routine collection of waste by WMD of EMA and ZoomLion Ghana Ltd. The study also indicated that, the landfill did not meet the requirement of a sanitary landfill as in the case of EMA and therefore could be described as an open dump. It is recommended that, adequate dustbins and skips should be provided by ZoomLion Ghana Ltd. in collaboration with the WMD and Municipal Assembly for residents in the Municipality for waste storage. It is recommended that the landfill site should be properly managed to avoid heaping of waste and burning.