Extreme Heat Exposure is Associated with Lower Learning, General Cognitive Ability, and Memory among US Children

Open Journal of Neuroscience | Vol 3, Issue 1

Table 2. Summary of Structural Equation Modeling (SEM)

Independent Variable		Dependent Variable	B	SE	95% CI	p
Heat Exposure	→	Total Composite	-0.067	0.009	-0.084	-0.050	< 0.001
Age (Years)	→	Total Composite	0.013	0.008	-0.003	0.029	0.108
Gender (Male)	→	Total Composite	-0.019	0.008	-0.035	-0.004	0.017
Total Family Income	→	Total Composite	0.212	0.012	0.188	0.235	< 0.001
Education Years	→	Total Composite	0.178	0.011	0.157	0.200	< 0.001
Neighborhood Income / 50000	→	Total Composite	0.040	0.010	0.021	0.058	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Black)	→	Total Composite	-0.186	0.010	-0.206	-0.167	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Latino)	→	Total Composite	-0.057	0.009	-0.076	-0.039	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Asian)	→	Total Composite	0.044	0.008	0.028	0.060	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Other)	→	Total Composite	-0.008	0.009	-0.025	0.008	0.324
Intercept	→	Total Composite	1.841	0.232	1.386	2.295	< 0.001

Heat Exposure	→	Crystal	-0.061	0.009	-0.078	-0.044	< 0.001
Age (Years)	→	Crystal	-0.001	0.008	-0.017	0.015	0.893
Gender (Male)	→	Crystal	0.015	0.008	-0.001	0.031	0.072
Total Family Income	→	Crystal	0.189	0.012	0.166	0.213	< 0.001
Education Years	→	Crystal	0.201	0.011	0.179	0.222	< 0.001
Neighborhood Income / 50000	→	Crystal	0.030	0.010	0.011	0.049	0.002
Race / Ethnicity (Black)	→	Crystal	-0.165	0.010	-0.184	-0.146	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Latino)	→	Crystal	-0.073	0.009	-0.091	-0.054	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Asian)	→	Crystal	0.029	0.008	0.013	0.045	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Other)	→	Crystal	-0.010	0.009	-0.027	0.007	0.255
Intercept	→	Crystal	1.945	0.234	1.485	2.404	< 0.001

Heat Exposure	→	Fluid Composite	-0.053	0.009	-0.071	-0.035	< 0.001
Age (Years)	→	Fluid Composite	0.025	0.009	0.007	0.042	0.005
Gender (Male)	→	Fluid Composite	-0.049	0.009	-0.066	-0.032	< 0.001
Total Family Income	→	Fluid Composite	0.166	0.013	0.141	0.191	< 0.001
Education Years	→	Fluid Composite	0.097	0.012	0.074	0.120	< 0.001
Neighborhood Income / 50000	→	Fluid Composite	0.036	0.010	0.015	0.056	0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Black)	→	Fluid Composite	-0.147	0.011	-0.168	-0.127	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Latino)	→	Fluid Composite	-0.022	0.010	-0.042	-0.002	0.028
Race / Ethnicity (Asian)	→	Fluid Composite	0.045	0.009	0.028	0.062	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Other)	→	Fluid Composite	-0.004	0.009	-0.022	0.014	0.649
Intercept	→	Fluid Composite	3.043	0.250	2.553	3.533	< 0.001

Heat Exposure	→	Reading	-0.050	0.009	-0.068	-0.032	< 0.001
Age (Years)	→	Reading	0.003	0.009	-0.014	0.020	0.702
Gender (Male)	→	Reading	0.007	0.009	-0.010	0.024	0.434
Total Family Income	→	Reading	0.173	0.013	0.148	0.198	< 0.001
Education Years	→	Reading	0.156	0.012	0.133	0.179	< 0.001
Neighborhood Income / 50000	→	Reading	0.007	0.010	-0.013	0.026	0.521
Race / Ethnicity (Black)	→	Reading	-0.086	0.010	-0.107	-0.066	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Latino)	→	Reading	-0.006	0.010	-0.026	0.014	0.546
Race / Ethnicity (Asian)	→	Reading	0.060	0.009	0.043	0.077	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Other)	→	Reading	0.019	0.009	0.001	0.037	0.035
Intercept	→	Reading	2.219	0.248	1.734	2.704	< 0.001

Heat Exposure	→	Picture	-0.025	0.009	-0.044	-0.007	0.008
Age (Years)	→	Picture	-0.002	0.009	-0.020	0.015	0.817
Gender (Male)	→	Picture	-0.070	0.009	-0.087	-0.053	< 0.001
Total Family Income	→	Picture	0.105	0.013	0.079	0.131	< 0.001
Education Years	→	Picture	0.069	0.012	0.046	0.093	< 0.001
Neighborhood Income / 50000	→	Picture	0.014	0.011	-0.006	0.035	0.176
Race / Ethnicity (Black)	→	Picture	-0.137	0.011	-0.158	-0.116	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Latino)	→	Picture	-0.014	0.010	-0.034	0.006	0.179
Race / Ethnicity (Asian)	→	Picture	0.020	0.009	0.003	0.038	0.023
Race / Ethnicity (Other)	→	Picture	-0.018	0.009	-0.037	0.000	0.050
Intercept	→	Picture	4.974	0.258	4.469	5.478	< 0.001

Heat Exposure	→	Pattern	-0.064	0.010	-0.082	-0.045	< 0.001
Age (Years)	→	Pattern	0.083	0.009	0.066	0.101	< 0.001
Gender (Male)	→	Pattern	-0.070	0.009	-0.088	-0.052	< 0.001
Total Family Income	→	Pattern	0.070	0.013	0.043	0.096	< 0.001
Education Years	→	Pattern	0.026	0.012	0.002	0.050	0.033
Neighborhood Income / 50000	→	Pattern	0.020	0.011	-0.001	0.041	0.056
Race / Ethnicity (Black)	→	Pattern	-0.075	0.011	-0.096	-0.053	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Latino)	→	Pattern	-0.005	0.011	-0.026	0.015	0.615
Race / Ethnicity (Asian)	→	Pattern	0.042	0.009	0.025	0.060	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Other)	→	Pattern	-0.001	0.010	-0.020	0.018	0.931
Intercept	→	Pattern	2.182	0.259	1.674	2.690	< 0.001

Heat Exposure	→	Card Sort	-0.043	0.010	-0.062	-0.024	< 0.001
Age (Years)	→	Card Sort	-0.007	0.009	-0.024	0.011	0.447
Gender (Male)	→	Card Sort	-0.047	0.009	-0.065	-0.030	< 0.001
Total Family Income	→	Card Sort	0.115	0.013	0.090	0.141	< 0.001
Education Years	→	Card Sort	0.067	0.012	0.043	0.091	< 0.001
Neighborhood Income / 50000	→	Card Sort	0.023	0.011	0.002	0.044	0.029
Race / Ethnicity (Black)	→	Card Sort	-0.098	0.011	-0.120	-0.077	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Latino)	→	Card Sort	-0.033	0.010	-0.053	-0.013	0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Asian)	→	Card Sort	0.029	0.009	0.011	0.046	0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Other)	→	Card Sort	-0.004	0.009	-0.022	0.014	0.672
Intercept	→	Card Sort	5.147	0.258	4.641	5.653	< 0.001

Heat Exposure	→	List	-0.025	0.009	-0.043	-0.007	0.006
Age (Years)	→	List	0.017	0.009	0.000	0.034	0.055
Gender (Male)	→	List	0.027	0.009	0.010	0.044	0.002
Total Family Income	→	List	0.161	0.013	0.136	0.186	< 0.001
Education Years	→	List	0.134	0.012	0.111	0.157	< 0.001
Neighborhood Income / 50000	→	List	0.017	0.010	-0.003	0.037	0.090
Race / Ethnicity (Black)	→	List	-0.129	0.010	-0.150	-0.109	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Latino)	→	List	-0.046	0.010	-0.065	-0.026	< 0.001
Race / Ethnicity (Asian)	→	List	0.005	0.009	-0.012	0.022	0.572
Race / Ethnicity (Other)	→	List	-0.020	0.009	-0.038	-0.002	0.030
Intercept	→	List	3.801	0.251	3.310	4.292	< 0.001