The integration of LiDAR and Artificial Intelligence (AI) has revolutionized feature detection in urban environments. LiDAR systems, which utilize pulsed laser emissions and reflection measurements, produce detailed 3D maps of urban landscapes. When combined with AI, this data enables accurate identification of urban features such as buildings, green spaces, and infrastructure. This synergy is crucial for enhancing urban development, environmental monitoring, and advancing smart city governance. LiDAR, known for its high-resolution 3D data capture capabilities, paired with AI, particularly deep learning algorithms, facilitates advanced analysis and interpretation of urban areas. This combination supports precise mapping, real-time monitoring, and predictive modeling of urban growth and infrastructure. For instance, AI can process LiDAR data to identify patterns and anomalies, aiding in traffic management, environmental oversight, and infrastructure maintenance. These advancements not only improve urban living conditions but also contribute to sustainable development by optimizing resource use and reducing environmental impacts. Furthermore, AI-enhanced LiDAR is pivotal in advancing autonomous navigation and sophisticated spatial analysis, marking a significant step forward in urban management and evaluation. The reviewed paper highlights the geometric properties of LiDAR data, derived from spatial point positioning, and underscores the effectiveness of machine learning algorithms in object extraction from point clouds. The study also covers concepts related to LiDAR imaging, feature selection methods, and the identification of outliers in LiDAR point clouds. Findings demonstrate that AI algorithms, especially deep learning models, excel in analyzing high-resolution 3D LiDAR data for accurate urban feature identification and classification. These models leverage extensive datasets to detect patterns and anomalies, improving the detection of buildings, roads, vegetation, and other elements. Automating feature extraction with AI minimizes the need for manual analysis, thereby enhancing urban planning and management efficiency. Additionally, AI methods continually improve with more data, leading to increasingly precise feature detection. The results indicate that the pulse emitted by continuous wave LiDAR sensors changes when encountering obstacles, causing discrepancies in measured physical parameters.

The aim of this article is to examine the impacts of Coronavirus Disease -19 (Covid-19) vaccines on economic condition and sustainable development goals. In other words, we are going to study the economic condition during Covid19. We have studied the economic costs of pandemic, benefits in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), public finances and employment, investment on vaccines around the world, progress and totally the economic impacts of vaccines and the impacts of emerging markets (EM) on achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs), including no poverty, good health and well-being, zero hunger, reduced inequality etc. The importance of emerging economies in reducing the harmful effects of the Corona has also been noted. We have tried to do experimental results and forecast daily new death cases from Feb-2020 to Aug-2021 in Iran using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Beetle Antennae Search (BAS) algorithm as a case study with econometric models and regression analysis. The findings show that Covid19 has had devastating economic and health effects on the world, and the vaccine can be very helpful in eliminating these effects specially in long-term. We observed that there is inequality in the distribution of Corona vaccines in rich countries compared to poor which EM can decrease the gap between them. The results show that both models (i.e., Artificial intelligence (AI) and econometric models) almost have the same results but AI optimization models can robust the model and prediction. The main contribution of this article is that we have surveyed the impacts of vaccination from socio-economic viewpoint not just report some facts and truth. We have surveyed the impacts of vaccines on sustainable development goals and the role of EM in achieving SDGs. In addition to using the theoretical framework, we have also used quantitative and empirical results that have rarely been seen in other articles.

This paper examines the transformation of Yi women’s social status in Daliangshan, Sichuan Province. It analyzes historical practices—including child marriage (wawaqin) and the tradition of high bridal gifts—along with the role of education, economic modernization, and cultural advocacy initiatives. The study situates these developments within the framework of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs), focusing on gender equality, poverty alleviation, and equitable development. Field interviews, observations, and community-based projects inform this analysis, which highlights both progress and persisting challenges for Yi women.

Simulation-based learning (SBL) is widely recognized as an effective educational approach that bridges theory and practice in nursing education. Despite its global adoption, limited research has examined the experiences of Filipino nursing students with SBL, particularly in resource-constrained settings. This study explored the perspectives of Bachelor of Science in Nursing students from a university in Metro Manila, Philippines, on the impact of SBL on their skills, emotional responses, and challenges encountered. A descriptive qualitative design was employed using purposive sampling of ten students who had participated in at least one SBL activity. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews and short written reflections and analyzed thematically following Braun and Clarke’s framework to capture nuanced experiences. Three major themes emerged from the analysis. First, students reported initial anxiety, nervousness, and stress during their early SBL experiences, which gradually transformed into confidence, adaptability, and resilience as they gained familiarity and competence. Second, SBL enhanced technical and cognitive skills such as clinical judgment, decision-making, teamwork, and patient-centered care, supporting students’ readiness for real-world practice. Third, students identified resource limitations, insufficient equipment, and time constraints as significant barriers to optimal learning, though these challenges also fostered creativity and perseverance. The findings demonstrate that SBL fosters technical competence, critical thinking, and professional growth but requires institutional support to address resource constraints and faculty development needs. This study underscores the importance of expanding SBL in Philippine nursing curricula to align with international best practices and to contribute to Sustainable Development Goals 3 (good health and well-being), 4 (quality education), and 5 (gender equality).

Ghana's Free Senior High School (SHS) policy has been touted as one of the most significant educational reforms in recent years, fueling the nation's achievement of Goal 4 of the United Nations Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). While many studies have been conducted on the policy’s impact on beneficiaries, little is known about its impact on tertiary institutions. The purpose of this study is to evaluate the socioeconomic effects of the Free SHS policy on tertiary institutions in Ghana's Western Region. We also provide suggestions on how to improve the policy's efficacy and lessen any obstacles to its incorporation into higher education. Methodologically, 103 employees of Takoradi Technical University and the University of Mines and Technology were sampled using a purposive sampling technique. According to the report, despite the lack of adequate facilities such as lecture halls, dorms, and residence halls on campus, the Free SHS policy has increased enrollment at the postsecondary level. This has resulted in a high student-to-lecturer ratio, increased utility bills, a high cost of living on campus, and a rise in the opening of businesses on campus. To address some of these socioeconomic impacts, respondents proposed that the government should improve infrastructure in the country's higher institutions, hire more lecturers, boost incentives for lecturers, and foster partnerships with private institutions to support infrastructure development.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of environmental solid waste management policies and practices for sustainable development in Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana. The case study research design was adopted for the study. Using the simple random sampling procedure, 425 respondents comprising of 380 residents and 45 Zoomlion staff were involved in the study. The data were analysed through the computation of frequencies, percentages, as well as means and standard deviations. On the waste management strategic action plan for sustainable development, it can be concluded that, regular monitoring system should be in place to ensure that households adhere to the solid waste management practices; and education/training programmes on solid waste management should be provided for employees so that they can appreciate the need for sustainable development practices. It can also be concluded that, most of the environmental management policies and practices of solid waste management were not effective in the KEEA Municipality because the residents were uncertain about the effectiveness of the environmental policies that have been put in place. Perhaps, the Assembly does not conduct regular monitoring to find out solid waste management practices of the various households. It could be that the Assembly does not enforce bye-laws on sanitation on appropriate solid waste management practices. It is recommended that, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Assembly should conduct regular monitoring system in order to ensure that residents adhere to the solid waste management practices. Again, the Assembly should make available a reliable data on solid waste generation for households in the Municipality. It is also recommended that, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Assembly should ensure proper enforcement of the bye-laws on sanitation on appropriate solid waste management practices. Residents of the KEEA Municipality should be encouraged by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to consider reuse and recycling as important activities.

First, based on the many levels and their cycles in geoscience, we research the hypercycle of geoscience. This is the hypercycle as a tool of self-organization applied to geoscience. It may form from a level to other higher levels. These levels influence each other and the co-evolution. Second, we discuss some possible mathematical methods, which include graph, vector, matrix, some equations, similar theories, etc. This method can be developed and perfected. Third, we propose the nonlinear whole geoscience and its three basic laws. Fourth, we discuss thermodynamics of geoscience, and in which possible entropy decrease under some sates, such as evolution and cycles of Earth, etc. Sustainable development of society must study the mode from high entropy to low entropy. Various cycles in geoscience cannot all be entropy increases, and cannot all be originated from the external interactions.

There is an ongoing debate regarding how to feed Sub-Saharan Africa's fast rising population in the long run, as well as the implications for food security. To maintain food security, various strategies have been recommended, including a focus on the significance of diversifying and improving people's diets. Proposals have been tabled elsewhere with a primary focus on enhancing agricultural inputs and technology adoption in order to increase agricultural production and productivity, hence strengthening food security. The current opinion piece attempts to contribute to this debate by examining smallholder agriculture and its role to African food security. This discussion proposes a future paradigm shift toward a gendered climate-smart smallholder agriculture and food production and security conceptual framework based on the promotion and development of smallholder agriculture and food production and security. Therefore, it's predicated that the micro-livestock-centered approach can remodel smallholder agrarian households and communities toward a gender-inclusive global climate change adaptive smallholder agriculture to strengthen production, supply, and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. For Africa, today’s predicament is to ensure food security for the anticipated rapid population expansion, while on the other hand handling an overall net adverse effect of worldwide global climate change, and increased socio-economic ills associated with gender inequality in smallholder agriculture and ensuring long-term agriculture sustainable development. The failure to address gender inequality in smallholder agriculture and food production and pontificate of global climate change effect has thrown Sub-Saharan Africa into a state of perpetual food scarcity and insecurity because of low agricultural productivity and food supply, and by force of circumstances exposing the agricultural communities and its people to extreme poverty and nutrition and food insecurity. Therefore, it's predicated that the micro-livestock-centered approach can remodel smallholder agrarian households and communities toward a gender-inclusive global climate change adaptive smallholder agriculture to strengthen production, supply, and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. For this purpose, this discussion proposes a future paradigm shift towards a gendered climate-smart smallholder agriculture and food production and security conceptual framework hinged on the promotion and development of the micro-livestock and/or unconventional animal species sub-sector to strengthen food security on the continent. Overall, the discussion emphasizes the importance of taking immediate action to alleviate the negative effects of climate change and address gender inequality through promotion of micro livestock to assist in the development of long-term adaptation measures to maintain smallholder agricultural productivity.

The number of poor people continues to rise in Africa, despite a slow decline in the poverty rate. Africa with a population of 422 million poor people, representing about 70 per cent of the world's poorest people shows that the global burden of poverty has shifted from the rest of the world to Africa. This paper discussed the causes of poverty on the continent and various responses by stakeholders toward accelerating its poverty reduction. It was found that with the available statistics and projections, Africa will still fall short of eradicating poverty by 2030, but it can bring it to a low level. The study, therefore, recommends that African policymakers should aim for growth that is inclusive and sustainable. International support from the world bank, ODA, G7, and others will play a vital role, especially through technology and resource transfers, also African continent need to improve its resource mobilization.