Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is commonly known as a pathogen of the bronchiolitis in children, however, recently also as a pathogen of the severe virus pneumonia in adults, especially elderly persons, and vaccines for elderly persons have been developed. There are two vaccines, such as the vaccines targeted for subgroup A with the adjuvant, and that targeted for both subgroup A and B but not included the adjuvant in Japan. Both vaccines are considered effective to prevent not only the incident of RSV infection/pneumonia, but also the exacerbations of the elderly persons with underlying diseases including chronic cardiopulmonary diseases.

Respiratory virus co-infections have been suggested to happen frequently and exacerbate patients’ conditions, but little is known about the detailed rates and the combinations of viruses during the COVID-19 pandemic period. A total of 255 symptomatic patients who underwent multiplex PCR tests were analyzed, and it was found that 6 (6/255=2.4%) patients were infected with multiple viruses. The patients ranged in age from 1 to 38 years, and one female patient was pregnant. Of the 6 patients, 4 had fever, and 5 had human rhinovirus/enterovirus and another virus. These data suggested that the rate of respiratory virus co-infection was low, and the combination of SAS-CoV-2 and other viruses was rare even during the COVID-19 pandemic.

Baloxavir marboxil (BXM) is a novel anti-influenza agent that developed in Japan and inhibit the cap endonuclease specifically, and suggested the more clinical effectiveness in influenza. BXM reduces viral shedding more than do neuraminidase inhibitors (NAIs), and its clinical efficacy is equivalent to that of NAIs but is superior to that of NAIs in the case of type B influenza. BXM does not demonstrate any issues with safety, and treatment with BXM reduces the incidences of complicating sinusitis and bronchitis. Prophylactic administration of BXM inhibits intrafamilial transmission of influenza although low susceptible viruses with a PA/I38X substitution are isolated with a certain frequency following administration of BXM. Finally, In influenza treatment for patients aged 12−19 years and for adult outpatients, BXM can be used with the same recommendation level as oseltamivir.

Background: The titers of SARS-COV-2 antigens are frequently used as markers of viral activity and threshold for release from quarantine and treatment. COVID-19 patients were treated with several antiviral agents, including remdesivir (RDV) and ensitrelvir (ESV), which is a novel anti-SARS-CoV-2 agent recently suggested to have strong antiviral activity. Cases: We present the cases of two patients whose SARS-CoV-2 antigens were successfully decreased by oral administration of ESV after they could not be decreased by RDV drip infusion. Case 1 was a 74-year-old man who was admitted with SARS-CoV-2 infection and had been infected by the virus a month earlier and relapsed twice. He had been treated with rituximab for diffuse B cell lymphoma and not received vaccination for SARS-CoV-2. RDV was administered intravenously two weeks earlier and again 4 days earlier, but it failed to control the infection, and he was transferred to our hospital (day 1). Intravenous RDV was restarted on day 1, but viral antigens remained high until day 5. The RDV was then switched to oral ESV, and viral antigen titers were successfully decreased on days 8, 10, and 12. Case 2 was an 81-year-old man who was admitted with SARS-CoV-2 infection on day 0. He had heart failure and diabetes mellitus, and had not received vaccination for SARS-CoV-2. Intravenous RDV was started on day 1, but viral antigens were still high until day 8. He was then switched from RDV to oral ESV, and viral antigen titers were successfully decreased on day 11. Conclusions: These cases suggest that ESV might be more effective than RDV for reducing viral activity, and it is easy to administer orally.

Background: Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) is a newly emerging human disease caused by a novel coronavirus, causing a global pandemic crisis. Probiotics and/or colchicine may be considered as options for treatment since they have anti-viral, anti-inflammatory, and immunomodulatory effects. The aim of the current review was to assess the effectiveness of probiotic supplements and colchicine on symptoms, duration, and progression of mild and moderate cases of COVID-19 infection. Review: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial in the United States with 182 participants who were randomly assigned to receive daily oral probiotic (Lactobacillus rhamnosus) LGG or placebo for 28 days. The study indicated that LGG is well-tolerated and is associated with a delay in the onset of COVID-19 infection, a reduction in the incidence of symptoms, and alterations in the structure of the gut microbiome when administered as post-exposure prophylaxis within seven days of exposure. Colchicine may lessen mortality and the need for mechanical ventilation in mild-to-moderate COVID-19 patients, according to a systematic review and meta-analysis. Conclusion: Probiotics and/or colchicine may be viable treatment options for COVID-19 patients. To examine the efficacy of probiotics and colchicine in the treatment of COVID-19, it is necessary to conduct additional clinical trials and provide clinicians with evidence, as there are currently insufficient studies to support this conclusion.

The pulmonary characteristics of Staphylococcus aureus (S. aureus) co-infection with respiratory viruses, such as SARS-CoV-2 and influenza virus, are still unclear. Case series: Two patients with methicillin-susceptible S. aureus (MSSA) infection in the lungs co-infected with either SARS-CoV-2 or influenza virus are reported. Case 1 was a 66-year-old woman who was admitted with SARS-CoV-2 infection. Her chest X-ray and computed tomography (CT) showed multiple cavity formations with infiltration shadows, and MSSA was detected from her sputum and blood, suggesting COVID-19-related bacterial pneumonia and pulmonary embolism. No catheters had been used, but she had skin eruptions and a history of SARS-CoV-2 vaccination. Ampicillin/sulbactam (ABPC/SBT) was administered, and she finally improved. Case 2 was an 87-year-old man with a history of atopic dermatitis who was admitted with moderate pneumonia, and influenza virus co-infection was found. He showed multiple cavitary shadows, and MSSA was isolated from both his sputum and blood. He was diagnosed with influenza-related bacterial pulmonary embolism. No catheters had been used, but he had a history of influenza vaccination. He was also treated by ABPC/SBT and finally improved. Conclusions: These cases suggest that MSSA showed affinity to the lungs when co-infected with either SARS-CoV-2 or influenza virus, and it presented as septic emboli without catheter use. We should consider MSSA infection when patients have SARS-CoV-2 or influenza virus co-infection, and multiple cavity formation and skin disorders are seen, even though they were vaccinated and no catheters were used.

Background: This work is a report of the present situation and management of Corona Virus (CoV) infection in the Principality of Monaco. Methods: To comply with the practices adopted by the World Health Organization (WHO) and neighboring Countries in this area, residents infected by CoV are the object of this health report. The Prince’s Government also communicates the data relating to screening. These are stopped at Sunday January 1^st included. Results: The results of this survey point out how this infection is still active in Monaco, although not at the emergency levels of 2020. Conclusions: These results call for not leaving prevention measures, both primary (vaccine) and secondary (personal protective equipment [PPE], social distancing, etc.) adopted until now and which gave so good results.

The pandemic of the SARS-CoV2 (COVID-19) that was declared by the World Health Organization (WHO) on 11 March 2020 is still ongoing. One of the early recommendations from CDC and other international agencies is the seasonal influenza vaccination to decrease the effects and burden of COVID-19 pandemic. This review suggests that during COVID-19 pandemic vaccination against seasonal influenza should be conducted all over the year, even for young age groups, because of several reasons. First, the complications of seasonal influenza, especially pneumonia, could increase the burden on the saturated healthcare systems worldwide. Second, the resemblance of symptoms and signs of both seasonal influenza and COVID-19 will difficult diagnosing and isolation of COVID-19 patients. Third, it has been postulated that there is a cross immunity between seasonal influenza and COVID-19.

The aim of this article is to examine the impacts of Coronavirus Disease -19 (Covid-19) vaccines on economic condition and sustainable development goals. In other words, we are going to study the economic condition during Covid19. We have studied the economic costs of pandemic, benefits in terms of gross domestic product (GDP), public finances and employment, investment on vaccines around the world, progress and totally the economic impacts of vaccines and the impacts of emerging markets (EM) on achieving sustainable development goals (SDGs), including no poverty, good health and well-being, zero hunger, reduced inequality etc. The importance of emerging economies in reducing the harmful effects of the Corona has also been noted. We have tried to do experimental results and forecast daily new death cases from Feb-2020 to Aug-2021 in Iran using Artificial Neural Network (ANN) and Beetle Antennae Search (BAS) algorithm as a case study with econometric models and regression analysis. The findings show that Covid19 has had devastating economic and health effects on the world, and the vaccine can be very helpful in eliminating these effects specially in long-term. We observed that there is inequality in the distribution of Corona vaccines in rich countries compared to poor which EM can decrease the gap between them. The results show that both models (i.e., Artificial intelligence (AI) and econometric models) almost have the same results but AI optimization models can robust the model and prediction. The main contribution of this article is that we have surveyed the impacts of vaccination from socio-economic viewpoint not just report some facts and truth. We have surveyed the impacts of vaccines on sustainable development goals and the role of EM in achieving SDGs. In addition to using the theoretical framework, we have also used quantitative and empirical results that have rarely been seen in other articles.

Novel corona virus disease (COVID-19) pandemic, which started in China's Hubei province in 2019, has caused a significant loss of human lives globally. This study describes the epidemiologic and clinical profiles of COVID-19 related deaths among patients admitted to treatment centers in Sidama region, Ethiopia. A cross-sectional study of 186 in hospital COVID-19 related deaths that occurred from July 2020 to December 2021 in Sidama region were analyzed. Data was extracted from regional emergency operation center death report. Data was entered using Epidata v3.1 and analysis was done using SPSS v.20. Categorical data was summarized using frequency and percentage while continuous data was summarized using median and interquartile range. Association between variables was assessed using chi-square test. More than two-third of the deceased patients were male (135; 72.6%) and median age at death was 60. The majority of deaths (151; 81.1%) occurred in 2021, while April 2021 had the highest death records. Cough and shortness of breath were the main presenting symptoms occurring in 89.2% and 85.5% of deceased patients respectively. Most of the COVID-19 related deaths (64.5%) had associated comorbidities. Diabetes (50%) and Hypertension (39.2%) were the most prevalent comorbidities. Significant proportion of patients (74.73%) presented on severe end of disease spectrum (critical/ severe). Of the deceased patients, around two-third required Intensive care unit (ICU) admission and 111 of them were put on mechanical ventilator. Moreover, the median ICU stay was 4 days. Around half of the death (48.4%) occurred in the first 5 days. The median survival time from symptom onset was 11.5 days with most (43.5%) of the deaths occurring within the first 14 days of symptom onset. Age category was significantly associated with the number of days from onset to death (p=0.006). The case fatality rate was 1.87% which is lower than national and global reports. Unlike previous studies, the prevalence of asthma among deceased patients was low and there were no patients with documented COPD.

Background: Coronavirus disease has caused global turmoil especially causing huge impact on human life all over the world. Current reports states more than 3 million people have lost life and more than 160 million people are known to be suspected with the SARS-CoV-2. Transmission and disease incidence rates are indicators to assess the seriousness of COVID-19 pandemic and studies to understand the factors that aid in this direction are very vital to curb the disease. Methods: The study intends to discover the relationship by performing statistical analysis using correlation and multiple linear regression analysis between the variable’s population density, temperature, relative humidity, and active time of virus and find out the parameters that predict the cases reported per million population in 83 countries. Results: Analysis indicates active time of virus in days is very positively associated with the COVID -19 cases in all the countries r = .604, p < .01. Active time of virus shows strong negative correlation with temperature r = -.930, p < .01 revealing that rise in temperature will reduce the virus activity in the population. Together, these variables will account for 36.2% variance in the cases per million population with no significant prediction estimated from any factor. Conclusion: The study outcomes clearly state that population density alone is insufficient to estimate the extent of influence on COVID -19 cases as the number of persons living per sq. km of land is a dynamic quantity tend to fluctuate over time and space due to migration of population. In conjunction to the previous studies reported on the environmental and climatic factors influencing the cases reported, population dynamics does not show much significance on the disease spread and incidence. Contribution: The rise in confirmed cases and the high incidence rate reported in countries can be attributed to the active time of virus life expectancy as there is a positive correlation observed between the COVID-19 cases reported and the virus active time in the examined countries. Also, environment and climatic factors play a role in modulating the infection and transmission rate with less significant influence of population density on the COVID-19.

Currently, the world is facing the COVID-19 epidemic, a disease caused by SARS-CoV-2. Emerging body of molecular evidences suggested a similar path to SARS and MERS viruses. A viral particles cascade enters into the human body through eyes, nose, and mouth, few of these viral particles reaches to the lower respiratory tract through breathing and here their spike protein act like a key and lock into epithelial cells which are the air sacs in lungs. SARS-CoV-2 is undetectable for a longer period of time than many other flu and coronaviruses. Once they entered inside body, they overtake the cell’s machinery, replicate, multiply and infect the adjoining cells. All the viruses have a tell-tale signature on the surface known as antigens, identifying these antigens is what activate the immune system by producing the antibodies. Researchers have shown that a wide range of immune cells that react to SARS-CoV-2 and helps in recovery could be helpful in the development of potential vaccines.

The principle of Undetectable = Untransmittable (U=U) posits that people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are able to achieve and maintain a viral load of <200 copies/mL by regularly taking antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) are considered virally suppressed and cannot transmit the HIV virus to other individuals through sex. This groundbreaking message has emerged as a key HIV prevention strategy for eliminating transmission risks and enhancing the quality of life of people living with HIV. This narrative review explores the clinical foundation of U=U, the level of awareness and acceptance of the message globally, and the psychosocial impact on people living with HIV. It has been discovered that this message minimizes stigma, improves mental health, promote treatment adherence and good disclosure behaviors among people living with HIV. Evidence has shown that despite the U=U revolution for HIV prevention, there are significant differences in awareness and acceptance of the message among different population groups. The challenges noted were poor communication by healthcare providers, limitations in the health system, and stigma issues. Nevertheless, the inclusion of U=U in mainstream HIV services has proven to increase awareness and enhance its adoption. The urgent need in the present review is to advocate for strategies to increase the equitable distribution of U=U to harness its full potential in public health.

Avian influenza is a very lethal disease caused by influenza viruses that normally circulate among birds, and contains well-known subtypes are A(H5N1) and A(H7N9). Human infection is rare and occurs through close contact with infected poultry, therefore, confirming a history of such contact is important. The same treatment as for seasonal influenza is recommended, such as the neuraminidase inhibitors, cap endonuclease inhibitors, and RNA polymerase inhibitor. The avian influenza patients are regulated by the Infectious Diseases Control Law in Japan, we should manage the avian influenza appropriately.

Rabies is a virus present in more than 150 nations and territories worldwide, but it can be prevented through vaccination. Each year, tens of thousands of people die from rabies, primarily in Asia and Africa, with children under the age of 15 representing 40% of these fatalities. Up to 99% of rabies transmissions to humans occur through dog bites, making dogs the leading cause of rabies-related deaths in humans. We present a fatal case of rabies after a 5-month exposure incident. The patient, a 55-year-old Nigerian missionary from Enugu state, Nigeria presented with restlessness, hydrophobia, occasional barking gestures, abdominal discomfort and agitation. His condition was said to have progressively worsened as patients was unable to eat and drink fluids for days. His wife reported that the patient had experienced a bite from a stray dog on his right arm 5 months before presentation, for which no antirabies prophylaxis was given. The patient died on the second day of admission to the hospital (within 7 days of symptom onset).

Background: COVID-19-related pneumonia was initially rare, though influenza-related pneumonia is well known as a severe complication of influenza. However, COVID-19-related pneumonia may be increasing since the omicron variant of COVID-19 appeared. Methods: The clinical differences between COVID-19-related and influenza-related pneumonia patients were retrospectively investigated in patients hospitalized from January 2022 to December 2023. Results: COVID-19-related and influenza-related pneumonias were found in 46 of 285 (15.8%) and 6 of 12 (50.0%) patients, respectively (p<0.001). Their mean ages were 75.5 (45-93) years and 53.8 (19-73) years in COVID-19-related and influenza-related pneumonia cases, respectively (p=0.002). Aspiration pneumonia was more common in COVID-19-related pneumonia (28/46=60.9%) than in influenza-related pneumonia patients, and it was treated by sulbactam/ampicillin (31/46=67.4%). The influenza-related pneumonia patients were more often infected in the work place (2/6=33.3%) and not vaccinated (4/6=66.7%), compared with COVID-19-related patients. Death occurred in 7 of 46 (15.2%) COVID-19 patients, but none of 6 influenza-infected patients died. Conclusions: These data suggest that COVID-19-related pneumonia presented as aspiration pneumonia in older patients, although influenza-related pneumonia was more common in younger and non-vaccinated patients and might be associated with immune mechanisms during the omicron variant surge era.

The study is a follow-up of the study "Coronavirus in pregnant patients and their clinical outcomes – results of a case-control study" conducted by R.Kadriu et al (2023) in which,in addition to the pregnant patients whose outcome is now being investigated,a control group of patients who were not pregnant,conducted with pregnant patients and a control group that were non-pregnant patients.This study was conducted 6 months after the discharge of the patients and their newborns,and highlights the impact of COVID-19 on their health as well as the health of the newborns. The aim of the study is to follow up the patients after 6 months of their hospitalization as COVID-19 patients and after their delivery.In the COVID study, none of the health indicators showed statistically significant differences between the population before and after hospitalization.Patient data were collected at the case level summarized in their respective groups.For secondary objectives, several comparative analyzes were performed regarding comorbidity-related parameters and available risk factors.A significance level (α) of 0.05 was used for statistical significance. While these results may be reassuring regarding the stability of health status, one should be aware of the limitations of the study, including sample size and specific population characteristics.

As a result of the virus's global dissemination, novel COVID-19 infections have emerged as a significant obstacle for all healthcare professionals to overcome. Dental specialist plays an effective role in the prevention of coronavirus. Dental care units and settings face various problems relating to the transmission of disease during treatment and dental operations. Blood, saliva, and mixed water droplets possessing the virus cause contamination of equipment used for dental treatment. Both patients and workers may become transmitters and infectors of COVID-19 through direct contact during dental operations. Both dental workers and patients are likely to become infectors and transmitters of COVID-19. The dental care routine is very effective as we discussed below the prevention steps are very effective. All healthcare workers at the dentistry clinics, including nurses, should collaborate to prevent the spread of the COVID-19 virus among patients.

Background: On the first of October 2018, the Egyptian Ministry of Health and Population (MOHP) launched an initiative; named “100 Million Healthy Lives”, for nationwide screening of hepatitis c virus (HCV) and non-communicable diseases (NCDs). Egypt has the highest prevalence of HCV infection in the world where about 10% of the Egyptian population is affected by the disease. NCDs are the leading cause of mortality in Egypt and account for about 84% of all deaths. This study was conducted to a) Estimate the prevalence of participation in the national campaign on viral hepatitis C and non-communicable diseases among administrative workers in Ain shams University (ASU), b) Estimate the self-reported satisfaction of these participants with the campaign. Subjects and Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted on 400 administrative workers of ASU faculties between March and August 2019 in Cairo, Egypt. A multistage random sample was done. Results: The study showed that 96% of the study group participated in the campaign. “Evaluating health status” was considered the main reason for participation at 92%, followed by "desire to obtain follow-up card", at 36%. Non-participation rate was about 4% and the main cause of non-participation was “fear of needle prick". About 91% of the participants were satisfied with the provided services. Mass media played a major role in awareness about the campaign for 91% of participants. Conclusions: The majority of the study group participated and was satisfied with the campaign. Mass media played a major role in participant awareness of the campaign.

The initial omicron (B.1.1.529) severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) subvariants, BA.1 and BA.2 (BA.1/2), were progressively displaced by BA.5 in Japan, which showed not only higher transmittivity and less pathogenicity, but also differences in antibiotic use according to the difference in the clinical course of BA.5 compared with BA.1/2 infections. BA.5 patients received more antibiotics, especially ampicillin/sulbactam, although ceftriaxone and meropenem were used significantly in the BA.1/2 period. These data suggest an increased incidence of aspiration pneumonia in elderly patients in the BA.5 period, and we should consider changing the management tactics for COVID-19.

Many attempts have been made to repurpose existing and approved drugs for the treatment of COVID-19 infection. This involves anti-malarial drugs such as hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine, which have been shown to be less successful than initially believed, with a substantial risk of often fatal complications and interactions. This also involves Remdesivir, which has been shown to decrease recovery time significantly in hospitalized patients. However, for patients who are not yet hospitalized, there is no currently accepted treatment. Treating patients before they need to be admitted or even prophylactically could greatly decrease the load on hospitals, protect healthcare workers and reduce the spread of COVID-19. An in-vitro study indicated that Ivermectin was dynamic against COVID-19-infected cell. Ivermectin has antimicrobial, antiviral, and anticancer, immunomodulatory properties. This drug could reduce the viral load in COVID-9 infected patients, with potential effect on disease progression and spread. Therefore, Ivermectin may be a therapeutic choice for treatment of COVID-19, however, there is still a lack of evidence-based studies to support ivermectin treatment of patients with COVID-19.

Probiotics, prebiotics, and synbiotics modify various aspects of local and systemic immune function in multiple experimental models. However, their impact and mechanisms of action are not known across all products or noticed in every population studied, and impacts on in vitro, ex vivo, or other measures of immune function do not necessarily result in an impact on infection and illness in vivo. Studies have discussed that intestinal microbiota has an essential role in enhancing the immune system against viruses. The regulatory impact of the intestinal microbiota on viral infection is connected with local and systemic immune responses and plays a part in congenital and adaptive immune responses. The microbiota composition critically modulates the production of virus-specific CD4 and CD8 T cells and antibody responses following influenza virus infection. The intestinal microbiota has an important role in the stabilizing of immune homeostasis by augmenting the integrity of the barrier functions of the gut mucosa, which is a crucial aspect of systemic immunity. In conclusion, the intestinal microbiota can influence organismal immunity locally and systemically, proximally, and distally. Studying the possible mechanism by which the intestinal microbiota maintains host immunity can provide a clearer understanding of the occurrence and development of diseases.

Coronavirus infection (COVID-19) has quickly emerged as a global pandemic leading to critical health complications. The possibility and risk of vertical transmission of this virus is still unclear, particularly as it relates to pregnant women and their fetuses. Regarding scientific data, there is insufficient research focused on COVID-19 infection complicated with hydrops fetalis and intrauterine fetal demise. In this study, we report an intra uterus fetal death due to hydrops fetalis and twin-to-twin transfusion syndrome (TTTS) in monochorionic–monoamniotic (MCMA) twin pregnancy associated with mild COVID-19 infection in a 33-week-pregnant woman.

Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is a neurodevelopmental disease that includes a wide range of functional impairments, such as social and communication deficiencies, as well as limited and selective interest and behavioral patterns that are repetitive. Children with ASD often show developmental delay, which is noticeable at an early age, and show a wide range of symptoms that interfere with daily functioning, so early diagnosis includes early interventions. A complex set of genetic and environmental factors is associated with the development of ASD, which makes ASD a complex disorder, so there is a clear distinction between neurodivergent and neurotypical individuals. Since ASD is caused by a combination of certain genetic mutations and the prenatal/postnatal environment, we focused on the etiology of ASD in viral infections, i.e., Cytomegalovirus (CMV) as a possible cause of ASD. CMV is a neurotropic herpesvirus, which can be transmitted from mother to child during pregnancy. Cytomegalovirus (CMV) infection, which is often asymptomatic and can remain latent throughout life, can pose a danger to immune insufficiency individuals during pregnancy. CMV is the most common pathogen that causes intrauterine infections, is the most common cause of nongenetic sensorineural hearing loss in children, and the main cause of neurodevelopmental delay, so research suggests an association between congenital CMV infection with ASD and maternal seropositivity for CMV in pregnancy. spectrum in children. In the research, we used various online databases as sources for our study. The result of our research and processing of the given information indicates that maternal CMV infection in pregnancy is related to the development of autism spectrum disorders in children.

We reviewed the influence of coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) on the central nervous system reported in the literature since its prevalence. Common neurological symptoms of COVID-19 include altered or impaired consciousness, headache, dizziness, cerebrovascular accidents, and seizures, etc. Encephalopathy caused by or related to COVID-19 includes stroke, acute encephalitis, and Guillain-Barre syndrome. Concomitant COVID-19 in patients with vascular risk factors increased the risk of stroke; the hypercoagulable state and vascular dysfunction caused by COVID-19 also led to stroke. Acute encephalitis was usually accompanied by a history of headache, fever, and altered mental status, and shown hemorrhagic lesions or high signal on MRI. In Guillain-Barre syndrome, there was a time lag between infection with the primary pathogen and the onset of neurological symptoms, which generally manifest as limb paralysis and various sensory abnormalities. The review illustrated that COVID-19 lead to serious consequences of brain and brought difficulties to the treatment. Exploring the neural mechanisms of COVID-19 to better understand the activity of the virus in the brain and to prevent further viral damage to the brain is an urgent issue.

The pandemic corona virus disease 19 (COVID-19), caused by (SARS-CoV-2) a single stranded-RNA virus, has been spread rapidly worldwide with high rate of morbidity and mortality. Few months after the spread of the pandemic, few medications have proven to be efficient in human clinical trials. Several antiviral drugs have been used outside the scope of their initial medical use, such as lopinavir, hydroxychloroquine or azithromycin. Recent researches were done to show the efficacy of ivermectin in reducing SARS-CoV-2 viral RNA within 2 days. The use of ivermectin in in vitro studies has proven its efficacy against Corona virus. Based on the potency of ivermectin in in vitro studies, various clinical trials including patients infected with COVID-19 have been started; most of them have not been completed yet. Since the way how the virus infects the cells in vitro and in vivo is different, a decisive comment about how the ivermectin could exactly be beneficial to the patients has not been proven yet. Nevertheless, if ivermectin is compared to the other therapeutic treatments available for COVID-19 management, ivermectin has proved to have leverage over them. New randomized controlled clinical trials to assess the effectiveness of ivermectin the management of COVID-19 are strongly and urgently needed.

It is known that seasonal influenza virus vaccination is important to be taken every year among healthcare workers (HCWs) to avoid transmission of influenza virus and its complications inside the workplace. The reason behind the importance of vaccination is that HCWs are at high risk to be infected with influenza virus. Among the studies addressing the rates of influenza vaccine status among HCWs, a study was conducted in three Middle East countries where the vaccination rates were 24.7%, 67.2%, and 46.4% in United Arab Emirates, Kuwait, and Oman, respectively. Now, after the pandemic of COVID-19 there are beliefs that vaccination with influenza virus could decrease the deaths from COVID-19. A recent retrospective cohort study to detect the effect of seasonal influenza vaccine on the deaths among COVID-19 patients showed that the individuals who didn’t take the influenza vaccine in the last year before being infected with COVID-19 had a higher risk of being hospitalized when compared with patients who took the vaccine. In conclusion, seasonal influenza vaccine could have an important role in the prevention of COVID-19. Seasonal influenza vaccine coverage should be improved among HCWs. New tailored health education programs to improve the attitudes and beliefs of HCWs towards seasonal influenza vaccine during the era of COVID-19 are strongly and urgently needed.

Coronaviruses (CoVs) are a broad family of potentially serious RNA viruses that are now causing an outbreak of respiratory disease known as CoV disease 2019 (COVID-19). Melatonin is a pineal hormone that is predominantly produced and released at night from the amino acid tryptophan. Melatonin and its metabolites are also important in immunomodulation, and they have antioxidative properties due to their capacity to scavenge reactive oxygen species both directly and indirectly. COVID-19 leads to changes of altered consciousness levels in about 15% of hospitalized patients, starting from somnolence to disorientation, delirium, stupor, and coma. Melatonin can decrease the molecules that cause delirium in the elderly and central respiratory depression, such as benzodiazepines and antipsychotics. Melatonin may help alleviate infection-induced acute respiratory distress as well as its diverse effects, which include anti-inflammatory, antioxidative, and immune-enhancing properties. Its supplemental dose may be able to prevent SARS-COV-2 infections by reversing aerobic glycolysis via suppression of both HIF-1 and mTOR, allowing pyruvate dehydrogenase complex activity to be suppressed and acetyl-coenzyme A to be produced. When mitochondrion-produced and parenteral melatonin are combined, the cytokine storm is reduced, and COVID-19 infection-induced damage is alleviated. In conclusion, melatonin could have an important role in the management of COVID-19.

CoV-2 disease 2019 (COVID-19) pandemic has exerted a great burden on the health and economic systems worldwide. One of the most important factors that affect the severity and prognosis of COVID-19 is the occurrence of hyperstimulation of the immune system resulting in “cytokine storm”. Similar to SARS-CoV, an intracellular complex called nod like receptor family pyrin domain containing 3 (NLRP3) inflammasome was found to be activated by SARS-CoV-2, then in turn stimulates several interleukins and initiates the inflammatory cascade. In addition, other inflammatory mediators such as interferons e.g., IFN-α, and IFN-γ, interleukins e.g., IL-1β, IL-12, IL-18, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF- α), and chemokines e.g., CCL2, CXCL10 have been reported in severely ill patients. These mediators represent the corner stone in developing cytokine storm that results in uncontrolled systemic inflammatory reaction with subsequent acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), multiple organ failure and eventually death. Based on its anti-inflammatory effects, colchicine has also gained attention to be utilized in the management of COVID-19 patient. Colchicine exerts its anti-inflammatory effect through inhibition of formation of microtubules which is considered an essential step in several cellular processes such as division, signalling, and migration. Also, colchicine affects the cytokine cascade by inhibiting IL-1β leading to reduction in neutrophils recruitment, free radicles production and inflammasome stimulation. This raises the concerns about the effectiveness of colchicine in COVID-19 treatment and the possibility of providing an improvement of the clinical course of the disease.

Introduction: The city of Wuhan in China reported the first case of coronavirus, termed as SARS-CoV-2, in December 2019. To date, 187,827,660 cases have been reported to the WHO (3). With current research focusing on potential therapeutic agents for the coronavirus disease and vaccines, there remain major gaps in our understanding of the pathophysiology and clinical course of this viral pneumonia. Secondary infections are one of them. In this systematic review, we analyze the outcomes of two fungal infections in patients of COVID-19, viz. Mucormycosis and candida. Methodology: A systematic review has been done on secondary infections with mucor and candida fungi in patients of COVID-19. Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis (PRISMA) guidelines were used. Twenty-three studies were included in the final analysis. Our review included studies from various countries across the globe. The risk of bias was analyzed using the NIH Quality Assessment Tool for Case Series Studies. This study did not require ethical approval as data was obtained from already available databases, and patients were not directly involved. Results: A total of 23 articles were included in the final review and the total number of patients included was 79 Male: female ratio was calculated to be 1.6 and the average age of patients was 52 years (ranging from 24-86 years). Various types of comorbidities were seen in the included patients, the most common being diabetes mellitus. Among the 18 patients in the cohort of mucormycosis, 7 patients died and four studies did not report patient outcomes. Among the 61 patients, 13 patients died and one patient was still ventilated at the time of publication. Conclusion: Secondary infections after COVID-19 are a cause of major concerns. Further studies and case reports are needed to better understand the various other types of secondary infections and also to formulate strategies to prevent these.

Introduction: Concurrent infections or co-infections in patients diagnosed with Coronavirus Disease-19 (COVID-19) are not uncommon and predict a pejorative prognosis. A co-infection accounts for 1 out of every 5 cases of COVID-19 and increases the likelihood of adverse health outcomes such as mechanical ventilations, ICU admissions, and death. Specifically, Legionella spp. co-infection presents additional challenges in COVID-19 patients because of its rarity, similar clinical presentation to SARS-CoV-2, and poorer outcomes without prompt treatment. Cases Presentation: Case 1. A 62-year-old female presented with a 3-day history of subjective fever and worsening shortness of breath. Room air saturation (saO2) was 70% and improved to 100% on noninvasive positive- pressure ventilation (NIPPV). Lung auscultation revealed rales BL. Chest X –Ray (CXR) showed patchy airspace opacities bilaterally (BL), SARS-CoV-2 PCR and urine legionella antigen tests were positive. The diagnosis of hypoxic respiratory failure secondary to COVID-19 and Legionella pneumonia was made. Patient was admitted to intensive care unit (ICU) and managed with decadron, remdesivir, one unit of convalescent plasma for COVID-19 and Azithromycin for Legionella. Patient subsequently developed acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS). ARDS protocol was initiated. 13 days after, the patient was compassionately extubated. Case 2. A 41-year-old male presented with 5-day history of fever, worsening shortness of breath, cough and diarrhea. Patient admitted history of ethanol abuse. SaO2 was 88% and improved on oxygen canula. Lung auscultation revealed rhonchi BL. CXR showed extensive left lung consolidation. Urine test for legionella antigen was positive. COVID-19 PCR was negative, but SARS-CoV-2 IgG was reactive. The diagnosis of Legionnaire disease was made. Despite initial treatment with Azithromycin, patient's hypoxia continued to worsen requiring NIPPV, and subsequently mechanical ventilation in the ICU. The adjunction of empiric treatment for COVID-19 with convalescent plasma, remdesivir and steroids improved both clinicals and laboratory findings. Discussion: The cases illustrated the practical challenges of managing COVID-19 and legionella co- infection. Legionella spp and SARS-CoV-2 overlapping incubation periods and similar clinical presentations and complications. In the absence of diagnosis and treatment, legionella pneumonia has an intrinsic mortality rate of up to 80%. As some COVID-19 mitigation strategies, such as the closure of businesses, have enhanced the conditions for Legionella spp proliferation, the incidence of Co-infection with COVID-19 may increase. We recommend clinicians to have high-indexed suspicion of COVID-19 and Legionella co-infection in order to obtain complete work up at patient’s initial presentation.

This research is based on a retrospective analysis of medical records filed in the archives of the emergency departments of Kalembe-lembe Hospital in Kinshasa city in the Democratic Republic of the Congo. The study involved 324 records of patients aged 0-71 months admitted to the emergency departments and hospitalized for acute diarrhea from January 1 to December 31, 2015. The aim was to inventory the cases of rotavirus diarrhea and/or other germs (individually or in combination) to study their epidemiological and clinical aspects. Thus, the epidemiological and clinical parameters (age, sex, season, symptoms, frequency and physical aspects of stools, dehydration status and duration of hospitalization) of diarrheic children diagnosed as positive for rotavirus were compared with those infected with other germs (individually or in combination with rotavirus or other viruses). The search for the etiological agents of the diarrhea was performed in 56.48% of the cases. The results of this work allowed us to show: (i) a predominance of infections by viruses (69.94%) including rotavirus (48.08%), (ii) high rates of infections by etiological agents of diarrhea including rotavirus in children under 12 months, (iii) a high proportion of vomiting, fever, physical asthenia and restlessness or frequent and liquid stools or moderate dehydration in children infected with rotavirus, (iv) specific clinical pictures according to the etiological agents of diarrhea or their combinations.

Coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19) has spread rapidly worldwide and it has been a widespread concern. Japan had some problems in psychiatric wards such as long hospital stay. The purpose of this study investigated recognition of nurses in psychiatric wards for future care. We conducted questionnaire research for psychiatric nurses and they described recognition of nursing in free description. Qualitative analysis was performed on description. Results showed that six categories were chosen like “Increase of stress and fatigue caused of infection control,” “Negative effects to body and mind of patients,” “Effects to nursing care in psychiatric nursing,” “Differences of attitude toward infection control in the hospital,” “Cognition for social movement related to Coronavirus,” and “New awareness by Coronavirus infection and future.” These results suggest the following, 1) some kind of supports will be needed for nurses’ stress for infection control, 2) supports or interventions for palliate of patients stress like limitation of prolonged quarantine, limit of visiting or home stay overnight, 3) integrated leaderships to cognition and behavior for infection control in a hospital.

In the midst of the coronavirus outbreak, many countries around the globe initiated lockdown protocols and social distancing procedures for public safety that shifted daily routines to online activities through the internet. Such technology-led new normal life might augment internet addiction. For a better tomorrow, we must act now.

SARS-COV-19 is a serious respiratory infection created by a devastating coronavirus family (2019-nCoV) that has become the first global epidemic of the last one hundred years. It is a highly transmissible virus transmitted by inhalation or contact with the droplet core produced by infected people when they sneeze, cough, and speak. SARS-COV-2 transmission in the air is possible even in a confined space near the infected person. This study aimed to evaluate the effectiveness of using a shield or mask as a barrier to a patient’s face against the spread of virus particles. For the present simulation, the discrete phase model (DPM) is used; Because this model allows us to study the particle’s mass discretely in a fluid space with the continuous phase. Due to the choice of this model, the virus particles secreted from the patient’s mouth are considered a discrete phase, and the open airflow in the computational area is considered a continuous phase. The present study uses fluent 2019R3 software to simulate the virus transmission to model the transient flows numerically. The analysis found that the masks or shields can be an effective method of protecting the participants of a conversation in the presence of an infected person.

The outbreaks and quick spread of severe-acute-respiratory-syndrome-coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2), causing the coronavirus disease 2019 (COVID-19), have badly affected the whole world due to continuous emergence-and-transmission of the latest-new viral-genomes forming new-variants revealing patterns of the SARS-CoV-2 outbreak-and-global-pandemic with badly affecting advanced-medical-science-technology-communication-agriculture-agronomy-plant-breeding-horticulture, health-environment-socio-economy, and different-issues. India's emphasis on okra, the ‘Nature's-Gift to Human-Disease-Free-Healthy-Life’ and the most ‘Economically-Important-Number-One-Consumption Vegetable-Crops’ is destroyed by various-diseases causing pathogens like the root-knot (RK)-diseases caused by the nematodes, Meloidogyne incognita (Kofoid & White) Chitwood, and easily checked by many chemical-pesticides. But it causes different carcinogenic effects on the environment and our life. So it is an urgent need to develop potential biomedicines. The pretreatments with ultra-high-diluted-biomedicines (UHDBMs) Gall 200C and Nematode 200C, prepared from okra-root-galls (ORG) and nematode-females (NF) respectively, applied by foliar spray@ 20 ml/plant, are highly effective against the root-knot-disease of okra, Abelmoschus esculentus (L.) Moench Cv. Ankur-40, with the increasing growth of plants and fruits-production. The UHDBMs-Gall 200C is more effective than the Nematode 200C. Both the pretreatments-UHDBMs are responsible for induce-systemic-acquired-defense-response of the pretreated-plants through the expression of pathogenesis-related (PR)-proteins-genes (22-14 numbers), which are more or less similar-molecular-range (295kD-11kD) of many coronavirus, which will be responsible for preventing-RK and COVID-19 like virus-diseases by inducing-defense-resistance or increasing innate-immunity respectively, and advanced in medical-science, technology, communication, agriculture, agronomy, plant breeding, horticulture, health, environment, socio-economy, and different application-issues with pollution-free globe, developing new-preventive typical-biomedical vaccines or treatments methods or drug development and research against the ‘21^st-Century Global Pandemic COVID-19 like Any Viral Diseases’ which lead to optimal contributions to the field of policymaking drug and vaccine development emphasizing new or important aspects of the study, and synthetic production of UHDBMs will be more practical implications, and social implications in the future research. And the farmers and the world would be benefitted most; by collecting and uprooting gall-roots after harvesting for cost-effective bio-controlling plant-diseases, and profit from shelling-and-buying of whole plants, fruits, and gall-roots also, and helps for the benefit of global health by developing the most cost-effective, personalized, non-toxic, easily-preparable, easily-maintainable, easily-available and suppliable, vaccines or treatments methods from their own product.

Since the first outbreak of SARS-CoV2, Severe Acute Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus-2 in Wuhan, China in the December 2019, the world continues to be in state of fear, uncertainty, tension and anxiety till date and this state might continue because of emerging mutants. The vaccination drive all over the world is continuing, still the new variants are cause of concern, with the aim to prevent the spread of the virus, focus should be on techniques and processes which helps in strengthening our defense mechanism, the immune system. It has becoming clear from several studies that the immune system is greatly impacted by the COVID-19 infection through several inflammatory reactions. The role of balanced diet full of nutrients cannot be overlooked in controlling infectious diseases. A balanced diet which should include plant foods, vitamins and micronutrients and this review wants to emphasize on the preventive role played by the plant foods, vitamins and minerals in COVID-19 infections, to reduce the mortality rate as well as the morbidity in patients who are infected.

After the outbreak of the covid-19 disease in the world of human life, living organisms and their environment were affected in various ways. The outbreak of the covid-19 virus has posed many opportunities and challenges to the world environment. This article aims to investigate the effects of the outbreak of covid-19 disease on the environment. This research has studied the effects of the covid-19 virus on the environment through library and review methods. It has been studied and analyzed in the form of articles and related researches. The results of published sources show that quarantine and the requirement of humans to stay at home to break the covid-19 transmission chain caused the animals to feel safe, move out of their natural territory and into urban and rural areas. Reducing noise and air pollution and greenhouse gas emissions by reducing vehicle traffic and shutting down factories are other positive effects of the covid-19 outbreak that has helped improve air quality and reduce global warming. In addition to these positive effects, reducing conservation activities during the Covid-19 era in some areas has increased habitat destruction and poaching. Increasing household and hospital waste production, increasing the consumption of plastics and disposable materials, and decreasing waste recycling are the negative effects of the covid-19 virus epidemic, which, by destroying resources, puts pressure on the environment. Increased consumption of detergents and disinfectants will have many detrimental effects on the environment. In general, the positive effects of the covid-19 virus on the temporary and short-term environment seem to be small compared to the long-term consequences. Therefore, by overcoming covid-19, we should focus on rebuilding society and a healthy economy, and by fully understanding the opportunities and threats of this virus, we should consciously train environmental behaviors.

Advances of wearables, sensors, smart devices, and electronic health records have generated patient-oriented longitudinal data sources that are analyzed with advanced analytical tools to generate enormous opportunities to understand patient health conditions and needs, transforming healthcare significantly from conventional paradigms to more patient-specific and preventive approaches. Artificial intelligence (AI) with a machine learning methodology is prominently considered as it is uniquely suitable to derive predictions and recommendations from complex patient datasets. Recent studies have shown that precise data aggregation methods exhibit an important role in the precision and reliability of clinical outcome distribution models. There is an essential need to develop an effective and powerful multifunctional machine learning platform to enable healthcare professionals to comprehend challenging biomedical multifactorial datasets to understand patient-specific scenarios and to make better clinical decisions, potentially leading to the optimist patient outcomes. There is a substantial drive to develop the networking and interoperability of clinical systems, the laboratory, and public health. These steps are delivered in concert with efforts at enabling usefully analytic tools and technologies for making sense of the eruption of overall patient’s information from various sources. However, the full efficiency of this technology can only be eliminated when ethical, legal, and social challenges related to reducing the privacy of healthcare information are successfully absorbed. Public and media are to be informed about the capabilities and limitations of the technologies and the paramount to be balanced is juvenile public healthcare data privacy debate. While this is ongoing, the measures have been progressed from patient data protection abuses for progress to realize the full potential of AI technology for hosting the health system, with benefits for all stakeholders. Any protection program should be based on fairness, transparency, and a full commitment to data privacy. On-going innovative systems that use AI to manage clinical data and analyzes are proposed. These tools can be used by healthcare providers, especially in defining specific scenarios related to biomedical data management and analysis. These platforms ensure that the significant and potentially predictive parameters associated with the diagnosis, treatment, and progression of the disease have been recognized. With the systematic use of these solutions, this work can contribute to the realization of noticeable improvements in the provision of real-time, personalized, and efficient medicine at a reduced cost [1].