Background: Educational attainment is a well-established social determinant of various domains of cognitive function across the lifespan. However, the theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggests that the health benefits of educational attainment tend to be weaker for ethnic minorities compared to non-Latino Whites. This phenomenon may reflect the impact of structural inequalities, social stratification, and historical disadvantage. Objective: This study examines whether the association between educational attainment and numeracy score, one domain of cognitive function, is weaker in Latino individuals compared to non-Latino individuals, as predicted by the MDRs framework. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2014 wave of the Understanding America Study (UAS), a national internet-based panel. Numeracy score, a domain of the cognitive function was measured using an 8-item measure. Linear regression models were used to analyze the association between educational attainment and numeracy score, with an interaction term for ethnicity x educational attainment to explore differences between Latino and non-Latino participants. Models were adjusted for age, gender, marital status, immigration, and employment, and results were presented as beta coefficients, p-values, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Overall, 5,659 participants entered our analysis. Higher educational attainment was positively associated with higher numeracy score for both Latino and non-Latino participants (p < 0.001). However, the interaction between education and ethnicity was significant (p < 0.05), indicating that Latino individuals experienced smaller numeracy benefits from education compared to non-Latino individuals. These results support the MDRs framework, suggesting that structural barriers may reduce the numeracy returns of education for Latino individuals. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of diminished returns of educational attainment in terms of numeracy scores among Latino individuals. While education is a key determinant of cognitive abilities such as numeracy, its benefits are not equitably distributed across ethnic groups. Structural inequalities particularly in educational opportunities likely contribute to this disparity. Addressing these underlying factors through targeted policy interventions is necessary to promote cognitive equity for Latino populations.

Background: Parental education is a key determinant of household income, but its benefits are not uniformly distributed across racial groups. According to the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, the socioeconomic benefits of resources such as parental education are systematically lower for minority families, particularly Blacks who have been subjected to slavery, segregation, racism, and discrimination. Objective: This study aims to investigate the diminished returns of parental education on household income among Black college students in the US. Methods: Using data from the Higher Education Research Institute (HERI) Freshman Student Survey, we analyzed the associations between race, parental education, and household income. The sample included 2,235,733 students, comprising 2,191,543 White and 441,90 Black freshman college students. We conducted regression analyses to examine the association between parental education and household income, adjusting for relevant covariates. Results: Our findings indicated that higher parental education is associated with higher household income in the pooled sample. We also found a positive association between parental education and household income for both Black and White college students. However, the magnitude of this positive association was significantly smaller for Black students compared to White students, demonstrating diminished returns of parental education on household income for Black families. Discussion: The results support the theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns, highlighting the need for policies that address the systemic barriers contributing to sustained economic inequality. These barriers go beyond parental education, resulting in income differences between similarly educated White and Black families.

The intersection of race and place in shaping health disparities presents complex dynamics, as evidenced by studies in cities like Detroit, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, where predominantly Black and economically disadvantaged populations experience high overall rates of health problems. Surprisingly, these cities do not exhibit the most pronounced racial disparities. In contrast, areas with a higher percentage of White residents, indicative of greater income inequality, show stark differences in health outcomes between Black and White populations. This disparity underscores how conditions diverge more sharply between Black and White individuals in wealthier urban areas. This phenomenon suggests a complex and sometimes counterintuitive relationship among race, place, income, and income inequality in shaping racial health disparities. These dynamics have significant policy implications. Addressing health disparities requires nuanced strategies that recognize the multiplicative effects of race and income inequality on health outcomes. Policies focusing on areas with a high disease burden, such as Detroit, Philadelphia, and Baltimore can effectively mitigate disparities both locally and more broadly. Conversely, interventions targeting regions with lower disease prevalence, but higher racial disparities must be approached carefully to avoid exacerbating inequalities. In conclusion, understanding and addressing the complex drivers of health disparities demand comprehensive approaches that acknowledge the intertwined influences of race, income, and place. By prioritizing interventions that address economic disparities alongside health initiatives, policymakers can foster more equitable health outcomes across diverse communities.

Networking has become more common in recent years because it provides structural support and consistent avenues for contact among experts. The purpose of the study was to examine tutors’ and students’ perceptions and sustenance of networking in Food and Nutrition education in the Colleges of Education of Ghana. Quantitatively the study employed a cross-sectional survey research design. The population of the study comprised tutors and students in the Colleges of Education in Ghana offering Food and Nutrition. Purposive, stratified and simple random sampling techniques were used to select colleges of education, 16 tutors and 256 students for the study. The main instrument used for data collection was a questionnaire. The data collected were processed and analysed with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 23.0. All statistical analyses were tested at a 5% level of significance. Levene's Test for Equality of Variances was computed to determine the significant difference in the perception of networking in Food and Nutrition education between tutors and students. It can be concluded that both tutors and students are in favour of networking in Food and Nutrition education. The tutors and students believed networking education can foster collaboration, help implement new ideas to improve the quality of teaching, create an environment conducive to teaching and learning; and help students in sharing vital information. Since there is a positive perception on the use of networking, it is recommended that the tutors should foster collaboration, and create a conducive environment to enhance the positive perception and smooth implementation of networking in Food and Nutrition education at Colleges of Education in Ghana. The study indicated that in order to sustain networking education, teachers need to be more cognizant of their interactions and the influence they have on students. It is therefore recommended that teachers maintain contact with students, and ensure a spirit of unity in diversity among the students.

There is an ongoing debate regarding how to feed Sub-Saharan Africa's fast rising population in the long run, as well as the implications for food security. To maintain food security, various strategies have been recommended, including a focus on the significance of diversifying and improving people's diets. Proposals have been tabled elsewhere with a primary focus on enhancing agricultural inputs and technology adoption in order to increase agricultural production and productivity, hence strengthening food security. The current opinion piece attempts to contribute to this debate by examining smallholder agriculture and its role to African food security. This discussion proposes a future paradigm shift toward a gendered climate-smart smallholder agriculture and food production and security conceptual framework based on the promotion and development of smallholder agriculture and food production and security. Therefore, it's predicated that the micro-livestock-centered approach can remodel smallholder agrarian households and communities toward a gender-inclusive global climate change adaptive smallholder agriculture to strengthen production, supply, and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. For Africa, today’s predicament is to ensure food security for the anticipated rapid population expansion, while on the other hand handling an overall net adverse effect of worldwide global climate change, and increased socio-economic ills associated with gender inequality in smallholder agriculture and ensuring long-term agriculture sustainable development. The failure to address gender inequality in smallholder agriculture and food production and pontificate of global climate change effect has thrown Sub-Saharan Africa into a state of perpetual food scarcity and insecurity because of low agricultural productivity and food supply, and by force of circumstances exposing the agricultural communities and its people to extreme poverty and nutrition and food insecurity. Therefore, it's predicated that the micro-livestock-centered approach can remodel smallholder agrarian households and communities toward a gender-inclusive global climate change adaptive smallholder agriculture to strengthen production, supply, and food security in Sub-Saharan Africa. For this purpose, this discussion proposes a future paradigm shift towards a gendered climate-smart smallholder agriculture and food production and security conceptual framework hinged on the promotion and development of the micro-livestock and/or unconventional animal species sub-sector to strengthen food security on the continent. Overall, the discussion emphasizes the importance of taking immediate action to alleviate the negative effects of climate change and address gender inequality through promotion of micro livestock to assist in the development of long-term adaptation measures to maintain smallholder agricultural productivity.

One of the current issues facing humanity is ensuring sustained global food security in the face of devastating effects of climate change; this challenge is particularly pressing on the African continent. Here, I present an opinion piece identifying local animal genetic resources as "African leverage point" that provide the highest chances to cushion rural fork to climate change, enhance environmental sustainability and food security in Africa. When it comes to boosting food production, coping with climate change, or bolstering the delivery of a wide range of ecosystem services, I believe that African animal genetic resources are essential alternatives for the sustainable growth of the livestock industry and its contribution to food security. Africa needs to address the support and development of indigenous animal genetic resources in order to meet the basic food needs of more than 1 billion people, address numerous environmental issues with continental implications, and focus on more effective and resilient food systems with the greatest impact on food security. The indigenous animal resources diversity and support actions to this unique group could provide a boost in protein that is lacking to constitute healthy diets in Africa. The priorities of nonprofit organizations, foundations, governments, citizens' groups, and companies can be influenced by this leverage point in the African food system. Due to continuous food insecurity, which appears to be becoming worse with climate change and makes it even harder to accomplish the SDGs on the continent, Africa has paid a hefty price for being misled about the worth of its own animal genetic resources. To the contrary, it is highly improbable that a strategy to improve food security and rural livelihoods that undermines the utilization of indigenous animal genetic resources will be viable in long-term. If Africa makes an effort, is committed, and fully commits resources to putting indigenous animal genetic resources at the forefront of combating food insecurity and accelerating the achievement of SDGs, it can achieve more under the adverse prevailing climate change induce environmental conditions. Our personal opinion is that we would not have had the ongoing food problems, even in the face of climate change, if Africa had over the years implemented the necessary mechanisms to develop and promote local animal genetic resources. What lies ahead in terms of climate change effect on food security in Africa is anyone's guess – but whatever it is, promoting continental adapted indigenous animal genetic resources portfolio is ready to handle it. Development and promotion of African animal genetic resources should be part of a continental strategy to transform smallholder animal production by 2050, in line with the goals of achieving the SGDs, to improve rural household food security, and bringing rural economy prosperity, resilience, sustainability, and all other desired animal related food outcomes for rural healthy diets. African animal genetic resources are the most important but underutilized resource to address the issue of ongoing food insecurity. The responsible use of local animal genetic resources through climate smart animal husbandry practices also contributes to food security, rural development and increased employment opportunities. African genetic improvement programs involving indigenous animal genetic resources must be considered as regards to local agriculture and livestock development aspirations, appropriateness to local reality and livelihood security, as well as environmental friendliness. Animal agriculture will fill in the enormous gaps in the continent's food supply if this animal group receives adequate attention and is used integrated properly in crop and livestock systems which characterize smallholder farming sector in Africa. Because they have evolved over time to accommodate the various climatic conditions and environmental pressures on the continent, Africa's native animal genetic resources are particularly resilient. Indirectly, the impact of climate change offers a chance to use native animal genetics from Africa. The use of local animal genetic diversity has the potential to substantially improve Africa's food security landscape hence should be given special consideration for sociocultural, environmental, and economic aspects, and with regard for smallholder farmer-specific factors of interest. African animal genetic resources have contributed significantly to the food and nutrition security aspects of the millions of people in their communities of origin and custody in Africa. The purpose of the perception piece is to educate the reader about the fundamental mechanisms that control the use of continental animal genetic resources and how the outlook for these mechanisms can be manipulated in the future for the benefit of improving food security in Africa. The discussion provides in-depth insight into the pertinent literature in understanding the significance of local animal genetic resources in terms of their contribution to food security in Africa.

This paper brings to light efforts of male institutional leaders in the University of Education, Winneba in promoting the gender equality agenda and effects of their efforts in bridging the gender gaps in staff and students’ levels. It sheds further light on involving men in the gender mainstreaming efforts. Both primary and secondary data on gender equality and equity measures were used in this study. The study found that male Vice-Chancellors have over the years been devoted to promoting gender equality agenda in the University. The effects of their efforts are largely seen in the increase in the number of females that have benefited from the institutional mentorship and scholarship programmes, which has impacted positively on addressing the gender gaps in the University. It is recommended that new strategies be adopted in promoting gender equality agenda. These strategies include revision in gender policies to involve men as agents of change in gender mainstreaming activities; gender training for male staff and students of all levels and categories for effective gender work, offering specific trainings and interactive discussions on gender issues for men as volunteers for gender mainstreaming. The study further suggests among other things, the need to engage the university community in entertaining activities like cycling for the equality agenda to be made more real to men and court their interest to promote men’s involvement in gender work.

Background: Reproductive health is a critical component of overall health and development. Unmet contraceptive needs are one of the regularly cited measures of the efficacy of family planning (FP) initiatives. This study set out to determine the magnitude and associated factors of unmet need for FP among women of reproductive-aged (15-49 years) in the provincial areas of The Gambia. Methods: The study used a community-based cross-sectional analytical design. A multistage sampling strategy, comprising simple random and cluster sampling, was utilized to obtain a sample of 643 childbearing women (15-49 years) from rural Gambia's sampled clusters. Data collection was conducted using pre-tested structured interview questionnaires. The association was examined using chi-square/fisher's exact test with a significance level of p<0.05. Binary logistic regression analysis was performed to examine the effect of sociodemographic and cultural determinants on unmet FP need, with corresponding computed adjusted odds ratios (aOR). IBM SPSS version 24 was used for data entry and analysis. Results: The unmet need for FP among the study participants was 25.2%; unmet need for spacing and unmet need for limiting was 17.4% and 7.8%, respectively. The total demand for FP was 59.4%, while the satisfaction of demand for FP was 57.6%. The significant predictors of unmet need for FP were woman’s age at first pregnancy (aOR=0.899, p=0.033), LGA of origin (aOR=0.240, p=0.001) and frequency of using contraceptives (aOR=1.587, p=0.032). Conclusion: The present study demonstrated a high unmet need for FP among rural women in The Gambia, with the most often cited reason for non-use being fear of side effects. Hence, it is necessary to concentrate FP services for rural populations, stressing education regarding contraceptive side effects, service quality, and gender equality. Additionally, the study suggests that male participation and religious leaders' involvement in FP programs be strengthened and mainstreamed, as well as the establishment of a communication program that specifically promotes inter-spousal communication.

In February 2020, a family of four required between $14,196 pesos and $15,667 pesos per month to obtain a salary that exceeds the welfare or poverty line. This is an income that most Mexican households do not obtain. There is little social mobility in Mexico, where three quarters of the population born in households at the bottom of the social ladder do not manage to rise above the poverty line, even so, I believe that it is advisable to pursue undergraduate and especially graduate studies. By 2020, a person with a graduate degree will receive 6.6 times more than a person with a primary school education, 4.5 times more than a person with a secondary school education, 3.8 times more than a person with a high school education and 2 times more than a person with a bachelor's degree. In terms of gender, women with high school, undergraduate and graduate degrees receive the equivalent of 70% of the salary of men.In December 2021, more than 1.8 million Instituto Mexicano del Seguro Social (IMSS) affiliates receive a salary higher than $30,170 pesos, of which more than 830 thousand receive a salary higher than $47,140 pesos, corresponding to 3.2% and 1.5% of the 56.9 million people that make up the economically active employed population (formal and informal).

The present paper attempts to investigate the problem of Fault Tolerant Control for a class of uncertain neutral time delay systems. In the first time, we consider an additive control that is based on adding a term to the nominal law when the fault occurs. This approach will be designed in three steps. The first step is fault detection while the second one is fault estimation. For these two steps, we consider the adaptive observer to guarantee the detection and estimation of the fault. The third step is the fault compensation. Lyapunov method and Linear Matrix Inequality (LMI) techniques were considered to improve the main method. Second, we propose a Pseudo Inverse Method "PIM" and determine the error between the closed loop and the nominal system. Finally, simulation results are presented to prove the theoretical development for an example of an uncertain neutral time delay system.