Background: Coronavirus disease has caused global turmoil especially causing huge impact on human life all over the world. Current reports states more than 3 million people have lost life and more than 160 million people are known to be suspected with the SARS-CoV-2. Transmission and disease incidence rates are indicators to assess the seriousness of COVID-19 pandemic and studies to understand the factors that aid in this direction are very vital to curb the disease. Methods: The study intends to discover the relationship by performing statistical analysis using correlation and multiple linear regression analysis between the variable’s population density, temperature, relative humidity, and active time of virus and find out the parameters that predict the cases reported per million population in 83 countries. Results: Analysis indicates active time of virus in days is very positively associated with the COVID -19 cases in all the countries r = .604, p < .01. Active time of virus shows strong negative correlation with temperature r = -.930, p < .01 revealing that rise in temperature will reduce the virus activity in the population. Together, these variables will account for 36.2% variance in the cases per million population with no significant prediction estimated from any factor. Conclusion: The study outcomes clearly state that population density alone is insufficient to estimate the extent of influence on COVID -19 cases as the number of persons living per sq. km of land is a dynamic quantity tend to fluctuate over time and space due to migration of population. In conjunction to the previous studies reported on the environmental and climatic factors influencing the cases reported, population dynamics does not show much significance on the disease spread and incidence. Contribution: The rise in confirmed cases and the high incidence rate reported in countries can be attributed to the active time of virus life expectancy as there is a positive correlation observed between the COVID-19 cases reported and the virus active time in the examined countries. Also, environment and climatic factors play a role in modulating the infection and transmission rate with less significant influence of population density on the COVID-19.

The principle of Undetectable = Untransmittable (U=U) posits that people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are able to achieve and maintain a viral load of <200 copies/mL by regularly taking antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) are considered virally suppressed and cannot transmit the HIV virus to other individuals through sex. This groundbreaking message has emerged as a key HIV prevention strategy for eliminating transmission risks and enhancing the quality of life of people living with HIV. This narrative review explores the clinical foundation of U=U, the level of awareness and acceptance of the message globally, and the psychosocial impact on people living with HIV. It has been discovered that this message minimizes stigma, improves mental health, promote treatment adherence and good disclosure behaviors among people living with HIV. Evidence has shown that despite the U=U revolution for HIV prevention, there are significant differences in awareness and acceptance of the message among different population groups. The challenges noted were poor communication by healthcare providers, limitations in the health system, and stigma issues. Nevertheless, the inclusion of U=U in mainstream HIV services has proven to increase awareness and enhance its adoption. The urgent need in the present review is to advocate for strategies to increase the equitable distribution of U=U to harness its full potential in public health.

This research is a collaboration involving a university team, a partnering corporation, and a hemodialysis clinic, which is a cross-disciplinary research initiative in the field of Artificial Intelligence of Things (AIoT) within the medical informatics domain. The research has two objectives: (1) The development of an Internet of Things (IoT)-based Information System customized for the hemodialysis machines at the clinic, including transmission bridges, clinical personnel dedicated web/app, and a backend server. The system has been deployed at the clinic and is now officially operational; (2) The research also utilized de-identified, anonymous data (collected by the officially operational system) to train, evaluate, and compare Deep Learning-based Intradialytic Blood Pressure (BP)/Pulse Rate (PR) Predictive Models, with subsequent suggestions provided. Both objectives were executed under the supervision of the Institutional Review Board (IRB) at Mackay Memorial Hospital in Taiwan. The system completed for objective one has introduced three significant services to the clinic, including automated hemodialysis data collection, digitized data storage, and an information-rich human-machine interface as well as graphical data displays, which replaces traditional paper-based clinical administrative operations, thereby enhancing healthcare efficiency. The graphical data presented through web and app interfaces aids in real-time, intuitive comprehension of the patients’ conditions during hemodialysis. Moreover, the data stored in the backend database is available for physicians to conduct relevant analyses, unearth insights into medical practices, and provide precise medical care for individual patients. The training and evaluation of the predictive models for objective two, along with related comparisons, analyses, and recommendations, suggest that in situations with limited computational resources and data, an Artificial Neural Network (ANN) model with six hidden layers, SELU activation function, and a focus on artery-related features can be employed for hourly intradialytic BP/PR prediction tasks. It is believed that this contributes to the collaborating clinic and relevant research communities.

Rabies is a virus present in more than 150 nations and territories worldwide, but it can be prevented through vaccination. Each year, tens of thousands of people die from rabies, primarily in Asia and Africa, with children under the age of 15 representing 40% of these fatalities. Up to 99% of rabies transmissions to humans occur through dog bites, making dogs the leading cause of rabies-related deaths in humans. We present a fatal case of rabies after a 5-month exposure incident. The patient, a 55-year-old Nigerian missionary from Enugu state, Nigeria presented with restlessness, hydrophobia, occasional barking gestures, abdominal discomfort and agitation. His condition was said to have progressively worsened as patients was unable to eat and drink fluids for days. His wife reported that the patient had experienced a bite from a stray dog on his right arm 5 months before presentation, for which no antirabies prophylaxis was given. The patient died on the second day of admission to the hospital (within 7 days of symptom onset).

Background: Racial disparities in educational outcomes persist in the United States, with Black individuals experiencing lower levels of educational attainment and a higher rate of school disciplinary actions compared to their White counterparts. Parental education is a known predictor of offspring educational attainment, but its effects may vary by race. Understanding the role of household income in mediating these effects is crucial for developing targeted policy interventions to reduce educational inequalities. Objectives: This study aimed to examine the role of household income in mediating the differential effects of maternal education on two youth educational outcomes (educational attainment by age 22 and school disciplinary action) in Black and White families. Methods: Data were drawn from the 22 years of follow-up of the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), a longitudinal study following a cohort of children born in large U.S. cities between 1998 and 2000. Participants included 1,647 Black and 689 White young adults who were followed from birth to age 22. Maternal education, household income, family structure, and paternal incarceration were assessed at baseline (birth), and two youth educational outcomes, namely educational attainment and any school disciplinary action, were assessed at age 22 (emerging adulthood). Using structural equation modeling (SEM), mediation analysis was conducted to examine whether household income partially mediates the effects of maternal education on youth educational outcomes, with race (Black vs. White) as the moderator. Results: The results indicated that maternal education was positively associated with youth educational attainment and negatively associated with school disciplinary actions in the pooled sample that included both Black and White families. However, the effect of parental education on educational attainment at age 22 was weaker for Black than White families. Household income partially mediated racial differences in the effect of maternal education on youth educational attainment. The results suggest that lower household income in Black families is why we observe a weaker effect of parental education on youth educational attainment for Black youth compared to White youth. Conclusions: Findings suggest that the lower household income of families is one of the reasons high maternal education levels are associated with lower youth educational attainment in Black than White families. Addressing income disparities through tax policies may help reduce racial disparities in education and promote educational equity for Black youth.

Encryption is a method of encoding data so that only authorized parties can read or access that data. With the fast improvement of digital data exchange in electronic way, Information Security is becoming much more important in data storage and transmission. In this paper, the authors work on improving the security of data using a combination of Hill cipher and a Transposition cipher (G_p) , the plaintext will be encrypted using ordinary Hill cipher technique and encrypted again using G_p cipher there by producing a more complex ciphertext that will be very difficult for cryptanalyst to intrude, and the decryption process is done in two phases, the first decryption will return the ciphertext of the ordinary Hill cipher method and the second decryption will return the original plaintext.

As a result of the virus's global dissemination, novel COVID-19 infections have emerged as a significant obstacle for all healthcare professionals to overcome. Dental specialist plays an effective role in the prevention of coronavirus. Dental care units and settings face various problems relating to the transmission of disease during treatment and dental operations. Blood, saliva, and mixed water droplets possessing the virus cause contamination of equipment used for dental treatment. Both patients and workers may become transmitters and infectors of COVID-19 through direct contact during dental operations. Both dental workers and patients are likely to become infectors and transmitters of COVID-19. The dental care routine is very effective as we discussed below the prevention steps are very effective. All healthcare workers at the dentistry clinics, including nurses, should collaborate to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus among patients.

Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has quickly emerged as a global pandemic leading to critical health complications. The possibility and risk of vertical transmission of this virus is still unclear, particularly as it relates to pregnant women and their fetuses. Regarding scientific data, there is insufficient research focused on COVID-19 infection complicated with hydrops fetalis and intrauterine fetal demise. In this study, we report an intra uterus fetal death due to hydrops fetalis and twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) in monochorionic–monoamniotic (MCMA) twin pregnancy associated with mild COVID-19 infection in a 33-week-pregnant woman.

It is known that seasonal influenza virus vaccination is important to be taken every year among healthcare workers (HCWs) to avoid transmission of influenza virus and its complications inside the workplace. The reason behind the importance of vaccination is that HCWs are at high risk to be infected with influenza virus. Among the studies addressing the rates of influenza vaccine status among HCWs, a study was conducted in three Middle East countries where the vaccination rates were 24.7%, 67.2%, and 46.4% in United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Oman, respectively. Now, after the pandemic of COVID-19 there are beliefs that vaccination with influenza virus could decrease the deaths from COVID-19. A recent retrospective cohort study to detect the effect of seasonal influenza vaccine on the deaths among COVID-19 patients showed that the individuals who didn’t take the influenza vaccine in the last year before being infected with COVID-19 had a higher risk of being hospitalized when compared with patients who took the vaccine. In conclusion, seasonal influenza vaccine could have an important role in the prevention of COVID-19. Seasonal influenza vaccine coverage should be improved among HCWs. New tailored health education programs to improve the attitudes and beliefs of HCWs towards seasonal influenza vaccine during the era of COVID-19 are strongly and urgently needed.

SARS-COV-19 is a serious respiratory infection created by a devastating coronavirus family (2019-nCoV) that has become the first global epidemic of the last one hundred years. It is a highly transmissible virus transmitted by inhalation or contact with the droplet core produced by infected people when they sneeze, cough, and speak. SARS-COV-2 transmission in the air is possible even in a confined space near the infected person. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using a shield or mask as a barrier to a patient’s face against the spread of virus particles. For the present simulation, the discrete phase model (DPM) is used; Because this model allows us to study the particle’s mass discretely in a fluid space with the continuous phase. Due to the choice of this model, the virus particles secreted from the patient’s mouth are considered a discrete phase, and the open airflow in the computational area is considered a continuous phase. The present study uses fluent 2019R3 software to simulate the virus transmission to model the transient flows numerically. The analysis found that the masks or shields can be an effective method of protecting the participants of a conversation in the presence of an infected person.

The outbreaks and quick spread of severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have badly affected the whole world due to continuous emergence-and-transmission of the latest-new viral-genomes forming new-variants revealing patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak-and-global-pandemic with badly affecting advanced-medical-science-technology-communication-agriculture-agronomy-plant-breeding-horticulture, health-environment-socio-economy, and different-issues. India's emphasis on okra, the ‘Nature's-Gift to Human-Disease-Free-Healthy-Life’ and the most ‘Economically-Important-Number-One-Consumption Vegetable-Crops’ is destroyed by various-diseases causing pathogens like the root-knot (RK)-diseases caused by the nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, and easily checked by many chemical-pesticides. But it causes different carcinogenic effects on the environment and our life. So it is an urgent need to develop potential biomedicines. The pretreatments with ultra-high-diluted-biomedicines (UHDBMs) Gall 200C and Nematode 200C, prepared from okra-root-galls (ORG) and nematode-females (NF) respectively, applied by foliar spray@ 20 ml/plant, are highly effective against the root-knot-disease of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Cv. Ankur-40, with the increasing growth of plants and fruits-production. The UHDBMs-Gall 200C is more effective than the Nematode 200C. Both the pretreatments-UHDBMs are responsible for induce-systemic-acquired-defense-response of the pretreated-plants through the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins-genes (22-14 numbers), which are more or less similar-molecular-range (295kD-11kD) of many coronavirus, which will be responsible for preventing-RK and COVID-19 like virus-diseases by inducing-defense-resistance or increasing innate-immunity respectively, and advanced in medical-science, technology, communication, agriculture, agronomy, plant breeding, horticulture, health, environment, socio-economy, and different application-issues with pollution-free globe, developing new-preventive typical-biomedical vaccines or treatments methods or drug development and research against the ‘21^st-Century Global Pandemic COVID-19 like Any Viral Diseases’ which lead to optimal contributions to the field of policymaking drug and vaccine development emphasizing new or important aspects of the study, and synthetic production of UHDBMs will be more practical implications, and social implications in the future research. And the farmers and the world would be benefitted most; by collecting and uprooting gall-roots after harvesting for cost-effective bio-controlling plant-diseases, and profit from shelling-and-buying of whole plants, fruits, and gall-roots also, and helps for the benefit of global health by developing the most cost-effective, personalized, non-toxic, easily-preparable, easily-maintainable, easily-available and suppliable, vaccines or treatments methods from their own product.

COVID-19 demonstrated a global catastrophe that touched everybody, including the scientific community. As we respond and recover rapidly from this pandemic, there is an opportunity to guarantee that the fabric of our society includes sustainability, fairness, and care. However, approaches to environmental health attempt to decrease the populations burden of COVID-19, toward saving patients from becoming ill along with preserving the allocation of clinical resources and public safety standards. This paper explores environmental and public health evidence-based practices toward responding to Covid-19. A literature review tried to do a deep dive through the use of various search engines such as Mendeley, Research Gate, CAB Abstract, Google Scholar, Summon, PubMed, Scopus, Hinari, Dimension, OARE Abstract, SSRN, Academia search strategy toward retrieving research publications, “grey literature” as well as reports from expert working groups. To achieve enhanced population health, it is recommended to adopt widespread evidence-based strategies, particularly in this uncertain time. As only together can evidence-informed decision-making (EIDM) can become a reality which include effective policies and practices, transparency and accountability of decisions, and equity outcomes; these are all more relevant in resource-constrained contexts, such as Nigeria. Effective and ethical EIDM though requires the production as well as use of high-quality evidence that are timely, appropriate and structured. One way to do so is through co-production. Co-production (or co-creation or co-design) of environmental/public health evidence considered as a key tool for addressing complex global crises such as the high risk of severe COVID-19 in different nations. A significant evidence-based component of environmental/public health (EBEPH) consist of decisions making based on best accessible, evidence that is peer-reviewed; using data as well as systematic information systems; community engagement in policy making; conducting sound evaluation; do a thorough program-planning frameworks; as well as disseminating what is being learned. As researchers, scientists, statisticians, journal editors, practitioners, as well as decision makers strive to improve population health, having a natural tendency toward scrutinizing the scientific literature aimed at novel research findings serving as the foundation for intervention as well as prevention programs. The main inspiration behind conducting research ought to be toward stimulating and collaborating appropriately on public/environmental health action. Hence, there is need for a “Plan B” of effective behavioural, environmental, social as well as systems interventions (BESSI) toward reducing transmission.

After the outbreak of the covid-19 disease in the world of human life, living organisms and their environment were affected in various ways. The outbreak of the covid-19 virus has posed many opportunities and challenges to the world environment. This article aims to investigate the effects of the outbreak of covid-19 disease on the environment. This research has studied the effects of the covid-19 virus on the environment through library and review methods. It has been studied and analyzed in the form of articles and related researches. The results of published sources show that quarantine and the requirement of humans to stay at home to break the covid-19 transmission chain caused the animals to feel safe, move out of their natural territory and into urban and rural areas. Reducing noise and air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions by reducing vehicle traffic and shutting down factories are other positive effects of the covid-19 outbreak that has helped improve air quality and reduce global warming. In addition to these positive effects, reducing conservation activities during the Covid-19 era in some areas has increased habitat destruction and poaching. Increasing household and hospital waste production, increasing the consumption of plastics and disposable materials, and decreasing waste recycling are the negative effects of the covid-19 virus epidemic, which, by destroying resources, puts pressure on the environment. Increased consumption of detergents and disinfectants will have many detrimental effects on the environment. In general, the positive effects of the covid-19 virus on the temporary and short-term environment seem to be small compared to the long-term consequences. Therefore, by overcoming covid-19, we should focus on rebuilding society and a healthy economy, and by fully understanding the opportunities and threats of this virus, we should consciously train environmental behaviors.

The growth in demand for rail transportation systems within cities, together with high-speed and long-distance transportation running on a rail network, raises the issues of both rail safety and security. If an accident or an attack occurs, its consequences can be extremely severe. To mitigate the impact of these events, the real-time monitoring of a rail system is required. In that case, the improvements in monitoring can be achieved using artificial intelligence algorithms such as neural networks. Neural networks have been used to achieve real-time incident identification in monitoring the track quality in terms of classifying the graphical outputs of an ultrasonic system working with the rails and track bed, to predict incidents on the rail infrastructure due to transmission channels becoming blocked, and also to attempt scheduling preemptive and preventative maintenance. In terms of forecasting incidents and accidents on board the trains, neural networks have been used to model passenger behavior and optimize responses during a train station evacuation. In tackling the incidents and accidents occurring on rail transport, we contribute with two methodologies to detect anomalies in real-time and identify the level of security risk: at the maintenance level with personnel operating along the railways, and onboard passenger trains. These methodologies were evaluated on real-world datasets and shown to be able to achieve a high accuracy in the results. The results generated from these case studies also reveal the potential for network-wide applications, which could enhance security and safety on railway networks by offering the possibility of better managing network disruptions and more rapidly identifying security issues. The speed and coverage of the information generated through the implementation of these methodologies have implications in utilizing prediction for decision support and enhancing safety and security on board the rail network.