Hopelessness and Smoking among Black Adults

Table 3. Results of Model 3

	Odds ratio	std. err.	[95% conf.	interval]	P>t
Hope	0.969	0.013	0.943	0.995	0.020
Lifetime Depressive Episode (DSM)	1.635	0.171	1.326	2.017	< 0.001
Income to Poverty Ratio	0.976	0.018	0.941	1.013	0.197
Married	1.182	0.122	0.961	1.454	0.112
Unemployed	1.411	0.201	1.060	1.878	0.019
Male	1.911	0.178	1.586	2.303	< 0.001
Age	1.026	0.003	1.020	1.032	< 0.001
Educational Attainment (Years of Schooling)	0.951	0.022	0.907	0.996	0.035
Ethnicity
African American	2.157	0.559	1.283	3.627	0.004
Intercept	0.128	0.051	0.057	0.286	< 0.001

Source: NSAL: Sample: Black People, Outcome: Ever Smoking; Model 3 controlled for demographic factors, SES indicators, and MDE (DSM_MDE)