Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is commonly known as a pathogen of the bronchiolitis in children, however, recently also as a pathogen of the severe virus pneumonia in adults, especially elderly persons, and vaccines for elderly persons have been developed. There are two vaccines, such as the vaccines targeted for subgroup A with the adjuvant, and that targeted for both subgroup A and B but not included the adjuvant in Japan. Both vaccines are considered effective to prevent not only the incident of RSV infection/pneumonia, but also the exacerbations of the elderly persons with underlying diseases including chronic cardiopulmonary diseases.

COVID-19 vaccines have demonstrated efficacy in reducing the prevalence of serious illnesses. The relative risk of hospitalization and mortality for patients who get breakthrough infections after immunization versus those who develop reinfections after a prior spontaneous infection is examined in this correspondence. Based on a study on U.S. Veterans who were not vaccinated and experienced reinfections had a much higher risk of experiencing severe illness outcomes compared to those who had received immunizations and experienced breakthrough infections, even if the rates of reinfection and breakthrough infection were similar. Our findings highlight the value of immunization in reducing severe COVID-19 outcomes, even in the presence of reinfections.

Background: Severe COVID-19 patients who received ventilator management were not very rare even when the omicron variant became dominant, but the clinical characteristics of these patients are still unclear. Methods: The clinical characteristics of severe COVID-19 patients requiring ventilator management were retrospectively investigated from January 2023 to December 2023. Results: Severe COVID-19 patients who received ventilator management accounted for 11 of 275 (4.2%) patients during the omicron variant period. Their mean age was 70.7 (51-85) years, and males were predominant. Ten of eleven (91.7%) patients were managed in the emergency department and had underlying diseases, including chronic lung/heart/kidney diseases and neurological diseases. However, only 4 of 11 (36.4%) had a clear history of vaccination. The patients showed a positive SARS-CoV-2 antigen titer of 3305.7 (12.9-20912). All 11 patients were treated with remdesivir and dexamethasone, and 5 (45.5%) also received sotrovimab. Pathogenic bacteria were isolated from 7 of 11 (63.6%) patients, and all 11 patients were treated with antibiotics. Only 3 of 11 (27.3%) patients were managed using extracorporeal membrane oxygenation (ECMO), but 9 of 11(81.8%) patients survived. Conclusions: These data suggest that severe COVID-19 patients who required ventilator management were less-vaccinated, elderly patients with underlying disease. These patients were treated successfully using antiviral agents, steroids, neutralizing antibodies, and antibiotics, with a few also treated using ECMO in the omicron era.

The pulmonary characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) co-infection with respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus, are still unclear. Case series: Two patients with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) infection in the lungs co-infected with either SARS-CoV-2 or influenza virus are reported. Case 1 was a 66-year-old woman who was admitted with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Her chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) showed multiple cavity formations with infiltration shadows, and MSSA was detected from her sputum and blood, suggesting COVID-19-related bacterial pneumonia and pulmonary embolism. No catheters had been used, but she had skin eruptions and a history of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Ampicillin/sulbactam (ABPC/SBT) was administered, and she finally improved. Case 2 was an 87-year-old man with a history of atopic dermatitis who was admitted with moderate pneumonia, and influenza virus co-infection was found. He showed multiple cavitary shadows, and MSSA was isolated from both his sputum and blood. He was diagnosed with influenza-related bacterial pulmonary embolism. No catheters had been used, but he had a history of influenza vaccination. He was also treated by ABPC/SBT and finally improved. Conclusions: These cases suggest that MSSA showed affinity to the lungs when co-infected with either SARS-CoV-2 or influenza virus, and it presented as septic emboli without catheter use. We should consider MSSA infection when patients have SARS-CoV-2 or influenza virus co-infection, and multiple cavity formation and skin disorders are seen, even though they were vaccinated and no catheters were used.

Background: This work is a report of the present situation and management of Corona Virus (CoV) infection in the Principality of Monaco. Methods: To comply with the practices adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and neighboring Countries in this area, residents infected by CoV are the object of this health report. The Prince’s Government also communicates the data relating to screening. These are stopped at Sunday January 1^st included. Results: The results of this survey point out how this infection is still active in Monaco, although not at the emergency levels of 2020. Conclusions: These results call for not leaving prevention measures, both primary (vaccine) and secondary (personal protective equipment [PPE], social distancing, etc.) adopted until now and which gave so good results.

The pandemic of the SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) that was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020 is still ongoing. One of the early recommendations from CDC and other international agencies is the seasonal influenza vaccination to decrease the effects and burden of COVID-19 pandemic. This review suggests that during COVID-19 pandemic vaccination against seasonal influenza should be conducted all over the year, even for young age groups, because of several reasons. First, the complications of seasonal influenza, especially pneumonia, could increase the burden on the saturated healthcare systems worldwide. Second, the resemblance of symptoms and signs of both seasonal influenza and COVID-19 will difficult diagnosing and isolation of COVID-19 patients. Third, it has been postulated that there is a cross immunity between seasonal influenza and COVID-19.

The aim of this article is to examine the impacts of Coronavirus Disease -19 (Covid-19) vaccines on economic condition and sustainable development goals. In other words, we are going to study the economic condition during Covid19. We have studied the economic costs of pandemic, benefits in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), public finances and employment, investment on vaccines around the world, progress and totally the economic impacts of vaccines and the impacts of emerging markets (EM) on achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs), including no poverty, good health and well-being, zero hunger, reduced inequality etc. The importance of emerging economies in reducing the harmful effects of the Corona has also been noted. We have tried to do experimental results and forecast daily new death cases from Feb-2020 to Aug-2021 in Iran using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Beetle Antennae Search (BAS) algorithm as a case study with econometric models and regression analysis. The findings show that Covid19 has had devastating economic and health effects on the world, and the vaccine can be very helpful in eliminating these effects specially in long-term. We observed that there is inequality in the distribution of Corona vaccines in rich countries compared to poor which EM can decrease the gap between them. The results show that both models (i.e., Artificial intelligence (AI) and econometric models) almost have the same results but AI optimization models can robust the model and prediction. The main contribution of this article is that we have surveyed the impacts of vaccination from socio-economic viewpoint not just report some facts and truth. We have surveyed the impacts of vaccines on sustainable development goals and the role of EM in achieving SDGs. In addition to using the theoretical framework, we have also used quantitative and empirical results that have rarely been seen in other articles.

Currently, the world is facing the COVID-19 epidemic, a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Emerging body of molecular evidences suggested a similar path to SARS and MERS viruses. A viral particles cascade enters into the human body through eyes, nose, and mouth, few of these viral particles reaches to the lower respiratory tract through breathing and here their spike protein act like a key and lock into epithelial cells which are the air sacs in lungs. SARS-CoV-2 is undetectable for a longer period of time than many other flu and coronaviruses. Once they entered inside body, they overtake the cell’s machinery, replicate, multiply and infect the adjoining cells. All the viruses have a tell-tale signature on the surface known as antigens, identifying these antigens is what activate the immune system by producing the antibodies. Researchers have shown that a wide range of immune cells that react to SARS-CoV-2 and helps in recovery could be helpful in the development of potential vaccines.

Streptococcus pneumoniae is an important pathogenic bacteria causing pneumonia and invasive pneumococcal diseases, and the vaccination for pneumococcal vaccination is recommended in patients with RA and other autoimmune disorders. Compared with the immunocompetent individuals, frequency and the mortality rate were higher in the RA patients. The effect of pneumococcal vaccination may not be weakened in people using corticosteroid and biological disease-modifying anti-rheumatic drug (DMARD) currently being used, but mild to relatively inhibition of immunogenicity was suggested in patients using either methotrexate or rituximab. Administration of 13-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (PCV13), rather than 23-valent Pneumococcal polysaccharide vaccine (PPSV23) may be desirable in preventing pneumonia in people with autoimmune disease and sequential administration of PCV13 in people aged ≤64 years and PPSV23 from age ≥65 years may be useful for preventing pneumonia in people with autoimmune disease according to the insurance system. In addition, PCV15 and PCV 20 will be available soon and expected for more clinical efficiency rather than current PCV13 and PPSV23.

It is known that seasonal influenza virus vaccination is important to be taken every year among healthcare workers (HCWs) to avoid transmission of influenza virus and its complications inside the workplace. The reason behind the importance of vaccination is that HCWs are at high risk to be infected with influenza virus. Among the studies addressing the rates of influenza vaccine status among HCWs, a study was conducted in three Middle East countries where the vaccination rates were 24.7%, 67.2%, and 46.4% in United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Oman, respectively. Now, after the pandemic of COVID-19 there are beliefs that vaccination with influenza virus could decrease the deaths from COVID-19. A recent retrospective cohort study to detect the effect of seasonal influenza vaccine on the deaths among COVID-19 patients showed that the individuals who didn’t take the influenza vaccine in the last year before being infected with COVID-19 had a higher risk of being hospitalized when compared with patients who took the vaccine. In conclusion, seasonal influenza vaccine could have an important role in the prevention of COVID-19. Seasonal influenza vaccine coverage should be improved among HCWs. New tailored health education programs to improve the attitudes and beliefs of HCWs towards seasonal influenza vaccine during the era of COVID-19 are strongly and urgently needed.

Introduction: The city of Wuhan in China reported the first case of coronavirus, termed as SARS-CoV-2, in December 2019. To date, 187,827,660 cases have been reported to the WHO (3). With current research focusing on potential therapeutic agents for the coronavirus disease and vaccines, there remain major gaps in our understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical course of this viral pneumonia. Secondary infections are one of them. In this systematic review, we analyze the outcomes of two fungal infections in patients of COVID-19, viz. Mucormycosis and candida. Methodology: A systematic review has been done on secondary infections with mucor and candida fungi in patients of COVID-19. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were used. Twenty-three studies were included in the final analysis. Our review included studies from various countries across the globe. The risk of bias was analyzed using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Case Series Studies. This study did not require ethical approval as data was obtained from already available databases, and patients were not directly involved. Results: A total of 23 articles were included in the final review and the total number of patients included was 79 Male: female ratio was calculated to be 1.6 and the average age of patients was 52 years (ranging from 24-86 years). Various types of comorbidities were seen in the included patients, the most common being diabetes mellitus. Among the 18 patients in the cohort of mucormycosis, 7 patients died and four studies did not report patient outcomes. Among the 61 patients, 13 patients died and one patient was still ventilated at the time of publication. Conclusion: Secondary infections after COVID-19 are a cause of major concerns. Further studies and case reports are needed to better understand the various other types of secondary infections and also to formulate strategies to prevent these.

The outbreaks and quick spread of severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have badly affected the whole world due to continuous emergence-and-transmission of the latest-new viral-genomes forming new-variants revealing patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak-and-global-pandemic with badly affecting advanced-medical-science-technology-communication-agriculture-agronomy-plant-breeding-horticulture, health-environment-socio-economy, and different-issues. India's emphasis on okra, the ‘Nature's-Gift to Human-Disease-Free-Healthy-Life’ and the most ‘Economically-Important-Number-One-Consumption Vegetable-Crops’ is destroyed by various-diseases causing pathogens like the root-knot (RK)-diseases caused by the nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, and easily checked by many chemical-pesticides. But it causes different carcinogenic effects on the environment and our life. So it is an urgent need to develop potential biomedicines. The pretreatments with ultra-high-diluted-biomedicines (UHDBMs) Gall 200C and Nematode 200C, prepared from okra-root-galls (ORG) and nematode-females (NF) respectively, applied by foliar spray@ 20 ml/plant, are highly effective against the root-knot-disease of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Cv. Ankur-40, with the increasing growth of plants and fruits-production. The UHDBMs-Gall 200C is more effective than the Nematode 200C. Both the pretreatments-UHDBMs are responsible for induce-systemic-acquired-defense-response of the pretreated-plants through the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins-genes (22-14 numbers), which are more or less similar-molecular-range (295kD-11kD) of many coronavirus, which will be responsible for preventing-RK and COVID-19 like virus-diseases by inducing-defense-resistance or increasing innate-immunity respectively, and advanced in medical-science, technology, communication, agriculture, agronomy, plant breeding, horticulture, health, environment, socio-economy, and different application-issues with pollution-free globe, developing new-preventive typical-biomedical vaccines or treatments methods or drug development and research against the ‘21^st-Century Global Pandemic COVID-19 like Any Viral Diseases’ which lead to optimal contributions to the field of policymaking drug and vaccine development emphasizing new or important aspects of the study, and synthetic production of UHDBMs will be more practical implications, and social implications in the future research. And the farmers and the world would be benefitted most; by collecting and uprooting gall-roots after harvesting for cost-effective bio-controlling plant-diseases, and profit from shelling-and-buying of whole plants, fruits, and gall-roots also, and helps for the benefit of global health by developing the most cost-effective, personalized, non-toxic, easily-preparable, easily-maintainable, easily-available and suppliable, vaccines or treatments methods from their own product.