Frequent consumption of aflatoxins-contaminated spices has been linked to serious adverse health effects among consumers. The likelihood of exposure to these toxins is influenced by the level of public awareness. Controlling aflatoxins contamination throughout the food chain is critical for public health. This study aimed to assess the handling practices and awareness of aflatoxin contamination among micro- and small-scale spice processors. A total of 60 processors from 4 districts of two regions of Tanzania were interviewed. The results showed that while 56.7% of interviewed processors were aware of aflatoxin contamination in spices primarily through training (38.3%) and mass media (30%). However, there were still misconceptions regarding the causes and effects of aflatoxins to human health. It was observed that, poor drying and storage practices, inadequate monitoring of processors aggravated the situation. Nonetheless, all interviewed processors expressed willingness to participate in training programs to ensure quality and safety along the chain. The study findings underscore the necessity for targeted interventions to reduce aflatoxin risks in the spice value chain. These should include strengthened food safety inspections and enforcement, as well as tailored training and support for micro and small-scale spice processors. Enhancing their knowledge and ability to adopt proper handling, drying and storage practices is critical for enhancing food safety and safeguarding public health.

Objective: The knowledge, attitudes, and practices of SUA students about the use of plastics containing endocrine disruptors were investigated in this study. Methodology: A study with 150 participants was conducted to assess individuals' knowledge about endocrine disruptors, attitudes, and plastic use practices. Results: The findings indicate that the participants possessed an average degree of knowledge 50.2 ± 3.85 with the main emphasis of awareness being generic concepts rather than specific substances. Regarding the potential health impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals present in plastics, respondents' attitudes ranged from fair to positive, with a mean score of 3.5 ±0.09 indicating a fair attitude overall. Conclusion: It is important to practice polite behavior and increase public awareness of safe plastic disposal methods. Surprising only 38.0% of the participants mentioned that they refrain from heating their food in plastic containers to reduce their exposure to plastics. Students' practices revealed a notable dependence on plastic products despite their awareness of the concerns surrounding endocrine disruptors, as most of them reported using plastic water bottles, plastic cups, and plastic bags almost always. Additionally, only 20.7% of the respondents consistently implemented strategies to prevent exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Recommendation: The study recommended increasing the use of cleaner plastic substitutes and improving educational programs to convert information into practical actions. Policies that encourage environmentally friendly behavior and raise public awareness of safe plastic disposal techniques should be put into practice.

Background: Proper umbilical cord care prevents neonatal infections and reduces neonatal mortality. Despite global recommendations for evidence-based cord care practices, traditional beliefs, and inadequate maternal knowledge often lead to unsafe practices, particularly in low-resource settings like Bangladesh. This study aimed to assess the understanding of umbilical cord care among mothers of neonates in Sherpur District, Bangladesh, and identify factors associated with knowledge levels. Methods: A descriptive cross-sectional study was conducted from July to October 2020 at Sherpur Sadar Hospital. A total of 193 mothers of neonates were recruited using a non-randomized purposive sampling method. Data was collected through a pre-tested, semi-structured, interviewer-administered questionnaire. Knowledge levels were categorized as "Good" (>6) or "Poor" (≤6) based on responses to 10 structured questions. Statistical analyses, including chi-square tests and crude odds ratios (COR), were performed to identify socio-demographic factors associated with knowledge levels. Results: Of the 193 participants, 48.7% demonstrated "Good" knowledge, while 51.3% had "Poor" knowledge. Education level (p = 0.01), occupation (p = 0.02), family type (p < 0.001), and family size (p = 0.04) were significantly associated with knowledge levels. Mothers with higher education and those from joint families exhibited better knowledge. However, 28.5% of respondents were unaware of the typical umbilical cord-shedding timeframe, and 44% could not identify signs of infection. Unsafe practices, such as using medications (14.5%) or hot compression (7.2%) for drying the cord, were reported. Conclusion: The study reveals significant gaps in maternal knowledge regarding umbilical cord care in Sherpur District, driven by socio-demographic disparities and cultural practices. Targeted health education programs, emphasizing evidence-based cord care practices and leveraging local social structures, are urgently needed to improve neonatal health outcomes in similar resource-limited settings. Future research should evaluate the effectiveness of these interventions to inform policy and practice.

This study aimed to assess the knowledge level of street food vendors on hygiene in the Tamale metropolis in the Northern Region of Ghana. The study employed the health belief model as the theoretical basis. Quantitatively, the study employed a descriptive cross-sectional study design to examine the microbial load of street-cut fruits and assess the knowledge and practice of vendors of cut fruits on personal and food hygiene in the study setting. The population consists of cut and vented pawpaw, watermelon, and street fruit vendors registered with the health directorate in the Tamale Metropolis. A convenient sampling technique was used to select 113 respondents for the study. The Yamane formula was used to determine the sample size to select one hundred and thirteen participants (113) out of one hundred and fifty-eight street fruit vendors in the Tamale Metropolis. The main instrument for data collection was a questionnaire. A questionnaire had close-ended questions which were developed using a 'Yes' and 'No' response, and a four-point Likert-type scale ranging from 1=Strongly Disagree (SD), 2=Disagree (D), 3=Agree (A) and 4= Strongly Agree (SA). The data were analysed using descriptive statistics (frequency, percentages, means and standard deviation). The findings revealed that the overall knowledge level of respondents is low. The findings also indicate that vendors do not control the rate at which their customers touch their vended fruits. It is recommended that Street fruit vendors and handlers be educated on fruit hygiene practices through engagement by the Health Directorate Unit of Tamale Metropolis and the Ministry of Health. To keep consumers safe, the Tamale Metropolitan Assembly must strictly enforce compliance with regulations on operation permits and health clearance certificates. Metropolitan sanitation officers must regularly monitor fruit vendors to ensure compliance with goods.

Opuntia ficus-indica (L.) Mill., commonly known as prickly pear, is a versatile plant widely used for food, medicinal, and cosmetic purposes in various regions of the Mediterranean and North Africa. This study provides a comparative ethnobotanical review of prickly pear uses in Algeria, Morocco, Tunisia, and Italy. In total, 74 articles were selected from ethnobotanical uses in Italy, Algeria, Morocco and Tunisia. In the Maghreb, the plant is used for fruit production and processed products, such as jams, oils, and flours, as well as for traditional medicinal purposes. In Algeria and Morocco, the fruits and cladodes are used to treat digestive disorders, diabetes, and skin diseases. In Tunisia, products derived from O. ficus-indica are also applied in the cosmetic industry and for erosion control. In Italy, particularly in Sicily and Calabria, the prickly pear is a vital resource, used for both food consumption and for medicinal purposes. The cladodes, rich in mucilage, are applied as topical remedies for skin problems, while the fruits are a key ingredient in the preparation of traditional desserts. Furthermore, O. ficus-indica has historically been used as forage and to produce natural dyes. Results indicate that the versatility of this species, combined with its ability to adapt to extreme climates, makes it a valuable resource for the development of new nutraceutical and cosmetic products. However, further scientific research is necessary to explore the bio-functional potential of this plant and to promote its broader and more sustainable use, especially in arid and semi-arid regions.

Recent field investigations, performed across some of the less floristically known sectors of Calabria, have led to the discovery of Salsola tragus and Thymelaea gussonei, two new species for the regional vascular flora. By providing crucial biogeographical and taxonomic remarks, this work aims to contribute to the improvement of the knowledge of the rich, diversified and still poorly known native flora of Calabria. The biogeographical value of these new findings underlines the decisive role of field survey in the enhancement of the information on regional biodiversity, the essential basis for every further ecological study and conservation effort.

Background: Diabetes is a chronic global health issue that requires effective management to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Nursing education plays a critical role in empowering diabetic patients with self-management skills. Aim This systematic review evaluates the impact of diabetes-focused nursing education on patient outcomes and quality of life. Methods: This study uses PRISMA guidelines and a systematic approach to identify and evaluate relevant literature. Results and Discussion: Among the 14 studies reviewed, eight emphasized self-management education, while four incorporated multidisciplinary approaches. Findings consistently demonstrated that structured nursing education programs significantly improved self-management behaviors, glycemic control, and patient knowledge. For instance, nurse-led self-management programs resulted in substantial enhancements in self-care skills and diabetes-related knowledge. Moreover, interventions that combined health education with psychological support were particularly effective, leading to better blood glucose control and increased adherence to treatment. Studies that examined quality of life reported reductions in anxiety, improved lifestyle habits, and better overall self-management. These findings highlight the multifaceted benefits of nursing education, suggesting that structured, supportive programs positively impact both clinical and psychological aspects of diabetes care. Conclusion: The review emphasizes the value of comprehensive nursing education that integrates both clinical guidance and psychological support for holistic diabetes management. Implications: Ongoing professional development and culturally sensitive education programs are recommended to address the diverse needs of diabetic patients. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of nursing education and explore innovative strategies to enhance diabetes management outcomes.

Background: Electrical injuries are underreported in literature, but they can affect the peripheral and central nervous system causing permanent disability. Aims and objectives: This case report aims to highlight cervical spinal cord injury secondary to electrocution, a rare cause of spinal cord injury. Case report: We report the case of a 54-year-old housewife who presented with transient loss of consciousness and right sided hemiparesis following electrocution, while at home. Results: The patient met clinical critera for partial Brown- Sequard syndrome, which to our knowledge, has not been previously reported. She showed significant improvement over a month and is currently under monitoring. Conclusions: Electrical injury is a rare cause of normal MRI myelopathy and the potential for immediate, delayed, and long- term neurological disability.

The theme of the study that catches our attention is the initial conceptions of learners in Science and school performance; this theme is based on the competency-based approach in force in Cameroon, which is implemented in several African countries. Insofar as learning is not the accumulation of new knowledge but a cognitive reorganization of old knowledge experienced, it is therefore a question of knowing what is the influence of initial conceptions on the academic performance of learners in science. The objective of this research was to show that taking into account the initial conceptions of learners, Biology “SVT” has a lasting influence on learning and thus on the academic performance of learners. To achieve this objective, the study uses the mixed and quasi-experimental method, where two groups of learners were used: a control group and an experimental group. The experimental group was subjected to the teaching-learning system designed for this purpose, and in which the initial conceptions of the learners were taken into account according to do with or go against. In the light of the different hypotheses adopted and the different results of this study, it can be observed that the didactic consideration of the learners' initial conceptions improves their academic performance through the data of the experimental group. In relation to the field of education, this study shows that in order to enable learners to learn and build knowledge in the long term, their initial conceptions must be taken into account in concrete didactics; Otherwise, learning will be sporadic, learners' conceptions will be significant, which will lead to a learning defect perceptible by school failure.

Considering the current climate conjuncture, it is a consensus that green spaces in large contemporary urban areas should be increasingly more numerous and simultaneously more sustainable, being adapted to the edaphoclimatic conditions of the site, and with reduced maintenance costs. In the case of Algarve, where this research is focused, the current and future water availability, assumes a preponderant role in the design of green spaces, where the demands mentioned above can only be achieved if we deviate from conventional landscape practices and develop holistic strategies of management and design of green spaces that integrate different areas of knowledge and not merely aesthetic issues. In this context, this work aims to develop more adapted and resilient landscaping practices to the current and future climatic conditions of the Algarve, thus reinventing the concept of landscaping in the south of Portugal. Thus, it will be of paramount importance to develop more sustainable, resilient and tolerant projects to worsening ecological conditions, particularly limitations associated with water availability. The xeromorphic succulents are a group of plants with mechanisms of tolerance to water stress and with very specific characteristics, being succulence one of the most relevant. Studies on these mechanisms are increasingly frequent, which may prove to be very advantageous in our adaptation to future climatic challenges. In addition, their ornamental potential is enormous, since their bold forms and colours are a veritable sensory explosion, which, combined with their morphological and physiological characteristics, make them the species of choice in the reconversion or creation of xerophytic gardens.

A diagnosis of the current state of the crops is made regarding the control of weeds, use of pesticides, fungicides; with an assessment of the state of the plant covers in the crop, and its control by different types of herbicides, and we detected a high loss of biological diversity; and some of these compounds are mentioned due to their high toxicity. Similarly, the use of pesticides and fungicides is discussed due to their repercussions on health. In order to avoid the unhealthiness caused by the applications of these products, phytosanitary and educational control strategies are proposed; promoting the inspection of fruit and vegetable markets, and modifying the contents in higher professional and university education. To this end, we propose an active teaching methodology, through which the student acquires skills and responsibility for the use of chemical agents in agriculture, which serves to prevent the entry of these contaminants into the food chain. Of the different polluting chemical agents, in the case of herbicides we highlight Oxyfluorfen and Glyphosate with high toxicity and whose consumption is very high. In the case of pesticides and fungicides, among others are Organochlorine compounds, which have been detected in blood, and Carbon Tetrachloride and Chloroform, considered potent hepatotoxic and neurotoxic. The basic objective of this study is the awareness and acquisition of knowledge by future teachers about polluting agents, which will subsequently have an impact on society.

The spiny xeromorphic shrublands on serpentine (cuabales) constitute outstanding plant formations for the conservation of Cuban biodiversity, due to their floristic richness, high number of endemic species and local endemism, as well as their economic, social, cultural value and functions environmental. In the Callejón de Los Patos of Santa Clara, there are relicts of cuabal, although they show a high level of deterioration due to human activity. This article presents the main results of an investigation, which focused on implementing actions for the development of Community Environmental Education, with emphasis on the conservation of cuabal, in Callejón de Los Patos. For the intervention process, the Community Self-Development Methodology was used, which is qualitative par excellence, and the investigative methods: document analysis, participant observation, in-depth, group and structured interviews, drawing directed, the reflective group, techniques group and triangulation of data. The main results of the research are: the diagnosis and implementation of actions, designed from the process of Community Environmental Education, which was developed at the Carlos Manuel de Céspedes National Rural School, of said settlement. During the intervention process, the development of cognitive, procedural and attitudinal knowledge for the conservation of cuabal was verified in the schoolchildren, contributing to the strengthening of the school as the most important cultural center of the community, as aspired in the Cuban National Education System.

Biodiversity is related to a global problem: its destruction, a fact supported by scientific authorities. It is not trivial that educational dimension has been contemplated as one of the strategies for its conservation. Since 1992 global initiatives such as the Convention on Biological Diversity postulates concepts that linked education and nature conservation. The main objective of this research work is to test the level of assimilation of extracurricular scientific knowledge by primary school pupils. The method chosen for the content was, on the one hand, a master class intervention with an interactive presentation on a digital whiteboard. Third cases were chosen. Each case consisted of a presentation of the current status of a species of fauna present in Spain. On the second part, students were asked to write an essay and to illustrate the experience during the presentation. Regarding the essays, students showed that they were more attracted to the first species that was presented (Iberian lynx) in a proportion of over 45% of cases. The “Endangered species” concept appeared in more than 77% of the texts reviewed. In terms of drawings, almost 55% of the responses seem to devote more attention to the second species described (Testudo graeca). An attempt was made to offer rigorous, structured information related to different aspects of natural reality in order to contemplate the broadest possible vision. The example of an instructional intervention presented here aims to be an alternative to other transmissive teaching models. Likewise, the linking of abstract concepts with socio-cultural reality proved to be a successful strategy to reinforce knowledge about natural biodiversity, endangered species or threat factors.

Background: Recently specific interactions and crosslinks between the gut microbiota and the lungs have been recognized, particularly with regard to respiratory immune and anti-microbial reactions. This is often known as the “gut-lung axis” or “a common mucosal immunological system”. Objective: The aim of the current systematic review was to evaluate evidence, from published clinical trials and cohort studies, if probiotics may have an effect in improving and managing COVID-19 symptoms. Materials and methods: The available studies were searched through a comprehensive search of electronic databases that included PubMed, Science Direct, Scirus, ISI Web of Knowledge, Google Scholar and CENTRAL (Cochrane Central Register of Controlled Trials), using a combination of the following keywords: “COVID-19" OR "SARS-CoV-2" AND "Microbiota" OR "Probiotics” OR “Gut Lung Axis”. The literature was reviewed until August 31, 2022. Results: Only 3 studies were included. One of them evaluated the efficacy of probiotics in COVID-19 patients to obtain complete remission of all signs and symptoms. The clinical trial proves that probiotics have a significant effect on complete remission of all signs and symptoms of COVID-19 patients with statistical significant difference. Only one clinical trial out of the 3 included studies had evaluated the need for O2 therapy during the study between the probiotics and control groups, but without statistical significant difference. No statistical significant difference between the probiotics group and placebo group was observed regarding fatal prognosis during the only clinical trial that measured death as an outcome. Conclusion: We couldn’t judge on these results as they are insufficient data for pooling and meta-analysis. However, what we can say is “Most probably Probiotics have no role in treatment of COVID-19 infection”.

Background: The increasing prevalence of Diabetes Mellitus (DM) is closely tied to complications, particularly diabetic foot ulcers, which significantly raise the risk of lower extremity amputations due to infected, non-healing ulcers. This study aimed to assess diabetic foot prevention knowledge, practices and associated factors among patients at the Edward Francis Small Teaching Hospital (EFSTH), Banjul. Methods: In this cross-sectional study, we employed a convenience sampling technique to enroll 357 diabetic patients, both inpatients and outpatients, who were under the care of EFSTH. Data on diabetic foot prevention were collected through semi-structured interviews conducted by trained interviewers. Statistical analyses were carried out using SPSS, encompassing descriptive analysis, chi-square, Fisher exact tests, and logistic regression. Statistical significance was set at p<0.05, with a 95% confidence interval. Results: The mean age of the respondents was 47.3 years (±10.5), with women comprising 55.2% of the study population and 94.4% were married. About 73% demonstrated good knowledge of diabetic foot care and prevention, while 25.8% exhibited fair knowledge. A significant association was observed in bivariate analysis with patients’ educational level (P = 0.032). Specifically, patients with Madarasa (Arabic) education had a 68% lower likelihood 【aOR: 0.320, 95% CI: (0.103, 0.992), p = 0.048】 of practicing diabetic foot care and prevention compared to those with tertiary education. Conclusion: The study revealed that participants’ knowledge of preventing diabetic foot was high. However, the practice was poor. Therefore, there is a need for more health education on the practices that would emphasize diabetes management among diabetes patients.

Women must be aware of the risk factors of pregnancy complications and the negative maternal and fetal health consequences to take preventative measures and management strategies that will result in a successful pregnancy. This study aimed to assess the Level of Knowledge about obstetric warning signs and the associated factors among pregnant Saudi women attending antenatal care in a tertiary care maternity set-up in Riyadh City. Data for this cross-sectional study were obtained using a structured questionnaire from eligible pregnant women admitted to King Saud Medical City (KSMC) between August 2020 and March 2021. Data were analyzed using descriptive and inferential statistics. Out of a minimum estimated sample size of 170, researchers recruited 362 participants. As observed, only 92 people, or 25.4%, had enough knowledge about various educational levels. The majority (91.2%) lived in villages, had no history of chronic disease (74.0%), and said that it took them at least 30 minutes to commute from their home to the hospital (69.3%). Two hundred two (55.7%) lacked appropriate knowledge, although most women (76.2%) had one to four pregnancies. Poor psychological health resulted from 37 people's (10.2%) inadequate Awareness. Even though 139 (38.4%) had spent more than 15 minutes receiving education from medical staff and 200 (61.5%) had attended the prenatal care clinic more than four times, most lacked adequate knowledge. The variables education level (P=0.000), working status (P=0.022), and place of residence (P=0.044) showed a statistically significant association with the knowledge level, also only education level statistically significantly affected the likelihood of knowledge gaps. In conclusion, early identification of obstetric warning signs and associated risk factors of pregnancy complications is integral to prevention.

This study investigated adolescent students‟ knowledge of sexually transmitted infections (STIs) in eastern region schools for the deaf in Ghana. A descriptive survey design was used for the study. The researchers used HIV- The knowledge Questionnaire to assess the knowledge of respondents on STIs. Stratified sampling and simple random sampling techniques were employed. Proportional representation was used to select a sample of ninety-five (95) adolescent students with deafness from JHS2 and JHS3 between the ages of 13 and 24 years. Data were analyzed descriptively into frequencies and percentages. The results of the study indicated that the students knew of some of the types of STIs such as Gonorrhea, Syphilis, and HIV/AIDS. They, however, had inadequate knowledge of STIs such as Hepatitis B and Chlamydia.

There have been various concerns about the environmental impact of construction works. This generates a need to take a more proactive approach in evaluating the environmental impacts of construction operations and further explore ways to reduce the environmental impacts. Enormous opportunities exist within the building industry to achieve a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of the study is to develop a framework for the evaluation of improvement opportunities for environmental impact for onsite and offsite building construction works using life cycle assessment (LCA) and value-stream-mapping concepts. Various tools for LCA exist; however, there is a need for the development of an LCA framework and improvement opportunities that can be localized to various communities to evaluate improvement opportunities for building construction. This study conducts a review of methods to evaluate the LCA of buildings on local construction sites. A procedure for establishing improvement opportunities is also developed. Based on the author’s knowledge and experience, including site visits, using value stream mapping (VSM) techniques, a conceptual framework of the present state map and future state map of residential construction works was developed. The study presents a procedure for the evaluation of improvement opportunities for the environmental impacts of construction operations.

Studies on the use of pesticides in southwest Nigeria have revealed a substantial rise in a variety of pesticide-related illnesses, including mental impairment and reproductive problems. Those who work in agriculture and are regularly exposed to pesticides are the most impacted. The World Health Organization (WHO) predicts that three million severe pesticide poisoning episodes occur globally each year, with at least 300.000 deaths and 99% of cases occurring in low- and middle-income nations. The effects of longer-term exposure to pesticides on health are not yet precisely estimated. Objectives: To this end, the objective of this study is to assess the knowledge of pesticide residues and common pesticides in grain-based food (brown and white beans, yellow and white maize, brown millet and rice) about pesticide use in selected markets of Southwest Nigeria. Methods: A total of 240 respondents were selected from four states (Ado-Ekiti, Ibadan, Osun and Ondo) with the aid of structured questionnaire and interview guide using purposive sampling technique. The markets were Oja-titun (market) Ile-Ife, Osun; Alesinloye Market Ibadan, Oyo; Oja Oba, Ado-Ekiti, Ekiti; and Oja Oba, Akure Ondo State. The identification and quantification of pesticide residues was done using a Varian 3800/4000 gas chromatograph mass spectrometer while 60 structured questionnaires were administered to respondents including food merchants, buyers/consumers as well as food vendors. Data were analysed using descriptive statistics. Results: The experiment was conducted from November 2020 to November 2021. Up to 50.4% never read instructions on pesticide application while a shared 24.8% read them always and occasionally. The number of respondents who never read the instructions were particularly high in Ekiti and Ondo, up to 52.5% of the respondents in Ekiti do not know whether or not they are exposed to pesticides during application. Also, majority of the respondents never attended any professional training on pesticide application, this amounted to 79.3%. Most people were not aware that unsafe pesticide application is harmful to human health. Similarly, a wide variety of symptoms were reported by respondents following pesticide application or consumption of grains, these included headaches and dizziness, itching and redness of the eyes, skin allergy, diarrhea, and stomach disorder, vomiting and loss of appetite, weakness of the body, asthma, permanent skin patches, shortness of breath, excessive sweating. Millet recorded the highest number of OCP residues while maize had the lowest. On the contrary, maize had the highest number of OPP and carbamate residues while millet had the lowest number of OPP residues. Meanwhile, maize, rice and beans had only one carbamate pesticide residue. Conclusions: According to the study's conclusions, farmers who can only get information from agricultural extension officials should receive urgent and immediate attention for raising awareness. Additionally, extensive IPM training programs must be created with the intention of disseminating precautions for protecting human health and a healthy agro-ecosystem. In order to find more effective pest management methods that utilize less pesticides, it is crucial to reevaluate the pesticide residues and common pesticides found in grains in the targeted markets. To reduce farmers' exposure to pesticides, it is also required to establish personal protective measures, special educational initiatives, and legislation promoting the use of safer pesticides. Significance and novelty: This study gives policymakers a comprehensive understanding of the ways that may be utilized to close the significant knowledge gap on pesticide residues in grains and provides an insight into the knowledge of pesticide residues and common pesticides in grains.

This work presents the results of an ethnobotanical research carried out in the territory of Serre Calabre, province of Vibo Valentia (Calabria, southern Italy). In this territory, the bond between the residents and the rural environment is still strong, because the small urban centers are placed in a predominantly agricultural and forestry environment still managed in a traditional way. The survey took place between January 2019 and July 2021. Data were collected through semi-structured interviews with locals. As many as 17 informants were interviewed and a total of 185 interviews were recorded. Plant specimens were collected under the indication of the informants and then deposited at the herbarium of the Mediterranean University of Reggio Calabria (REGGIO). The data were stored on a digital database and then statistically analyzed some synthetic indexes have also been calculated, such as Relative Frequency of Citation (RFC) and the Cultural Importance Index (CI). The investigation allowed to identify 84 taxa belonging to 39 different families, among which the most represented are Lamiaceae (23 interviews, 9 taxa), Asteraceae (22 interviews, 12 taxa). The identified taxa were prevalently cited for alimentary (46 interviews, 32 taxa) and healing (55, 27) uses. The results obtained show how the traditional knowledge about plants in the Serre Calabre area is still alive, however it is exclusive heritage of elderly people and often only in one or just a few informants. In fact, many practices are no longer in use and will not be transferred to the new generations.

Despite the pervasive nature of internet use among adolescents and young adults, there is not enough knowledge about whether and how involvement in social media influences substance use patterns and the risk of drug use-related problems. This study was conducted to examine the complex relationship between substance use-related social media engagement (viewing, liking, commenting, and posting the substance use-related social media content) and the drug use-related problem in adolescents from public perception. We surveyed to determine the perception of social media users regarding the association between substance use-related social media content and substance/drug abuse problems. An anonymous online questionnaire was conducted to collect the response from each participant. The response was generated after collecting the data from 126 users of mixed ages. The data was stringently analyzed, and the response was displayed in the form of bar charts. The primary findings indicated a significant relationship between drug/alcohol-related social media engagement and drug/alcohol-related problems. From public perception, a positive correlation was found between the engagement in the drug use-related content and drug use associated problems. However, further research is needed to determine the right direction of these associations that can provide substantiative solutions for numerous interventions aiming to prevent drug use-related adverse consequences.

This paper presents the results of an ethnobotanical survey carried out in the Peloritani Mounts (NE Sicily). This investigation aims to illustrate the first record known of the traditional uses of plants in this territory through the case study of a small rural suburb named Tipoldo (Messina). The data were collected from 20 informants over the age of 66, who were mainly farmers and shepherds, and were analyzed using two quantitative ethnobotanical indicators. For each plant was reported the Latin name, life form, vernacular name, parts used, ethnobotany category, claimed uses, status, and their relative indexes. Based on semi-structured interviews carried out between February 2017 and May 2018, a listing was compiled of 126 wild plants belonging to 51 families, the most predominant being Asteraceae (19 species) and Fabaceae (15 species). The most common ethnobotanical uses reported are medicinal (30%) and agropastoral use (19%). Among the preparation methods indicated, leaves (39%) were the most commonly used parts of the plants, while the species most mentioned in connection with ethnobotanical applied indexes were: Crepis vesicaria, Dittrichia graveolens, Hypochaeris radicata, Salvia Rosmarinus and Clinopodium nepeta. These practices are presently performed only by a few elderly people, who rely on plants solely for a few activities. Furthermore, ethnobotanical studies are fundamental to clear up the knowledge on the traditional plant uses that are still current in this part of Sicily, to preserve this cultural heritage for future generations.

The objective of this work is to materialize the learning of geobotanical concepts, and a methodology for the interpretation of the landscape, which allows the student to acquire practical knowledge, to obtain sufficient autonomy that allows him to join the labor market. Regarding the methodology, 100 field samples are taken for 3 years, and the participation of 60 students. The evaluation is carried out through reports on the field study. The landscapes of various areas of southern Spain are studied. For this we rely on the methodology previously established by other researchers, through which a complete diagnosis of a territory is reached, since the series and geoseries of vegetation are revealed. Being a study of natural reality, the abstract character presented by concepts such as sigmetum, sinassociation, series, geoseries, climatophilous, edaphoxerophilous, chain; it is perfectly clarified to the student, which makes the student progress efficiently, coming to the fore the acquisition of practical knowledge compared to theoretical ones. For this reason, practical teaching acquires preponderance, since it not only provides knowledge, but also development of cognitive and psychomotor skills, which are essential in the acquisition of skills and development of the individual's personality.

Although there are numerous studies on the floristic composition of the Andean and Caribbean grasslands, there are limited information from a phytosociological point of view. This work therefore aims to highlight the differences in this important vegetation type in these two biodiversity hotspots to gain a better understanding of their floristic and vegetational richness. The floristic composition of Andean grasslands (Ecuador) and the island of Hispaniola is also studied. The reason for this comparative analysis of Andean and Caribbean territories is their tropical character and their bioclimatic similarities. The comparative analysis of Peruvian Andean and Colombian grasslands is based on floristic knowledge from the literature, our inventories on the island of Hispaniola, and the works of Peguero. We applied the phytosociological methodology of Braun-Blanquet and the code of phytosociological nomenclature. We performed a statistical analysis to verify the differences between both community types using the statistical packages PAST© and CAP3. The comparative analysis of Andean and Caribbean grasslands shows a clear floristic and biogeographical differentiation and reveals that the only ecological character they share is their high-mountain attribute. In the Caribbean these communities are found only on the island of Hispaniola (Dominican Republic) in the Central biogeographic sector, Central subprovince, Hispaniola province. These grasslands are exclusive to Hispaniola and have a high rate of endemics. We propose the following new syntaxa: the association Hyperico constanzae-Danthonietum domingensis, the alliance Hieracio domingensis-Deschampsion domingensis, the order Danthonietalia domingensis, and the class Deschampsio-Danthonietea domingensis. We found high biodiversity values for Andean and Caribbean areas. This is due to the intense anthropic activity on the island of Hispaniola, which has led to a high percentage of naturalized plants.

Polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) are important class of persist organic pollutants that were used as a component of paints especially in printings, as plastificator of plastics and insulating materials in transformers and capacitors, heat transfer fluids, additives in hydraulic fluids in vacuum and turbine pumps. There is always a need to establish reliable procedures for predicting the bioconcentration potential of chemicals from the knowledge of their molecular structure, or from readily measurable properties of the substance. Hence, correlation and prediction of biococentration factors (BCFs) based on λ_max and vibration frequencies of various bonds viz υ(C-H) and υ(C=C) of biphenyl and its fifty-seven derivatives have been made. For the study, the molecular modeling and geometry optimization of the PCBs have been performed on workspace program of CAChe Pro 5.04 software of Fujitsu using DFT method. UV-visible spectra for each compound were created by electron transition between molecular orbitals as electromagnetic radiation in the visible and ultraviolet (UV-visible) region is absorbed by the molecule. The energies of excited electronic states were computed quantum mechanically. IR spectra of transitions for each compound were created by coordinated motions of the atoms as electromagnetic radiation in the infrared region is absorbed by the molecule. The force necessary to distort the molecule was computed quantum mechanically from its equilibrium geometry and thus frequency of vibrational transitions was predicted. Project Leader Program associated with CAChe has been used for multiple linear regression (MLR) analysis using above spectroscopic data as independent variables and BCFs of PCBs as dependent variables. The reliability of correlation and predicting ability of the MLR equations (models) are judged by R², R²_adj, se, q²_L10O and F values. This study reflected clearly that UV and IR spectroscopic data can be used to predict BCFs of a large number of related compounds within limited time without any difficulty.

Any history of science has its own geography as well. Geographers of science have tried to put science in its place. They study the socio-spatial settings in which scientific knowledge was generated, displayed and legitimated. For them, science is socially constructed in spatialities and temporalities. The main question should to be “how” spatialities are constructing scientific knowledge via its “causalities”. Geography of science is not just about special places, locations, and regions in which scientific knowledge is unequally produced/consumed and circulated or how the use of scientific knowledge can lead to the production and reproduction of unique places and spaces. Geography of science is also about a variety set of spatial causalities through which scientific knowledge can be formed and transformed. This also means that the innovative knowledge or ideas development takes place not only in the spatial contexts but because of the spatial causalities which rise from the myriad interlinkages and interdependencies among places. These imperatives of spatial significance operate across many spatial scales from the body to the global. Hence, in our increasingly glocalized world, we must seek knowledge in spatial encounters and betweenness of places, not merely within spaces and places.

The purpose of this research is: 1. To determine the description of emotional intelligent and leadership style in the Integrated Service Unit (UPT) Regional Revenue Management in Pematangsiantar. 2. To determine the influence of emotional intelligent to leadeship style in the Integrated Service Unit (UPT) Regional Revenue Management in Pematangsiantar. The research uses literature research design and field research. The population in this study were all administrative employee at in the Integrated Service Unit (UPT) Regional Revenue Management in Pematangsiantar, emounted to 42 employees. The type of data used are qualitative data and quantitative data. Sources of data used are primary and secondary. The data were collected through questionnaries, interviews and documentation. Test of instrument used with validity test and reliability test. The analysis technique used are normality test, qualitative descriptive analysis and quantitative descriptive analysis. The result of this study can be summarized as follows: 1. Emotional intelligent and leadership style are good. 2. Emotional intelligent have positive effect on leadership style. 3. Emotional intelligent heve moderately corelation with leadership style then the level of leadership style can be explained by emotional intelligent. 4. H0 is rejected, meaning that emotional intelligent has positive and significantly to leadership style. The suggestions of this research are: 1. To make leadership style, the leaders should be provided opportunities for employee to be more independently in making decisions both individually or in grups. 2. To enhance emotional intelligent, the leaders should record data of employee to know their skill, knowledge or work experience

The focus of this study was to determine the influence of religious literacy and multicultural teaching competence on the teaching self-efficacy of Religious and Moral Education (RME) teachers in public basic schools within the Kumasi Metropolis. The research employed a cross-sectional survey design with a sample of 308 RME teachers selected through the stratified sampling technique from 165 basic schools across 14 circuits. Data were collected using questionnaires and analysed using Partial Least Squares Structural Equation Modelling (PLS-SEM). The findings revealed that religious literacy significantly and positively influenced teachers’ self-efficacy (β = 0.487, p < 0.05), accounting for 23.7% of the variance. Similarly, multicultural teaching competence demonstrated a strong positive effect on teaching self-efficacy (β = 0.711, p < 0.05), explaining 50.6% of the variance. Finally, the study found that religious literacy and multicultural teaching competence together contributed 52.2% to RME teachers' teaching self-efficacy (SD = 0.692, p < 0.05, R² = 0.522). The study recommended that the Ghana Education Service (GES) and the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment (NaCCA) should design and mandate regular in-service training programmes focused specifically on religious literacy for RME teachers. Also, it was recommended that pre-service and in-service training should emphasise awareness of personal biases, deep knowledge of learners’ cultural and religious backgrounds, and practical skills for culturally responsive pedagogy.

Mathematical modeling plays a central role in infectious disease epidemiology, shaping outbreak response strategies and informing public health policy. The COVID-19 pandemic demonstrated the value of these models but also exposed persistent limitations related to data fragility, lack of transparency, limited stakeholder engagement, and insufficient consideration of social and political contexts. Rather than critiquing modeling as a discipline, this perspective argues for a reorientation of infectious disease modeling toward a more responsive, equity-centered, and participatory paradigm. We propose a conceptual framework built on three interrelated principles: adaptability through real-time data integration, transparency via open-source and reproducible practices, and relevance through interdisciplinary and co-produced model design. Drawing on illustrative examples from COVID-19 and dengue control efforts, we highlight how integrating behavioral dynamics, local knowledge, and policy feedback can improve model usefulness and public trust. Reconceptualizing models as dynamic systems of inquiry rather than static forecasting tools can enhance decision-making and promote more equitable and effective responses to future public health emergencies.

Purpose: Although the effect of loss of a loved one on depression is well established, very limited knowledge exists on racial differences in this effect. Aim: In the current study we compared Non-Hispanic White (NHW) and Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) Californians for the effects of loss of a loved one on depression in a representative sample of adults in California. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Survey of California Adults on Serious Illness and End-of-Life 2019. Overall, 1603 people entered our study. We compared 901 (56.2%) NHB and 702 (43.8%) NHW adults (age 18 and older). Race/ethnicity, demographics (age and gender), socio-economic factors (education, income, employment, and marital status), religiosity, and health (self-rated health and number of chronic medical conditions), and depression were measured. To perform data analysis, we used logistic regression models. Results: In the pooled sample, loss of a loved one was not associated with self-reported depression, net of all covariates. Race, however, interacted with loss of a loved one on depression, suggesting a larger association for NHBs compared to NHWs. In race-specific models, loss of a loved one predicted depression for NHBs (OR = 1.54) but not NHWs (OR = 0.99). Conclusion: There are differences between NHBs and NHWs in the effect of loss of a loved one on depression. NHBs show a stronger association between loss of a loved one and depression than NHWs. This result is not in line with the NHB mental health paradox or with NHB resilience but is consistent with the notion that social relations may be more salient for NHBs than for NHWs.

This review article provides a comprehensive anatomical analysis of soccer footwear, delving into the intricate structure and functional roles of its constituent components, including the upper, heel counter, tongue, toe box, outsole/sole plate, studs, and insole. Manufacturing processes influencing these structural elements are also discussed. Current market offerings and patented innovations in soccer cleat technology are examined through a biomechanical lens, highlighting their intended functions and limitations. A critical synthesis of existing knowledge underscores the anatomical and biomechanical distinctions between male and female athletes' feet, arguing for the necessity of sex-specific footwear design. This review culminates in emphasizing the imperative for specifically engineered soccer footwear for female athletes to optimize performance, enhance comfort, and mitigate the elevated risk of lower extremity injuries prevalent in the female game, thereby identifying crucial directions for future research in sports biomechanics and footwear engineering.

This study investigated the pedagogical implications of out-of-field teaching in Social Studies. The Out-of-field Social Studies teachers could encounter several challenges in their preparation and the implementation of the integrated Social Studies curriculum. This study sought the lived experiences of the out-of-field teachers concerning the causes of out-of-field teaching in social studies, problems encountered by the out-of-field teachers and the mechanisms they employ to cope with the teaching of Social Studies. The study chose the qualitative phenomenological research design. Data were collected from all the 17 out-of-field Social Studies teachers through in-depth structured interview. Data were transcribed and analysed, through the inductive thematic analysis approach, unveiling of themes and concepts from the narratives of the research participants. The study revealed that out-of-field teaching in Social Studies occurs as a result of teacher shortage in integrated social studies programme. It is also caused by the perception that any teacher could teach Social Studies irrespective of the teachers’ qualification. Out-of-field teacher encounter problems such as inadequate content and pedagogical knowledge, lack of classroom managerial techniques and inability to deliver lessons through the integrated approach. Engaging in professional development courses, peer coaching, in-service training and workshops were some of the mechanisms employed by out-of-field teachers to cope with the teaching of Social Studies. The pedagogical implications of this phenomenon are that when teaching the Social Studies, the out-of-field teachers place more emphasis on aspects of the Social Studies curriculum where they have much knowledge and skip or put less emphasis on other aspects they lack in-depth knowledge, thus, the integrated approach to teaching Social Studies is not adopted effectively by out-of-field teachers. This waters down the content of Social Studies at the Senior High School level. Addressing the problem of out-of-field teaching in Social Studies requires training and recruiting more teachers who have background training and experience in the integrated approach to the teaching of Social Studies.

Background: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and vaping tobacco have increased rapidly worldwide, raising concerns about their health effects, social acceptability, and regulatory challenges. In many countries, e-cigarettes are more commonly used by individuals from higher socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds, who, in theory, should have greater knowledge about e-cigarettes and their associated risks. However, it remains unclear why a group with more knowledge about e-cigarette risks would also hold more positive attitudes toward vaping and exhibit higher usage rates — a phenomenon that may represent a knowledge-behavior paradox. Understanding this paradox, along with the complex relationships between e-cigarette knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, is critical for informing effective public health interventions, campaigns, social media messaging, and regulatory policies. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the complex relationship between SES, e-cigarette knowledge, pro-vaping attitudes, and e-cigarette use. Methods: The SMOKES Study (Study of Measurement of Knowledge and Examination of Support for Tobacco Control Policies) used a multi-center, cross-sectional design, collecting data from 2,403 college and university students across 15 provinces in Iran (covering nearly half of the country's provinces). The survey measured family income, age, sex, ethnicity, e-cigarette use, knowledge, and attitudes. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the interrelations between SES, knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, while adjusting for age, sex, and ethnic minority status. Results: SEM analysis confirmed the hypothesized paradox. Although greater knowledge about e-cigarettes was linked to less favorable attitudes toward vaping and lower use, pro-vaping attitudes emerged as the strongest predictor of vaping behavior, while knowledge played a weaker protective role. Notably, individuals with higher SES simultaneously showed higher knowledge and, paradoxically, more pro-e-cigarette attitudes and greater usage. Female students and ethnic minority students reported higher correct knowledge and lower pro-vaping attitudes and use. Although age and higher family income were associated with more favorable attitudes, they did not directly predict vaping behavior. These results suggest that for higher SES individuals, poor knowledge is not the main driver of e-cigarette use; rather, their pro-e-cigarette attitudes, which seem to outweigh the influence of knowledge, play a key role. Conclusions: Although individuals from higher SES backgrounds report greater correct knowledge about e-cigarettes, this knowledge does not necessarily translate into reduced positive attitudes or lower usage. This study highlights the complexity of these paradoxical effects and suggests that public health strategies need to go beyond simple education and knowledge-based interventions. Targeted approaches should address industry messaging, challenge misconceptions, and strengthen regulatory efforts to reduce e-cigarette use among young adults, including those from higher SES backgrounds.

Background: Tobacco use remains a major global health concern, and understanding the factors that influence tobacco-related knowledge and support for tobacco control policies is critical for effective development of tobacco control policies that are accepted by the public. Objectives: This study introduces the rationale, design, methodology, and participants of the SMOKES Study (Study of Measurement of Knowledge and Examination of Support for tobacco control policies), which is conducted to evaluate tobacco use, tobacco-related knowledge and attitude, as well as support for tobacco control policies among college and university students. Methods: The SMOKES Study was designed to address significant gaps in literature by focusing on college and university students in a non-Western context. A multi-center, cross-sectional design was employed to collect data from a diverse sample of college and university students across different geographical provinces in Iran. The survey instrument incorporated a range of measures covering socio-demographic characteristics, university-related variables, family tobacco use status, personal tobacco consumption behaviors (including detailed assessments of cigarette, hookah, and electronic cigarette use), and attitudinal as well as knowledge-based assessments related to vaping. Support for tobacco control policies is also measured. Data were collected using an online survey that included self-administered questionnaires, enabling access to a large diverse sample. This study may be used to determine the prevalence of ever and current use of cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and hookah, as well as examining the correlates of single, dual, and poly-tobacco use. The study also aims to assess the role of social determinants, attitudes, and ethnic/geographic differences in shaping these outcomes. Results: The study sample consisted of 2403 college and university students, including undergraduates enrolled in different academic programs from all faculties and disciplines. Participants were drawn from universities across 15 provinces, and 11 ethnic groups, ensuring a heterogeneous sample with respect to socio-demographic background, ethnicity, and institutional affiliation. This diversity enhances the generalizability of the findings and allows for the exploration of subgroup differences in tobacco use patterns and policy support. Conclusions: The SMOKES Study offers a framework for examining tobacco-related knowledge and the acceptability of tobacco control policies among a key part of the population, being college and university students. By providing detailed insights into the prevalence and correlates of tobacco knowledge, attitude, use, as well as the tobacco control policy support, the study lays the groundwork for tailored public health interventions and more effective tobacco regulation strategies particularly for college campuses in a non-Western setting.

Background: Disasters such as typhoons, floods, and earthquakes frequently impact the Philippines, placing nurses at the forefront of response and care. Given these recurring threats, ensuring that nurses possess adequate awareness, knowledge, and skills is crucial to mitigate risks, enhance preparedness, and promote effective disaster management. Aim/Objectives: This study sought to (1) assess the current levels of awareness, knowledge, skills, and involvement of private hospital nurses in Rizal Province across four phases of disaster management—mitigation and prevention, preparedness, response, and rehabilitation and recovery; and (2) propose a contingency and training plan based on identified gaps. Methods: A descriptive correlational design was employed. A total of 350 nurses from Level 1, 2, and 3 hospitals participated by completing a validated questionnaire. Data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, analysis of variance, and correlation tests to identify differences and relationships among variables. Results: Overall, the nurses reported very high levels of awareness and skills, coupled with a high level of knowledge and significant involvement in disaster-related activities. Nurses in larger (Level 3) hospitals exhibited higher practical readiness and engagement, while those in Level 1 and 2 facilities had comparatively lower scores. Positive correlations emerged between higher levels of awareness, knowledge, and skills and increased engagement in disaster initiatives. Conclusion: Building on these findings, a targeted contingency and training plan was designed using Pucel’s Performance-based Instructional Design, emphasizing hands-on simulations, structured policy briefings, and collaborative efforts with local disaster risk reduction offices. Addressing these specific gaps can bolster hospital preparedness, strengthen community resilience, and ensure more effective disaster response and patient care.

Background: Education is widely regarded as a key driver of financial literacy, yet racial and ethnic disparities persist. Even among highly educated individuals, African American and Hispanic populations may face challenges in financial literacy, likely due to structural racism and socioeconomic inequalities that diminish the benefits of education. This study examines the relationship between education and financial literacy among African American and Hispanic individuals compared to their White counterparts, focusing on how structural factors contribute to these disparities. Objective: To determine whether highly educated African American and Hispanic individuals exhibit lower financial literacy compared to similarly educated White individuals and to explore the role of structural factors in explaining these disparities. Methods: Data from the 2016 Understanding America Study (UAS) were used to evaluate financial literacy among U.S. adults. The sample was stratified by race/ethnicity (African American, Hispanic, and White) and educational attainment. Financial literacy was assessed using standardized financial knowledge tests. Multivariate regression models were employed to investigate the relationship between race/ethnicity, education, and financial literacy, adjusting for socioeconomic factors such as income, employment, and household wealth. Results: African American and Hispanic individuals with higher levels of education demonstrated significantly lower financial literacy scores than their White peers (p < 0.001). The positive association between education and financial literacy was notably stronger for White individuals than for African American and Hispanic individuals. Further analyses suggest that structural barriers, including systemic discrimination in access to financial resources and disparities in educational quality, contribute to these diminished returns on education for racial and ethnic minorities. Conclusion: This study highlights persistent financial literacy disparities among highly educated African American and Hispanic individuals, underscoring the limitations of education alone in overcoming structural inequalities. The findings emphasize the need for targeted policies to address systemic barriers that restrict the financial knowledge and opportunities typically associated with higher education for racial and ethnic minority groups.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between teacher training and challenges in delivering effective sex education in the Sagnarigu district in the Northern region of Ghana. The Social-cultural theory underpins the study. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of this study comprises teachers, head teachers and a School Improvement Support Officer (SiSo) in basic schools in the Gumani/Nyanshegu circuit in the Sagnarigu district of the Northern Region. This study adopted multi-sampling methods to select respondents. Random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the study's 10 basic schools and 83 respondents. The main tools used for the data collection were the questionnaire and interview. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) software version 23 tools. Descriptive Statistical tools such as frequencies were used to gauge the number of occurrences of the studied variables. The qualitative data was also further analysed in line with the research questions to establish patterns of similarities and variations. These were then validated with the quantitative data for any possible contradictions in the findings. The study concludes that people's socio-cultural and religious beliefs and practices affect the teaching of sex education in school. It was observed that sex education could be misconstrued as an encouragement to young people to engage in early sexual promiscuity. Finally, the study concludes that there cannot be effective sex education without the appropriate logistics such as T.L.M.s, syllabus and time allocation for the subject. The study also acknowledges that the availability of these materials must go along with appropriate capacity building for teachers to be well-positioned to teach the subject. It is recommended that Sexuality education should be included in the curricular and academic calendar of basic schools, along with the provision of adequate T.L.M.s and the proper collaboration with appropriate agencies for the effective teaching of the subject. Sex education needs to be given maximum attention, just as any of the life skills subjects, with adequate investment and motivation to both teachers and pupils to ensure a meaningful impact. There should be regular monitoring, supervision, and assessment of the training of teachers and its influence on the teaching of the subject, as well as ensuring that ethical considerations regarding cultural and religious sensitivities and individual privacy issues are upheld.

This article assesses the realities of sexual harassment (SH) in selected tertiary educational institutions in Ghana. Using multiple data collection techniques, three areas that are related to SH were assessed. These are knowledge of what constitutes SH, the nature and incidence of SH, and strategies/procedures for handling issues of SH in tertiary educational institutions. The findings from the perspective of teaching and non-teaching staff strongly suggest that knowledge of SH was high among teaching staff but low among non-teaching staff. Staff could not relate very well to the reporting systems and procedures of SH in their institutions. Issues of SH were left in the hands of only a few staff while newly recruited staff showed little understanding of the reporting systems and procedures. From the perspective of students, knowledge of what constitutes SH was high. Students were able to indicate the various SH reporting systems/procedures in the tertiary educational institutions and further indicated that the institutions have provided a safe environment and appointed designated people to handle sexual harassment complaints. Surprisingly, the incidence of sexual harassment was low, and this affected sexual harassment reporting.

Making students efficiently and flexibly understand and master the knowledge of biological/biomedical sciences by prompting active learning and critical thinking and making biomedical science courses form an integrated system are critical for more successful and effective student education, future and career. However, the current biological/biomedical education system worldwide tends to produce graduates best suited for postdoctoral training, and academic careers, in highly specialized areas. Many institutions worldwide currently favor densely packed curricula with fast-paced instruction focused on detailed subject matter, with little room left for skill training in both active learning and critical thinking, creative problem solving, professional skills, putting what was learned into a larger context that creates meaning, and teaching students with different learning styles, despite their significance. In this article, we will discuss the current defects in biological/biomedical science education and the need to reform biomedical science teaching and education. We will also describe some suggestions and approaches to improve biological/biomedical science learning and education, including the establishment of a more effective learning/teaching repository.

This study explores the integration of Adinkra symbols into the set design of Ghana’s Most Beautiful (GMB), a popular beauty pageant and reality TV show that has aired on TV3; a private television station in Ghana. GMB showcases beauty, intelligence, cultural knowledge, and traditional values, celebrating Ghana's rich cultural heritage through female contestants representing the country's diverse ethnic groups. In response to the lack of coherent Ghanaian artistic elements in previous set designs, this study employed an artistic methodology to incorporate four Adinkra symbols, Okɔdeɛ Mmɔwerɛ, Duafe, Dweninimmɛn, and Mate Masie, into the set design for the show’s eighth season. These symbols, signifying beauty, strength, wisdom, and unity respectively, were creatively integrated into a crown-like set design for the grand finale, harmonizing aesthetic trends with cultural significance. The design process was informed by rigorous research and stakeholder interviews, ensuring that the selected symbols conveyed the intended cultural messages. The results highlight the potential of traditional symbols to enhance both the cultural relevance and visual appeal of television productions. The project enriches the cultural depth of GMB production and offers a blueprint for incorporating indigenous symbols into contemporary set design. The study recommends that future productions continue exploring traditional symbols to deepen the appreciation of Ghanaian heritage and strengthen cultural identity through visual arts.

Good academic writing requires a good combination of cohesive ties and coherent features in the text. This study aimed to assess whether paragraph unity and coherence in writing were achieved among students of the Komenda College of Education concerning gender. Lakoff’s Theory underpinned the study. The quantitative approach and a descriptive research design were used in the study. The sample size was 60 (40 males and 20 females). Level 200 students from the Komenda College of Education Department of English were selected using census techniques. The instruments used for data collection were text items and questionnaires. Paragraphs written by the students were analysed using narratives, and quantitative data was analysed using mean, standard deviation and the independent samples t-test. The study revealed that male students have a higher mean score than female students. The study also concluded that there was no significant difference between male and female students regarding achieving paragraph unity and coherence in writing. In other words, gender does not influence how paragraph unity and coherence are achieved in writing – males and females are statistically the same. It is recommended that the principals of the various colleges of education in Ghana encourage the college tutors and the Student Representative Council (SRC) leadership to introduce a programme which engages college students in competitive writing without gender barriers. This programme will ensure that students compete by writing academic papers, demonstrating their knowledge of achieving unity and coherence in writing. This programme can be done every academic year, and an equal number of males and females are presented yearly.

Background: Tobacco use among adolescents is a significant public health concern, with early initiation leading to long-term health risks. Understanding the factors that contribute to the initiation of tobacco use is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies. This study investigates the roles of substance use harm knowledge and tobacco susceptibility in mediating the relationship between social gradients (race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status) and tobacco use initiation among adolescents. Methods: Data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, comprising a racially, ethnically, and economically diverse sample of tobacco-naive adolescents aged 9 to 16, were analyzed. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test whether substance use harm knowledge and tobacco susceptibility mediate the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on the initiation of tobacco use. Results: Findings indicated that both substance use harm knowledge and tobacco susceptibility partially mediate the relationship between SES and tobacco use initiation. Adolescents from lower SES backgrounds exhibited lower levels of harm knowledge and higher levels of tobacco susceptibility, which increased their likelihood of initiating tobacco use. Conclusion: This study highlights the complex interplay between social determinants and individual cognitive and psychological factors in influencing tobacco use initiation among adolescents. Public health interventions that enhance harm knowledge and reduce susceptibility to tobacco use are crucial for preventing initiation, particularly among racially, ethnically, and economically diverse adolescents. These efforts can help reduce health disparities and promote health equity.

The intersection of race and place in shaping health disparities presents complex dynamics, as evidenced by studies in cities like Detroit, Baltimore, and Philadelphia, where predominantly Black and economically disadvantaged populations experience high overall rates of health problems. Surprisingly, these cities do not exhibit the most pronounced racial disparities. In contrast, areas with a higher percentage of White residents, indicative of greater income inequality, show stark differences in health outcomes between Black and White populations. This disparity underscores how conditions diverge more sharply between Black and White individuals in wealthier urban areas. This phenomenon suggests a complex and sometimes counterintuitive relationship among race, place, income, and income inequality in shaping racial health disparities. These dynamics have significant policy implications. Addressing health disparities requires nuanced strategies that recognize the multiplicative effects of race and income inequality on health outcomes. Policies focusing on areas with a high disease burden, such as Detroit, Philadelphia, and Baltimore can effectively mitigate disparities both locally and more broadly. Conversely, interventions targeting regions with lower disease prevalence, but higher racial disparities must be approached carefully to avoid exacerbating inequalities. In conclusion, understanding and addressing the complex drivers of health disparities demand comprehensive approaches that acknowledge the intertwined influences of race, income, and place. By prioritizing interventions that address economic disparities alongside health initiatives, policymakers can foster more equitable health outcomes across diverse communities.

The teaching-learning relationship of natural medicine is key to avoid health problems in the population; adulterations and falsifications of frequently used plants are evident. The aim of this study is to raise public awareness and to urge institutions to incorporate contents in the student's curriculum. The curricula of different educational levels are analyzed to check the level of knowledge on the use of medicinal plants, as well as some regulations on quality controls. Of the wide range of species that are consumed by the population, some are detected in which adulterations and falsifications occur, although there is no danger in some cases, such as chamomiles, if a falsification occurs when consuming the whole plant instead of the flowering tops, which is where the properties reside. In other cases, adulteration occurs, generally unintentional, but very dangerous to health, such as horsetail. For a more effective quality control, we need public awareness and highly specialized personnel, with the capacity to inspect crops, markets and companies.

The study examined teachers' perception of inclusive education in the three educational circuits in Tamale Metropolis in the Northern Region of Ghana. Research paradigms underpinning the study are Positivism, Interpretivism, and Pragmatism. The study adopted a cross-sectional survey research design. The study population comprised 81 teachers from the Gumbihini Educational Circuit, 100 from the Hospital Educational Circuit, and 72 from the Salaga Road Educational Circuit. The study population was from a pool of two hundred and fifty-three (253) teachers. The census method was used as a sampling technique for three (3) educational circuits and two hundred and fifty-three (253) teachers. The main instrument for data collection was a questionnaire. The data were analysed with descriptive statistics to determine the frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation scores for the response from the questionnaire and hypothesis. On the level of knowledge teachers in Tamale Metropolis have about inclusive education, Even though the study revealed that teachers know how to meet the needs of learners with learning disabilities and use varied learning activities to engage a diverse range of learners, knowledge in meeting the needs of learners who are gifted most teachers do not know to meet the needs of learners with speech and language, or communication disorder. Again, the findings revealed that teachers need to learn about meeting the needs of learners who are seen as having behavioural difficulties. Teachers were also found to not know about meeting the needs of learners who are blind or have low vision. Furthermore, the study revealed that teachers do not know how to assess, test, or evaluate the learning of children with disabilities. In the statistical analysis, special educators were found to possess a higher level of knowledge among primary school teachers who were studied than their general/regular educators' counterparts, even though the difference was not statistically significant. On the level of knowledge teachers in Tamale Metropolis have about inclusive education, regular in-service education and refresher courses will help improve and reorient teachers' knowledge towards performing their duties in inclusive education. The study, therefore, recommends that the Tamale Metropolis Directorate of Ghana Education Service collaborate with bare school heads in assisting teachers through the implementation of professional development/training programmes to employ adaptive instructional strategies to help children with disabilities.

This study aimed to evaluate the Social Studies Curriculum for Senior High Schools in Ghana to determine whether the subject has attained its goal(s) or not, using Stake’s Countenance Evaluation Model. The study took place in the Asante Akim North District. The population for study were all Social Studies teachers and students in the district. The multi-stage sampling technique was adopted for the study and the sample size was 120, made up of 100 students and 20 teachers. The concurrent mixed method approach was adopted. The main instruments used for collecting data were questionnaires, interviews (focus group and unstructured interview), observation and documentary analysis. Quantitative data were tabulated, organised, analysed and interpreted to draw sound conclusions and generalisations. The data were presented in the form of tables and percentages. Words were used to interpret the tables and percentages for easy understanding. The qualitative data responses were described and explained in the form of themes. Sometimes responses were quoted verbatim to authenticate claims made. The study looked at the congruence between what was intended to occur and what was observed before and during the implementation of the curriculum in the Asante Akim North District. On the transactions, it was revealed that teachers in the district communicate the problem the topic seeks to address and the specific objectives to the learners during instruction. Also, teachers varied their teaching methods, techniques and strategies. However, teachers failed to take students out on field trips. Also, they failed to use video documentaries to deliver their lessons inhibiting students’ creativity as they are denied the opportunity to explore and get first-hand information to build up knowledge and develop the needed attitudes and values. From the findings, it is therefore recommended that the National Council for Curriculum and Assessment should increase the time allotted to the teaching of Social Studies at the SHS level from 3-periods of 40 minutes a week to 5-periods of 40 minutes a week to give teachers and learners ample time to discuss, debate, digest and solve problems during instructional hours to enable the goal of the subject attained.

Thanks to their interesting mechanical properties, recyclability and low production costs, plant fiber-reinforced composites, derived from agricultural residues, are of particular interest to both manufacturers and scientists looking to incorporate new environmentally-friendly and biodegradable materials to replace synthetic fibers, particularly glass fibers. The growing use of these composites in fields such as the automotive, construction and building industries, and soon in aeronautics, raises concerns about the reliability of the structures with which they are manufactured. This reliability must be guaranteed at the design stage, by a good knowledge of the properties of the material used. In this case, for composites, it is necessary to know the mechanical properties of their constituents, fibers and matrix, etc. In this context, this paper focuses firstly on the economic and industrial recovery of Kenaf (K) and Date Palm (DP) fibers, and secondly on their incorporation as a reinforcing element in cementitious matrix composites, for subsequent use in non-structural applications. This research highlights the development of cementitious matrix bio-composites reinforced with this type of fiber, based on Taguchi's statistical methodology, in order to minimize the cost and number of tests. The bio-composites developed are then mechanically characterized under static loading in compression and 3-point bending after a 30-day drying period.

Both crucial success and critical failure factors are included in the current review work. The method relies on creating surveys to collect optional data. It describes the terms that are used to obtain research papers on the ERP deployment in Enterprise Business from databases and scholarly research. In order to enhance the quality of papers, it also includes the consideration and restriction criteria. At that time, a thorough audit of the available papers is conducted to determine the impact of ERP use in Enterprise Business. Important elements are found that determine whether ERP deployments are successful or unsuccessful, as well as how they actually affect Enterprise Business (insert actual success and failure variables here aside from impact). The time span during which research publications have been evaluated limits the scope of the study presented in this paper. One implicit drawback is that it only considers the state of the art in the field of study, without taking into account an empirical investigation. Nevertheless, its findings may prove advantageous, and the directions for future research aid in expanding the field of study. This work advances the body of knowledge regarding the potential benefits and drawbacks of ERP adoption for small and medium-sized enterprises. It uses a secondary data collection strategy to identify important success factors, important failure factors, and their impact. The insights will assist Enterprise Business, Enterprise Business' stakeholders, and ERP service providers in understanding the causes of success or failure and in taking the appropriate action.

Family planning and the use of contraceptives have been introduced in Ghana to control the fertility rate and ensure the prevention of unplanned pregnancies. The study examined the perceptions of married men and women on the use of contraceptives, their access to information and the effects of mass media on the use of contraceptives in the Obuasi-East District. The research adopted a qualitative approach using the phenomenological case study design. Purposive and convenience sampling techniques were used to sample 15 married men and women for the study. The data was collected using interviews and presented through thematic analysis. The study revealed that participants had in-depth knowledge of contraceptives and male and female participants held different perceptions. Married men have knowledge of the types of contraceptives peculiar to both sexes. The women were familiar with condoms used by men and various types of contraceptives used by women. The most common contraceptive known and used by married men is a condom because of its effectiveness, ease of use and accessibility. The married women preferred injectables. The frequency of information from the mass media has reduced significantly compared to previous years. The study concluded that mass media has an effect on the use of contraceptives among married men and women and recommends that mass media frequently educate the general public on the use of contraceptives. Besides, information on contraceptives and their use should be diversified by media houses in the form of drama, poems, books and music to attract married couples.