This paper examines the impact of primary level classroom environments on the acquisition of English as a second language (L2) in Bangladesh, comparing English-medium and Bangla-medium schools. The study investigates how different instructional approaches and early exposure to English influence language proficiency among students. Through a mixed-methods approach, including surveys, interviews, and proficiency tests, the research reveals significant differences in language acquisition outcomes between the two educational settings. Findings indicate that students in English-medium schools, who are exposed to Natural approach methods of language learning and immersive English-speaking environments, demonstrate higher proficiency in speaking and listening skills compared to their Bangla-medium counterparts, who primarily receive grammar-focused instruction. The study highlights the critical role of early exposure to English, with students who begin learning the language at a younger age showing better phonological and syntactic development. Additionally, the integration of technology in language teaching emerges as a valuable tool for enhancing language learning, particularly in contexts with limited classroom exposure. The research suggests that Bangla-medium schools could benefit from adopting more interactive, student-centered teaching methods and integrating digital tools to support practical language use. The study's findings have significant implications for educational policy, advocating for a shift towards more immersive and communicative teaching practices to improve English language acquisition in Bangladesh. This research contributes to the broader understanding of SLA and offers practical recommendations for enhancing language education in similar contexts.

This study investigated the pedagogical implications of out-of-field teaching in Social Studies. The Out-of-field Social Studies teachers could encounter several challenges in their preparation and the implementation of the integrated Social Studies curriculum. This study sought the lived experiences of the out-of-field teachers concerning the causes of out-of-field teaching in social studies, problems encountered by the out-of-field teachers and the mechanisms they employ to cope with the teaching of Social Studies. The study chose the qualitative phenomenological research design. Data were collected from all the 17 out-of-field Social Studies teachers through in-depth structured interview. Data were transcribed and analysed, through the inductive thematic analysis approach, unveiling of themes and concepts from the narratives of the research participants. The study revealed that out-of-field teaching in Social Studies occurs as a result of teacher shortage in integrated social studies programme. It is also caused by the perception that any teacher could teach Social Studies irrespective of the teachers’ qualification. Out-of-field teacher encounter problems such as inadequate content and pedagogical knowledge, lack of classroom managerial techniques and inability to deliver lessons through the integrated approach. Engaging in professional development courses, peer coaching, in-service training and workshops were some of the mechanisms employed by out-of-field teachers to cope with the teaching of Social Studies. The pedagogical implications of this phenomenon are that when teaching the Social Studies, the out-of-field teachers place more emphasis on aspects of the Social Studies curriculum where they have much knowledge and skip or put less emphasis on other aspects they lack in-depth knowledge, thus, the integrated approach to teaching Social Studies is not adopted effectively by out-of-field teachers. This waters down the content of Social Studies at the Senior High School level. Addressing the problem of out-of-field teaching in Social Studies requires training and recruiting more teachers who have background training and experience in the integrated approach to the teaching of Social Studies.

Qualitatively, the study focused constructivist research paradigm. A case study research design was adopted for the study. The study population comprised all six (6) Social Studies teachers, the headmaster and the School Improvement Support Officer (SISO). Purposive and convenient sampling techniques were used to select the participants for the study. The main instrument for data collection was a semi-structured interview guide and observation protocol. The data were analysed using the interpretative technique based on the themes arrived at during the data collection from the semi-structured interview. The study revealed that multimedia usage is a quality enhancer in educational settings for teaching Social Studies concepts. It also indicated that teachers perceived their incompetence when using technology as they feel less in control of their classes and are unlikely to explore new possibilities that utilise technology when planning their lessons. They learn the theoretical aspect and practice and perceive the teacher’s role in the classroom changes from an instructor to a facilitator, which changes the teaching method to student-centred (constructive methodology) which aids content absorption by the learner through learning by doing. The study also indicated that teachers perceived their incompetence when using technology as they felt less in control of their classes and were unlikely to explore new possibilities that utilised technology when planning their lessons. It is recommended that the Ministry of Education and National Teaching Council collaborate with Ghana Education Service to set up Social Studies training centres in all the district capitals equipped with competent staff to periodically organise in-service training for teachers to build their capacity on how to pedagogically incorporate multimedia resources in their instructions to improve students learning outcomes.

The social aspect of education is an important part of the learning process. In this study two research questions were asked to explore this idea. Social network analysis provided multiple measures of AP Physics 1 students’ network centrality. These measures were used to predict physics achievement. Further, survey results measuring extroversion (EPI, alpha=.84-.94), motivation (PGOS, alpha=.64-.83), and self-efficacy (SOSESC, alpha=.94) were used to determine students’ personality characteristics. These personality results were used as moderators for the moderation analysis. The sample consisted of 106 students from a large, Midwestern, suburban high school taking AP Physics 1. Numerous centrality measures significantly correlated with physics achievement. Extroversion and self-efficacy increased the effect of centrality in most cases, whereas motivation did not change the centrality-achievement relationship. In most cases, having many, high quality connections was beneficial to learning physics, but personality characteristics must also be included in pedagogical decisions. Based on the results, teachers are strongly advised to account for personality and student connections when forming groups.

The purpose of the study was to examine technological pedagogical content knowledge of teachers and their formative assessment practices in Social Studies lessons in the Junior High Schools in the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abirem (K.E.E.A) Municipality of Ghana. With a mixed method approach, the study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population for the study included all Social Studies teachers at the public junior high schools in the in the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abirem Municipality. Purposive sampling technique was used to select all the seventy-four (74) public Junior High Schools and the Social Studies teachers for the study. The purposive sampling technique was used to sample the respondents because they constitute expert knowledge in the subject area and having the same characteristics. The two main instruments used to gather data for the study were questionnaire and observation. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study indicated that the assessment practices of teachers during Social Studies lessons were on the average. There was disparity between theory and practice as far as the dictates of the profile dimensions are concerned. Teachers mostly assess the cognitive aspect of the child with little attention to the affective domain. The study also concluded that there was a significant positive relationship between TPACK of teachers and their formative assessment practices at 0.05 level of significance. It is recommended that Ministry of Education, National Teaching Council, Ghana Education Service should organize professional development workshop for teachers on their formative classroom assessment practices in Social Studies lessons. It is also recommended that, in order to ensure effective formative assessment practices, Ghana Education Service should collaborate with Colleges of Education and Universities training teachers to develop appropriate TPACK for teachers to improve on their formative assessment practices in the classroom.

This study aimed to examine the pedagogical knowledge base of Religious and Moral Education teachers in assessing students’ academic performance. The research design used for this study was the correlational research design. 159 basic schools were selected to participate in the study. The population of the study comprised Religious and Moral Education (RME) teachers and second-year students in basic schools in the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abirem Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana. Purposive and random sampling techniques were used to select basic schools, Religious and Moral Education (RME) teachers, and students for the study. In all one hundred and seventy-five (175) RME teachers and three hundred and fifty-seven (357) students were selected for the study. The main instruments employed in the study were questionnaires and observation. The data was analysed through the computation of frequencies, percentages, mean of means distributions, and the calculation of correlation coefficient. Pearson’s Correlational Coefficient was used to describe the linear relationship between each of the variables. This was done with the use of computer software called Statistical Product for Service Solutions (SPSS). The study concluded that teachers possessed adequate knowledge about the use of pedagogy or instructional methods when it comes to the teaching of RME. However, as observed, teachers use of the existential approach and the life theme approach only, and, teachers did not make use of the concept cracking approach to teaching RME probably because they lacked adequate information about how to use them. It is recommended that the Ministry of Education, Ghana Education Service, and the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment should organise in-service training for teachers to be abreast with some of these contemporary pedagogies for the teaching of RME in Basic Schools and also make modules available for use at the Colleges of Education to train our upcoming teachers at the Basic Schools.

The purpose of the study was to examine the impact of instructional materials in teaching and learning biology in the Colleges of Education in the Central Region of Ghana. Qualitatively, a case study research design was selected for the study. The population of the study consists of three Biology tutors in the three Colleges of Education in the Central Region. The purposive sampling technique was chosen to select all the three colleges and three Biology tutors for the study. The interview guide was the main instrument for the data collection. Data were analysed using the interpretative technique based on the themes arrived at during the data collection from the respondents. The study concluded that instructional materials boast students’ cognitive abilities and arouse their interest in the lesson by helping them to reason critically during teaching and learning. The study also revealed that the competencies level of tutors helps them in the assessment of the subject, selecting relevant materials for each concept. Their pedagogical skills depend on their competencies in the classroom instructions. The study also concluded that a good presentation of a lesson has a substantial impact on teaching and learning situations, as well as the vast amount of information available to students, to supplement their instruction and the principles for appropriate use of instructional materials. It is recommended that professional development should be organised for the Biology tutors in their respective colleges to have competencies in using relevant instructional materials in assessing students in Biology lessons. It is also recommended that Ghana Tertiary Education Commission (G-TEC), National Teaching Council (NTC), and universities should collaborate with the colleges to organise workshops and seminars for tutors teaching Biology to update their knowledge in the use of digital instructional materials in lesson presentation.

The study objective was to assess the perceptions of Junior High School (JHS) Social Studies teachers in the Yilo Krobo Municipality of the Eastern Region of Ghana on teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK). The study adopted Shulman's theory of Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) as its theoretical framework. The philosophical approach upon which the study is hinged on is the ideology of interpretivism and positivism, in other words, pragmatism. The study used a mixed methodological approach as well as a descriptive survey design. A random sampling technique was used for the study. The study participants were JHS social studies teachers in Yilo-Krobo Municipality, Ghana. Eighty (80) out of the one hundred and two (102) representing 78.43% JHS Social Studies teachers were selected from the fifty-four JHSs in the Municipality. Both Questionnaire and interview guide were used for data collection. The survey data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the interview data was analyzed using content analysis. The study indicated that at the heart of the PCK concept is the idea that 'deep knowledge' of content is essential for effective teaching and cannot be taken for granted; that it has a significant bearing on teaching and student learning, and that it is used as a cadre to define professional teaching knowledge. PCK also provides the uniquely necessary knowledge for the transformation of the different types of knowledge required for Social Studies teaching and evolves over time due to the progressive awareness of students' needs, while a wealth of content knowledge is imperative for the development of a comprehensive pedagogical content knowledge. The paper recommends that the Ghana Education Service (GES) should conduct regular in-service training for teachers on the enhancement of their PCK, to enable them select appropriate TLMs and pedagogical approaches that foster meaningful learning for students.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge and pupils’ academic performance in Religious and Moral Education (RME) in basic schools in the Ga-South Municipality of Ghana. Correlational research design was used for the study. The population of the study comprised RME teachers and final year pupils in the basic schools in the Ga-South Municipality. Krejcie and Morgan table, cluster sampling technique multi-stage sampling technique, proportional allocation of sample size, and purposive sampling were used to select, 532 respondents (159 basic schools 357 pupils and 175 RME teachers) for the study. The main instruments for data collection were questionnaire, observation guide, standardised-achievement-test. The Pearson’s Correlational Coefficient was used to describe the linear relationship between each of the variables in the data analysis. The study concluded that it was uncertain as to whether teachers possessed adequate knowledge about the use of technology or instructional resources when it comes to the teaching of RME. The study also indicated teachers did not make effective use of the technology or instructional resources as observed, probably because they do not recognize the important role the use of technology plays in the teaching and learning process, they did not know how to use some of these technologies. Besides, some of these technologies were not available for use in the schools. Although, there was a weak positive correlation between teachers’ technological knowledge and pupils’ academic performance, the important role that technology plays in the teaching and learning process cannot be ruled out. It is therefore recommended that, the Ministry of Education, Ghana Education Service and Curriculum Research and Development Division should organise in-service training for teachers, since it turned out during the observation sections that teachers did not make use of audio-visuals (TV and motion pictures) and audio materials (example radio and tape recorders) in the Ga South Municipality.

Knowledge of the content alone is no guarantee for effective teaching and learning, there is the need for teachers to demonstrate high level of technological and pedagogical power. The study examined the technological pedagogical content knowledge of Social Studies teachers’ in Junior High Schools in Aowin municipality in the Western North Region of Ghana. The descriptive survey design was used for the study. The population for the study included all Social Studies teachers in the public Junior High Schools in the Aowin Municipality. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the Seventy-four (74) Junior High Schools and Seventy-four (74) the Social Studies teachers for the study. The main instrument for data collection was questionnaire. The study revealed that, teachers have adequate content knowledge to teach Social Studies but there are doubts as to whether their knowledge is current. The study also concluded that, teachers were not confident about their technological, pedagogical and content knowledge in Social Studies and this resulted in their negative attitude towards the integration of technology in classroom activities. It is recommended that, the Ghana Education Service should organize In-Service Training and refresher courses for teachers to keep them current and up-to-date their content knowledge in Social Studies. It is also recommended that, teachers should adopt positive attitudes towards learning and using technology in their day-to-day activities.

A qualitatively, interpretative design was adopted to evaluate type of laboratory practical Teacher Support Materials that could be used to teach practical skills of observation, listening and communication and manipulation of apparatus in titration. The population of the study consisted of three public Senior High Schools (SHS) in Komenda Edina Eguafo Abirem (KEEA) municipality of the Central Region of Ghana. Each school offers chemistry as a subject to students. Convenient, purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to sample schools, teachers and students for the study. Six (6) teachers were purposively sampled out of a total of 8 chemistry teachers because they had qualification in Science Education in Chemistry. Five (5) students from each school were randomly selected from each of the three SHS for focal group discussion. The main instrument used for data collection were semi structured interview guide and Observation Checklist (OC). Teachers interview schedule was used to solicit information from the chemistry teachers on how they perceived the use of Practical Skills- based TSMs for teaching practical process skills in titration at the SHS levels. The curriculum profile was used to collect data to answer the research question. For each of the four Lesson Profiles (lesson introduction, skill development, application and closure) of the lesson plan, the total number of scores was divided by the maximum possible scores for the profile and expressed as percentage and qualitatively describing the trends of emerging themes. The study concluded that there has been some improvement in the cognitive experience and pedagogical content knowledge of the teachers as well as the students in the use of the PS-based teacher support material in the laboratory. It is recommended that teachers and educators should thoroughly read and assimilate the contents and the processes described in the PS-based TSMs before they are used in teaching titration so as to develop practical process skills of the students.

A domain of practical learning over the theoretical is provided in this work, for this several places of natural interest have been studied (Natural Parks), a quality pedagogical training is obtained, through which the students of Vocational Training and Primary and Secondary Education Teachers obtain competences in the management of natural spaces, which are of interest for conservation, competences in flora, plant communities, habitats and interpretation of the landscape. The learning is eminently practical, which allows trained personnel to enter the labor market. The study of natural spaces has been carried out using direct observation techniques, with the participation of specialist teachers in various fields, because the interpretation of vegetation, habitats and landscape requires multidisciplinary techniques. For this, teaching methodologies in Botany are used, how have the phytosociological sampling techniques been; Geology, Edaphology, and Climatology, in the latter case creating future predictive models that allow the student to make decisions about the management of a territory; this study has made it possible to carry out a comprehensive interpretation of the natural environment, with a notable pedagogical improvement in learning.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of Subject Conception and Efficacy Beliefs on the Teaching Effectiveness of Social Studies teachers. The study focused on how teachers’ conception of Social Studies affect their sense of efficacy and ultimately their teaching effectiveness. The study adopted a non-experimental descriptive design to achieve its objective. The population for the study comprised of fifty-two (52) JHS Social Studies teachers. In this study the accessible population was the same as the target population. All the fifty-two (52) teachers teaching Social Studies in the Tano South district were used for the study. Purposive sampling technique was used to sample the respondents for the study. The data for the study was collected using the observation guide, questionnaire and teacher sense of efficacy scale adapted from Tschannen-Moran and Hoy, (2001). Mean, percentages, ranges and correlation were used to analyse the data using SPSS. The findings of the study showed that majority of the Social Studies teachers conceived the subject as citizenship education. Teachers’ also rated their sense of efficacy very high. However, the study revealed that most of the Social Studies teachers teaching effectiveness was low. The low teaching effectiveness would affect the realisation of the objectives of Social Studies. Also, there exist low correlation between teacher efficacy and teaching effectiveness as well as subject conception and teaching effectiveness. The correlation between teacher efficacy and effectiveness was weak and as such it is recommended that there should be a concerted effort to update and upgrade teachers’ knowledge with strong pedagogical skills and better understanding of the task of the Social Studies teacher through workshops and short courses.