The banana (Musa spp.) is a tropical fruit with excellent sensory characteristics in terms of aroma, flavor and texture, consumed worldwide and exploited in most tropical countries. Green banana flour is rich in flavonoids, which protect the gastric mucosa, has a high content of resistant starch, which acts in the body as a dietary fiber and thus has health benefits, and is an alternative option for bakery products, reducing waste of both the peel and the pulp. The aim of this study was to develop bread formulations with partial substitution of wheat flour with green banana flour (FBV), thus increasing the nutritional, technological and sensory value. 4 formulations, (A), standard sample; (B), bread with 10% FBV; (C), bread with 15% FBV and (D), bread with 20% FBV. Physico-chemical quality was assessed in terms of moisture content by drying at 105ºC, ash by incineration, fat by the Soxhlet method, protein by the biuret method, carbohydrates by difference calculation and calorific value by sum calculation and sensory analysis by affective methods. The data was evaluated using the RStudio 4.2.1 DCC statistical package. There were no significant differences in moisture content, lipids and calorific value. Differences were evident in the ash and protein content. Sensory acceptance of the standard formulation was 82.22%. The results obtained show that green banana flour can be used as a partial substitute for wheat flour to produce breads with functional properties.

This seminar in writing introduced novel cancer thermal therapy using functionalized heat-generating nanoparticles with about 100 nm diameter, administered via intratumor injection. The nanoparticles named magnetites cationic lipid composite particles (MCL particles) were composed of about 10 nm magnetites (Fe₃O₄), a cationic lipid and two neutral lipids. Magnetites in MCL particles generated heat due to external alternating magnetic field (AMF) irradiation to kill cancer cells nearby located. A cationic lipid component conferred several functions to MCL particles necessary for its efficacy and safety. Origination of the therapy with MCL particles was summarized by referring to our earlier reports in 1996-2014. Further characterizations of MCP particles and utility of heat dose index for treatment control were summarized by referring to our recent reports in 2019-2022. Unpublished data were supplemented to support overall understanding of the therapy. Purpose of this seminar is to clarify novel principle of the therapy in comparison with conventional thermal therapies and to discuss its clinical application.

The characterization of rock mass along the tunnel alignment based on physical, geological and geotechnical data of the project area was used in this work. The support systems were recommended for all geotechnical units using RMR and tunneling quality index (Q-system) support chart. The paper also consists in making a two-dimensional numerical study of the stability of the left lateral slope of the Portal of the tunnel with the Slide 6.0 software and inside provisional support with the Phase.2 2D program. The study shows good results of the internal rock mass stability of the tunnel and satisfactory safety factor (FoS) in terms of collapse analyzes of the lateral slope of the tunnel portals.

During the past few decades, many of the synthetic chemicals are able to produce nanoparticles and nanoclusters, although these chemicals primarily act as reducing and capping agents, they are very toxic and hazardous and make the nanoparticles biologically incompatible. Thus there is need for green chemistry that includes a clean, non-toxic and environmental friendly method of nanoparticles synthesis. Cobalt, iron and copper nanoparticles were synthesized using the stem-bark extract of khayasenegalensis (mahogany) where cobalt chloride (CoCl₂ 6H₂O), ferric chloride (FeCl₂), and copper sulphate (CuSO₄ H₂O) were used as the metal precursor respectively. The change in color from light brown to dark brown indicates the formation of cobalt nanoparticles, from light brown to dark green indicates the formation of copper nanoparticles and also the change in color from light brown to a dark color indicates formation of iron nanoparticles. The nanoparticles were further characterized using UV visible spectroscopy, FTIR, and SEM. The UV result for CoNPs showed the highest peak at 500nm and both FeNPs and CuNPs showed the highest peak at 300nm. The FTIR results for all the nanoparticles showed the presence of Alkaloids and triterpenes. Also the SEM result showed spherical granular, partially dispersed and monodispersed morphology for CoNPs, FeNPs and CuNPs respectively. Moreover, the antibacterial activity of the synthesized NPs when tested against two gram positive bacteria and two gram negative bacteria was evaluated and good results were obtained. The antifungal activity when tested against two fungi showed a very good result.

A new parameter was proposed, with the help of which a specific disperse system was characterized. In addition, a regularity was found showing the relationship between the structural characteristics of structural units (particle size distribution, standard deviation, intensity and average diameter). Various highly dispersed systems have been investigated, including polystyrene latex, Sucrose and latex.

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) form the backbone of pharmaceutical formulations, influencing their efficacy, safety, and stability. Essence control of APIs involves stringent regulation and optimization of their chemical, physical, and biological properties to ensure consistent quality and therapeutic outcomes. This manuscript explores the critical aspects of essence control in APIs, including synthesis, characterization, quality assessment, and regulatory considerations. The synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients is a pivotal stage in pharmaceutical manufacturing, where precise control over chemical reactions and process conditions is paramount to achieving high-quality, safe, and effective medicines. Advances in synthetic methodologies, optimization strategies, sustainability practices, and the implementation of PAT technologies continue to drive innovation in API synthesis, supporting the development of novel therapeutic agents and enhancing pharmaceutical manufacturing efficiency.

Thanks to their interesting mechanical properties, recyclability and low production costs, plant fiber-reinforced composites, derived from agricultural residues, are of particular interest to both manufacturers and scientists looking to incorporate new environmentally-friendly and biodegradable materials to replace synthetic fibers, particularly glass fibers. The growing use of these composites in fields such as the automotive, construction and building industries, and soon in aeronautics, raises concerns about the reliability of the structures with which they are manufactured. This reliability must be guaranteed at the design stage, by a good knowledge of the properties of the material used. In this case, for composites, it is necessary to know the mechanical properties of their constituents, fibers and matrix, etc. In this context, this paper focuses firstly on the economic and industrial recovery of Kenaf (K) and Date Palm (DP) fibers, and secondly on their incorporation as a reinforcing element in cementitious matrix composites, for subsequent use in non-structural applications. This research highlights the development of cementitious matrix bio-composites reinforced with this type of fiber, based on Taguchi's statistical methodology, in order to minimize the cost and number of tests. The bio-composites developed are then mechanically characterized under static loading in compression and 3-point bending after a 30-day drying period.

This research work is about the propagation of electromagnetic waves on coaxial cables such that its resistive losses are minimized, and signal quality is improved. The resistive loss of a coaxial cable is caused by several things; impedance of the conductor, and the type of dielectric material used and the skin effect and causes the signal to be attenuated. In this research, various comparison was made on different coaxial cables in other to test their resistivity per length of the conductor and measure the losses per meter of the coaxial cables. The various properties of the conductor, the impedance, capacitance, and the velocity of propagations was taken into consideration. Measurements were carried out to derive our data, and MATLAB was used in analyzing the results and the behaviour of the LMR series, RG8, RG6A, Davis RF, and CQ110 coaxial cables. Based on the findings, it is concluded that for a better and improved signal quality and to reduce resistive losses in coaxial cables, the characteristic impedance of the cable should be 80 ohms as this will reduce the coaxial cable resistive losses.

The plant leaves used as adsorbent in this study were Guava plant leaves (GPL) and Cashew plant leaves (CPL). The samples were collected within Gombe State. Batch adsorption method was used in determining the adsorption process. Fourier Transform Spectroscopy (FT-IR), Scan-ning Electron Microscopy (SEM) and X-Ray Diffraction (XRD) were used for the characterization. The results show promising signs as they were in agreement with most literatures; various per-centage removals were obtained from Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ (GPL and CPL) at optimum conditions. The equilibrium data fitted well with both Langmuir and Freundlich isotherm models. Langmuir mod-el fitted well for Pb²⁺ (CPL) with R² value (0.9855) and Cd²⁺ for (GPL and CPL) with R² values (0.9945 and 0.9948) while Pb²⁺ (GPL) with correlation coefficient at 0.9116 best fits well with Freundlich isotherm model. Pseudo first order and second order were used in testing the kinetics study from which pseudo second order best fitted better than that of the first order kinetics. The thermodynamic study shows that ΔG is negative in most cases except for Cd²⁺ (GPL) where ΔG is positive. Whereas ΔH and ΔS are positive in some cases showing an endothermic and spontane-ous adsorption processes respectively, as well as negative in some. Based on this study, GPL and CPL could be used as a natural adsorbent to remove Pb²⁺ and Cd²⁺ heavy metals from wastewater and environment due to their high removal efficiencies.

In this Research work, Silver Nanoparticles were green synthesized from Psidium guajava leaves and different Characterization techniques including UV-Visible, FT-IR, SEM and XRD were all employed to ascertain the absorption peaks, functional group, surface morphology and crystalline size of the nanoparticles respectively. These nanoparticles green synthesized were applied against four different pathogens namely, S. aureus (gram- positive bacteria), E. coli (gram- negative bacteria), C. albicans (gram- positive fungus) and Aspergillus niger and the investigation showed that the Silver nanoparticles synthesized were potent against the selected pathogens. From the UV-Vis spectral analysis, it was observed that highest absorption peaks appeared at 400nm and 500nm reflecting the surface plasmon resonance of silver Nanoparticles from guava leaves which is characteristic of Silver Nanoparticles. From the FT-IR spectrum of the sample under studied, the peaks 3416.85 cm^-1, 2923.51 cm^-1, 1618.95 cm^-1, 1384.49 cm^-1 and 1033.63 cm^-1 were observed where the absorption band at 3416.85 cm^-1 corresponds to the stretching due to N-H, while the band at 2923.51 cm^-1 is associated with C-H stretch of alkane and O-H stretching. The peak at 1618.95 cm^-1 shows C=C stretching, 1384.49 cm^-1 reveals the existence of C-H bending and 1033.63 cm^-1 depicted C-O stretching. The SEM analysis revealed the shape of the nanoparticles as being spherical while XRD result admits that the average size of the green synthesized Ag NPs was 45.5 nm using the Scherer’s formula. Augmentin was used as control at concentration of 300μg/L throughout antimicrobial studies. Different concentrations of 100, 200, 300, 400 and 500μg/L of Silver Nanoparticles were tested against each pathogen. It was discovered that with increase in concentrations of Silver Nanoparticles of all the pathogens, there generally appeared to be increase in inhibition zone. At higher concentration of 500μg/L, the zones of inhibition were in the following order; 22.50 mm, 17.00mm, 15.44mm, and 13.23mm for E. Coli, S. aureus, C. albicans and Aspergillus niger respectively. For each concentration investigated, E. coli, demonstrated higher zone of inhibition as opposed to all other pathogens investigated in this research.