A spherical shape ultra-wideband antenna is a microstrip patch antenna whose emitted signal bandwidth exceeds the lesser of 500 MHz. One of the major issues hindering the ultra-wideband antennas is poor diversity factors, poor voltage standing wave ratio and poor power efficiency to transmit the required signals. In this research work, the method of approach is the design and analysis of a spherical shape ultra-wideband antenna with the use of computer simulation technology (CST). This antenna is working under the resonant frequency of 6 GHz on a frequency bandwidth of 4-9 GHz. However, this research work has made an intensive review of related works. A spherical shape microstrip antenna with a diameter of 13mm and a radius of 6.5mm was designed, after which a simulation was carried out using the computer simulation technology software. The result from the radiated power shows how high the radiative efficiency is and from the results we were able to observe that the ultra-wideband antenna uses a very low amount of power but can transmit a better outgoing power from the 0.5 watts stimulated power. In this research work, an evaluation process on the envelope correlation coefficient of the antenna s-parameters was carried out, with a good result was obtained. Most importantly the diversity gain of the antenna proves to be good and efficient due to the effectiveness of the antenna radiation efficiency. The results of this antenna produce a very good voltage standing wave ratio (VSWR), the voltage standing wave ratio of this spherical ultra-wideband antenna is less than 2% with a very low return loss reflection. In conclusion, the spherical shape antenna is good for ultra-wideband purposes because of its robustness in delivering high-quality signals with a very low return loss. So, it stands the chance of recommendations in the communication industries due to its high radiation efficiency rate and good VSWR.

This research work is about the propagation of electromagnetic waves on coaxial cables such that its resistive losses are minimized, and signal quality is improved. The resistive loss of a coaxial cable is caused by several things; impedance of the conductor, and the type of dielectric material used and the skin effect and causes the signal to be attenuated. In this research, various comparison was made on different coaxial cables in other to test their resistivity per length of the conductor and measure the losses per meter of the coaxial cables. The various properties of the conductor, the impedance, capacitance, and the velocity of propagations was taken into consideration. Measurements were carried out to derive our data, and MATLAB was used in analyzing the results and the behaviour of the LMR series, RG8, RG6A, Davis RF, and CQ110 coaxial cables. Based on the findings, it is concluded that for a better and improved signal quality and to reduce resistive losses in coaxial cables, the characteristic impedance of the cable should be 80 ohms as this will reduce the coaxial cable resistive losses.

Waste collection system has become a challenging task, occasioned by the overflowing garbage bins littered all over the environment, causing environmental hazard and further leading to incurable diseases which endanger life. The present-day waste collection system has proven to be inefficient, taking into consideration the advancement in the technologies on the rise in recent years as well as the continuous increase in population growth. As a result of this inefficiency observed, this work developed a model for electronic waste collection system in a telecommunication driven environment. In the system's implementation, PIC18F4620 based instrumentation, integrated with proximity sensor for external monitoring and level sensors for internal monitoring was adopted, while the controlling of the opening and closing of the cabins was implemented using a smart switching board. A remote reporting to the waste management authority so as to systematically plan route-map for garbage collection when the waste cabin is fully filled was done by deploying a 900MHz transmitter interfaced with the system’s controller. The result shows that with this model the waste cabin opens only on account of a user approaching the sensing distance of the system and the cabin is not filled. But when the cabin gets filled and a user approaches the sensing distance of the system, it directs the user to use the nearest waste cabin by displaying a message on the LCD (Liquid Crystal Display), while communicating with relevant authority for the evacuation of the cabin via SMS. It was obviously seen that the automation incorporated into the system had zero impact on the success rate of the system or system availability while introducing a latency of 5.6seconds, which is just 28.0% of the maximum allowable latency of this kind of system, while protecting the environment from environmental pollution and spread of diseases. This work highlights the potentials of (EWCS) Electronic Waste Collection System in monitoring and controlling waste disposal for healthy and clean environment.