Knowledge about the glycaemic load of a food is very important in minimizing the prevalence of diabetes and other Non-Communicable Diseases. The purpose of this study was to determine the glycaemic load of the different varieties of fufu in the Wenchi municipality in Ghana. Quantitatively, the study adopted a crossover experimental research design. The research was carried out in Wenchi, the capital of the Wenchi Municipal Assembly, in the Bono Region. Convenience and purposive sampling techniques were used to select ten (10) healthy adults for blood glucose tests in this study. Materials used for the study were Fresh cassava, plantain, yam, and cocoyam. Descriptive analysis was used in analysing and interpretation of the data. Values were analyzed by one-way analysis of variance (ANOVA). Statistical significance was set at p<0.05. Statistical analysis was performed using Statistical Package for Social Science (SPSS) 20.0. Proximate analysis of the study concluded that, plantain fufu contained the least carbohydrate content among the three fufu mixtures. The study also revealed that all fufu combinations had a high glycaemic load and this is as a result of the large portion size of fufu that is eaten at a serving. The glycaemic load of fufu combinations showed no significant difference, however, looking at the actual values, there are differences in them which should not be overlooked. It is recommended that consumers of fufu can eat any of the three mixtures of fufu, but there will be the need to take a smaller portion size of the fufu since a larger size can have adverse effects on their blood glucose level. It is also recommended that in other for fufu to be digested well and glucose to be absorbed easily, especially yam fufu, consumers should make sure to eat fufu at least about five hours before going to bed. It is recommended that nutritionists, dieticians, and diet therapists can as well recommend yam fufu and cocoyam fufu for diabetics and prediabetics, to bring about varieties in their diet.

Purpose: The model of CSR devised by the American scientist ″Archie B. Carroll in 1991″ - which became well- known in academic circles as Carroll′s CSR pyramid, has been criticized by academics and researchers. The researcher firmly believes that one of the most important reasons that led to the emergence of these criticisms was Carroll's adoption of the idea of the pyramid as a form to illustrate his idea of CSR. The content of the pyramid does not match the accompanying explanations given by Carroll. Carroll's CSR pyramid does not reflect the concept of simultaneous CSRs. Also, Carroll's CSR pyramid does not reflect the logical interaction and interrelationships among CSRs. It is also noted that, Carroll's pyramid reflects the expectations of stakeholders and does not reflect the expectations of companies from their commitment to their social responsibilities. This study aimed to design a model for CSR, in which the content of its figure matches the explanations attached to it, and reflects the concept of simultaneous CSRs, in addition to the logical interaction and the interrelationship among those responsibilities. Method: The researcher used the concept of precedence as an approach to explain the logical interaction and interrelationships among CSRs. The idea of precedence is clearly found only in the railway industry. The interaction of CSRs with each other can be likened to the interaction of the components of a classic train (a cockpit and coaches). Therefore, the researcher adopted the idea of the classic train as an innovative model to address some of the shortcomings of Carroll ′s pyramid. Battal's CSR train as an innovative model- in this study, can reflect the notion of simultaneous CSRs, the logical interaction and interrelationships among CSRs, and expectations and aspirations of both stakeholders and companies. Result: By adopting the idea of the classic train work and its components, this study was able to produce a model of CSR as an alternative model for Carroll′s pyramid (1991). Originality/Value: Battal ′s CSR train is an educational model that is designed to address some of the shortcomings of Carroll's CSR pyramid "as a figure and content." The content of Battal′s CSR train matches the attached explanation, and this will help to understand how CSRs interact with each other, as well as the concept of simultaneous CSRs. It is an enrichment of the thought of CSR.

:Basil (Ocimumbasilicum L.) is an herbaceous annual aromatic herb that belongs to the Lamiaceae family. This study aimed to analyze the essential oil content and physicochemical properties of basil varieties stored under different drying methods and dried on different drying days. The fresh leaf of basil varieties was collected from the Wondo Genet Agriculture research center experimental field and subjected to open sun and shade drying methods and four drying days (0,5, 10, and 15). The sample was subjected to oven and hydrodistillation methods on each four particular drying days. The obtained essential oils were analyzed for physical properties (specific gravity and refractive index) and chemical composition using GC-MSD. As shown in the result of all-cause drying methods and drying days significantly affect the essential oil content and physicochemical properties of Basil Variety. In the case of Variety, Basil 02 has a high essential oil content than Basil 05 in the chemical composition, and different chemical compositions exist in both. In the case of drying methods, the sample dried under the shade is higher than in the open sun in essential oil content and physicochemical properties. In the case of different drying days, as the drying days increase, the essential oil content is significantly affected. The essential oil content and physicochemical properties of essential oil decrease as drying days increase for both basil varieties. Drying affects the chemical composition of the two variables, which means, as in the cause of open sun drying, affects the chemical composition more than shade drying as the drying days increase, and the chemical composition decrease. Therefore, this study provides evidence that drying herbs on different drying days and under drying conditions affect the essential oil content and physicochemical properties of essential oil.

Groundwater geochemistry refers to the general chemical properties of water, particularly groundwater. Precipitation, volatilization, oxidation/reduction, sorption/partition, and complexation are processes involved in the distribution and fate of organic molecules in water. Determining hydrogeochemical facies is a great help for determining relationships and similarities among the chemistry of waters in an aquifer. This study focused on the coastal aquifer of Tripoli (Lebanon) with Mio-Quaternary age. It is considered as a confined aquifer and an important hydraulic reserve for domestic water use in the region. Recently, it underwent an urban development that leads to an increase in water demand causing a decrease in the piezometric level and a high-risk of deterioration to water quality through seawater intrusion and anthropic pollution. To understand the origin of mineralization and the mechanism of water hydro-chemistry variation and to provide a vision to underground water recharge, this study aims to analyze the hydrodynamic, piezometric, and geochemical characteristics of the coastal aquifer. The fluctuation of physicochemical parameters for cool and warm seasons has been studied and monitored for 16 coastal wells during April, May, and June 2020. Results were interpreted by using a statistical analysis called Principal Components Analysis (PCA). Cartographic of groundwater levels and concentrations for nitrate, chloride, sulphate ions, the ratio sulphate/chloride were determined by using SUFFER8 software. It can be noticed that the Mio-Quaternary formation at Tripoli consists of thick sedimentary sandstones and conglomerates with argillaceous roots, which provide significantly high permeability characteristics. It is mainly recharged from precipitations through karstic formations. Chemical analysis shows that bicarbonate ions (HCO₃^-), characterized by dissolution of carbonate rocks from geological upstream formations of Tripoli, means that the aquifer is subjected to intensive recharge of fresh water and snow melting making a hydrostatic equilibrium facing marine intrusion [1]. High contents of chloride and Sodium are due to anthropic contamination or seawater intrusion. However, Magnesium ion concentration assures this intrusion. Meanwhile, nitrates, sulfates and phosphorus high concentrations are related to wastewater leakage or agricultural activities [2].

The purpose of the study was to examine technological pedagogical content knowledge of teachers and their formative assessment practices in Social Studies lessons in the Junior High Schools in the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abirem (K.E.E.A) Municipality of Ghana. With a mixed method approach, the study adopted a descriptive survey research design. The population for the study included all Social Studies teachers at the public junior high schools in the in the Komenda Edina Eguafo Abirem Municipality. Purposive sampling technique was used to select all the seventy-four (74) public Junior High Schools and the Social Studies teachers for the study. The purposive sampling technique was used to sample the respondents because they constitute expert knowledge in the subject area and having the same characteristics. The two main instruments used to gather data for the study were questionnaire and observation. Data was analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study indicated that the assessment practices of teachers during Social Studies lessons were on the average. There was disparity between theory and practice as far as the dictates of the profile dimensions are concerned. Teachers mostly assess the cognitive aspect of the child with little attention to the affective domain. The study also concluded that there was a significant positive relationship between TPACK of teachers and their formative assessment practices at 0.05 level of significance. It is recommended that Ministry of Education, National Teaching Council, Ghana Education Service should organize professional development workshop for teachers on their formative classroom assessment practices in Social Studies lessons. It is also recommended that, in order to ensure effective formative assessment practices, Ghana Education Service should collaborate with Colleges of Education and Universities training teachers to develop appropriate TPACK for teachers to improve on their formative assessment practices in the classroom.

Background: Cyclophosphamide (CPA) is a drug with a wide spectrum of clinical uses. Its effectiveness in the treatment of cancer (acute and chronic leukemias, lymphoma, and multiple myeloma) and non-malignant diseases such as rheumatoid arthritis and vasculitis has been well established. Objectives: The present investigation aimed to study the effect of a sub-lethal dose of the cyclophosphamide, 5-FU combination of 5-FU, and CPA on haematological parameters in the albino rats. Materials and Methods: Twenty-eight male adults were grouped randomly into four groups (n=5 in each group). Group I (control): Rats were injected with saline intraperitoneally at a dose of 1.0 ml/kg b.w. for 14 days. Group II cyclophosphamide (CPA): Cyclophosphamide at a dose of 10 mg/kg day by day through i.p. to rats for 14 days. Group III Fluorouracil (5-FU): 5-Fluorouracil at a dose of 10 mg/kg day by day in saline was given through i.p. to rats for 14 days. Group IV (CPA+5-FU): Rats were given CPA followed by 5-FU at a dose of 10 mg/kg per day (day by day) through i.p. to rats for 14 days. At the end of the experimental period, rats were anesthetized using light ether. Blood samples were taken for hematological evaluation. Results: White blood cells, hemoglobin content and red blood cell counts were significantly decline in rats treated with individual treatment with CPA and 5-FU in comparison to the control group, while the Combination antagonize the changes produced by CPA in hemoglobin and red blood cell counts. Intraperitoneal individual treatment with CPA and 5-FU in rats caused a significant reduction in the hematocrit and platelet. The reductions in these measured hematological parameters were also significantly and slightly ameliorated when the animals were given a combination of CPA and 5-FU. Cyclophosphamide and 5-FU individually reduced lymphocytes, neutrophils, eosinophils, and monocytes; while the combination of CPA and 5-FU antagonized these changes compared to CPA treated group. Conclusion: It could be concluded that the treatment of mammals with chemotherapy is associated with the production of free radicals that lead to hazardous alterations in hematological parameters. However, 5-FU and CPA combination could produce a significant amelioration in most cases for these changes. Future work should consider combined chemotherapy regimens, as two or more mechanisms of action of chemotherapeutic drugs could be more powerful than one mechanism. Using cyclophosphamide and 5-fluorouracil in combination may reduce cyclophosphamide’s side effects when given individually.

Most people can't subscribe to every direct-to-consumer platform today, and the number is growing. The platform's content and the user's experience influence the decision to subscribe or buy. Today's consumers anticipate instantaneously curated content exploration, acquisition, and consumption. Media firms actively seek to increase both click-through rate and profitability by enhancing the user experience and enticing customers to subscribe or buy premium content through recommender systems. The direct-to-consumer platforms may maintain user engagement after consumers have visited the contents by providing suggestions that make the most of the site's rich content catalogs. By bringing it to the attention of viewers based on their viewing habits, for instance, effective recommendation systems might boost earnings for underappreciated "long tail" content. This research explores various recommender system types currently in widespread usage with an analysis of some of the fascinating breakthroughs.

The purpose of the study was to investigate the causes, effects, and management of science anxiety among Senior High School (SHS) students in the Old Tafo Metropolis of the Ashanti Region of Ghana. The descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. A sample of 337 students were selected from Osei Kyeretwie Senior High School and Al Azhariya Islamic Senior High School using the stratified random sampling procedure. Data were collected by using the Science Anxiety Scale and analysed using descriptive and inferential statistics. The study revealed that the respondents had some level of science anxiety in relation to doing science homework, having a negative attitude toward the science teacher, having fearful when entering the science classroom as well as solving science problems. The study also revealed that the causes of science anxiety involve the content, lack of infrastructure, and inadequate teaching and learning materials to make the subject easy to understand. The study revealed that science anxiety affected students’ academic performance negatively, reduced their interest in science, prevent them from pursuing science programmes in the future, and also affected school attendance. The study recommended that school heads should provide the necessary infrastructure and teaching materials that will make the teaching and learning of science practical and easy to understand.

The purpose of the study was to examine the objectives and contents of Social Studies and its related challenges facing the Colleges of Education in Ghana The study adopted a quantitative research approach. The population comprises tutors and students of Social Studies in the three (3) Colleges of Education in the Central Region of Ghana. The purposive sampling technique was used to select the three Colleges of Education and twenty (20) Social Studies tutors. Krejcie and Morgan’s table was used to determine sample size two and forty-eight (248) students out of seven hundred (700) students. The main instrument for data collection was a questionnaire. The quantitative data entry and analysis were done using IBM SPSS Statistics software, version 22. Frequencies and percentages were used as statistical tools to analyse responses to all the research questions. The study revealed that students in the Colleges of Education of Ghana had had an understanding of the Social Studies programme in terms of objectives, content, and scope as well as the integrated nature of the subject and its usefulness in the resolution of social problems. . The study also indicated teachers who may not be well versed in specific topics in the subject and may either skip it or teach it anyhow. It is recommended that regular workshops and conferences be organised for Social Studies teachers of the Colleges of Education in order to update their knowledge on some topics especially current issues on the subject. It is also recommended that Social Studies teachers should be encouraged to engage the services of resource persons to support them teach unfamiliar or challenging topics to avoid polluting the pre-service teachers.

The study objective was to assess the perceptions of Junior High School (JHS) Social Studies teachers in the Yilo Krobo Municipality of the Eastern Region of Ghana on teachers’ Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK). The study adopted Shulman's theory of Pedagogical Content Knowledge (PCK) as its theoretical framework. The philosophical approach upon which the study is hinged on is the ideology of interpretivism and positivism, in other words, pragmatism. The study used a mixed methodological approach as well as a descriptive survey design. A random sampling technique was used for the study. The study participants were JHS social studies teachers in Yilo-Krobo Municipality, Ghana. Eighty (80) out of the one hundred and two (102) representing 78.43% JHS Social Studies teachers were selected from the fifty-four JHSs in the Municipality. Both Questionnaire and interview guide were used for data collection. The survey data was analyzed using descriptive statistics and the interview data was analyzed using content analysis. The study indicated that at the heart of the PCK concept is the idea that 'deep knowledge' of content is essential for effective teaching and cannot be taken for granted; that it has a significant bearing on teaching and student learning, and that it is used as a cadre to define professional teaching knowledge. PCK also provides the uniquely necessary knowledge for the transformation of the different types of knowledge required for Social Studies teaching and evolves over time due to the progressive awareness of students' needs, while a wealth of content knowledge is imperative for the development of a comprehensive pedagogical content knowledge. The paper recommends that the Ghana Education Service (GES) should conduct regular in-service training for teachers on the enhancement of their PCK, to enable them select appropriate TLMs and pedagogical approaches that foster meaningful learning for students.

The purpose of this study was to evaluate teachers’ technological pedagogical content knowledge and pupils’ academic performance in Religious and Moral Education (RME) in basic schools in the Ga-South Municipality of Ghana. Correlational research design was used for the study. The population of the study comprised RME teachers and final year pupils in the basic schools in the Ga-South Municipality. Krejcie and Morgan table, cluster sampling technique multi-stage sampling technique, proportional allocation of sample size, and purposive sampling were used to select, 532 respondents (159 basic schools 357 pupils and 175 RME teachers) for the study. The main instruments for data collection were questionnaire, observation guide, standardised-achievement-test. The Pearson’s Correlational Coefficient was used to describe the linear relationship between each of the variables in the data analysis. The study concluded that it was uncertain as to whether teachers possessed adequate knowledge about the use of technology or instructional resources when it comes to the teaching of RME. The study also indicated teachers did not make effective use of the technology or instructional resources as observed, probably because they do not recognize the important role the use of technology plays in the teaching and learning process, they did not know how to use some of these technologies. Besides, some of these technologies were not available for use in the schools. Although, there was a weak positive correlation between teachers’ technological knowledge and pupils’ academic performance, the important role that technology plays in the teaching and learning process cannot be ruled out. It is therefore recommended that, the Ministry of Education, Ghana Education Service and Curriculum Research and Development Division should organise in-service training for teachers, since it turned out during the observation sections that teachers did not make use of audio-visuals (TV and motion pictures) and audio materials (example radio and tape recorders) in the Ga South Municipality.

Cassava crop improvement is a function of selecting superior genotypes that meets the end-users needs and preference. This is done via genotype testing at different environments thereby subjecting the materials to the elements of climate and other environmental factors. In pro-vitamin a cassava genotypes, dry matter (DM), total carotenoids (TC), and fresh root yield (FYLD) are important traits for improving economic status, nutritional health and livelihoods of farmers and processors. This study evaluated the effect of rainfall patterns on 42 provitamin A Cassava accessions for FYLD, DM, TC at different months (6,9&12 months after planting) and for two seasons (2019/2020 and 2020/2021) in Ibadan. The study shows that the relationship between TC and FYLD were more variable at second season than in the first season. The relationships between TC & DM and FYLD & DM at both seasons showed similar variability. The rainfall pattern shows that higher rainfall trend was noticed at the first cropping season (2019/2020) than 2020/2021 cropping seasons. At different months categories and across cropping season, rainfall recorded the least value of 4.58mm at 6 Months After Planting (MAP) which was in the month of December, increased at 9 MAP (Mar) and all through the 12 MAP (107.05mm). Traits relationship with rainfall shows that yield increased with rainfall, DM (25.70%) was highest during the months of least rainfall (4.58mm) and decreased (16.40%) as rainfall (52.09mm) starts during the 9 MAP and at 12 MAP, when the rainfall was 107mm, the DM was 18.76%. Total carotenoids were highest at 6 MAP with 13.76 µg/g when the rainfall was least and decreased (13.04 µg/g) with increased rainfall. During the first cropping season, DM and TC were higher with higher rainfall but with reduced fresh root yield while at second season, when the rainfall was lower, fresh root yield was higher.

Wireless networking is the connection of computers, digital communication devices, network equipment, and various other devices via radio waves. It is applied in places where the wired infrastructure cannot be installed or the price of introducing such a structure is too high. In addition, it has some features that are a great advantage over wired networking, such as customer mobility, easy expandability, and fast and low-cost temporary networking. Wireless technology allows us mobility and ease of use, but most users do not think about security. Users are insufficiently informed about the dangers of the Internet. Many of them do not pay attention to that and access important data such as bank accounts, e-mail, and any other contents that must be preserved and hidden. Today, there are more and more malicious actions, where hackers use various methods and technologies to attack users' accounts, bypassing all protections. Today, the issue of security is one of the priorities for every Internet user. Due to its characteristics, wireless communication is exposed to attacks due to the way they are sent, and there is a possibility of intercepting information.

Background: Everyone, irrespective of age, sex, colour, ethnicity, or present overall fitness level, can benefit from regular exercise. To improve one's health, one must engage in regular physical activity. People with underlying illnesses like long-term impairment can benefit from regular physical activity at the individual level, especially young women. Thus, the current study aimed to assess the prevalence and determinants of physical activity among female school-aged adolescents in the West Coast Region of The Gambia. Methods: The present study used an institutional-based cross-sectional analytical study to collect quantitative data from 384 female high school students in The Gambia. The study used a content-validated, pretested structured questionnaire that consisted of both open and closed-ended questions on physical activity. The data were processed and analyzed using IBM SPSS version 26.0. Descriptive statistics and Chi-square and/or Fisher exact test were used with a p-value <0.15 for inclusion in the logistic regression model. Adjusted odds ratios (aORs) and 95% confidence intervals were calculated, while p-value <0.05 was considered for statistical significance. Results: The proportion of female students involved in physical activity was 37.5%. The mean age of students was 18.8 years with a standard deviation of 1.7 years. Factors such as female students between 17 – 20 years (aOR:3.05, 95% C.I. (1.807 – 5.138)), father never been to school (aOR: 2.82, 95% C.I. (1.495 – 5.334)), primary education (aOR: 2.15, 95% C.I. (1.027 – 4.493)), upper basic school (aOR: 2.31, 95% C.I. (1.055 – 5.074)) and science major students (aOR: 2.21, 95% C.I. (1.203 – 4.047)) had increased odds of involving in PA. Furthermore, students who knew that exercise would strengthen bones (aOR: 2.62, 95% C.I (1.444 – 4.739)), do a planned brisk walking (aOR: 19.16, 95% C.I. (6.698 – 54.811)), basketball/football (aOR: 29.76, 95% C.I. (10.004 – 88.512)) and skipping with rope (aOR: 29.15, 95% C.I. (9.726 – 87.333)) had increased odds to involved in PA after controlling for confounders. Other factors such as students whose mother never been to school (aOR: 0.31, 95% C.I. (0.140 – 0.674)), primary level (aOR: 0.25, 95% C.I. (0.123 – 0.518)), senior secondary level (aOR: 0.42, 95% C.I. (0.189 – 0.935)), nuclear family (aOR: 0.23, 95% C.I. (0.119 – 0.458)) and extended family (aOR: 0.45, 95% C.I. (0.225 – 0.915)) had reduced odds of involving in PA. Conclusion: There is low physical activity among female adolescents in schools. For this, it is imperative that suitable interventions be implemented to raise the level of physical activity among secondary school students. A future intervention for school-aged adolescents could benefit from these findings.

Knowledge of the content alone is no guarantee for effective teaching and learning, there is the need for teachers to demonstrate high level of technological and pedagogical power. The study examined the technological pedagogical content knowledge of Social Studies teachers’ in Junior High Schools in Aowin municipality in the Western North Region of Ghana. The descriptive survey design was used for the study. The population for the study included all Social Studies teachers in the public Junior High Schools in the Aowin Municipality. Simple random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the Seventy-four (74) Junior High Schools and Seventy-four (74) the Social Studies teachers for the study. The main instrument for data collection was questionnaire. The study revealed that, teachers have adequate content knowledge to teach Social Studies but there are doubts as to whether their knowledge is current. The study also concluded that, teachers were not confident about their technological, pedagogical and content knowledge in Social Studies and this resulted in their negative attitude towards the integration of technology in classroom activities. It is recommended that, the Ghana Education Service should organize In-Service Training and refresher courses for teachers to keep them current and up-to-date their content knowledge in Social Studies. It is also recommended that, teachers should adopt positive attitudes towards learning and using technology in their day-to-day activities.

The task of recommending products to customers based on their interests is important in business. It is possible to accomplish this with machine learning. To reduce human effort by proposing movies based on the user's interests efficiently and effectively without wasting much time in pointless browsing, the movie recommendation system is designed to assist movie aficionados. This work focuses on developing a movie recommender system using a model that incorporates both cosine similarity and sentiment analysis. Cosine similarity is a standard used to determine how similar two items are to one another. An examination of the emotions expressed in a movie review can determine how excellent or negative a review is and, consequently the overall rating for a film. As a result, determining whether a review is favorable or adverse may be automated because the machine learns by training and evaluating the data. Comparing different systems based on content-based approaches will produce results that are increasingly explicit as time passes.

A qualitatively, interpretative design was adopted to evaluate type of laboratory practical Teacher Support Materials that could be used to teach practical skills of observation, listening and communication and manipulation of apparatus in titration. The population of the study consisted of three public Senior High Schools (SHS) in Komenda Edina Eguafo Abirem (KEEA) municipality of the Central Region of Ghana. Each school offers chemistry as a subject to students. Convenient, purposive and simple random sampling techniques were used to sample schools, teachers and students for the study. Six (6) teachers were purposively sampled out of a total of 8 chemistry teachers because they had qualification in Science Education in Chemistry. Five (5) students from each school were randomly selected from each of the three SHS for focal group discussion. The main instrument used for data collection were semi structured interview guide and Observation Checklist (OC). Teachers interview schedule was used to solicit information from the chemistry teachers on how they perceived the use of Practical Skills- based TSMs for teaching practical process skills in titration at the SHS levels. The curriculum profile was used to collect data to answer the research question. For each of the four Lesson Profiles (lesson introduction, skill development, application and closure) of the lesson plan, the total number of scores was divided by the maximum possible scores for the profile and expressed as percentage and qualitatively describing the trends of emerging themes. The study concluded that there has been some improvement in the cognitive experience and pedagogical content knowledge of the teachers as well as the students in the use of the PS-based teacher support material in the laboratory. It is recommended that teachers and educators should thoroughly read and assimilate the contents and the processes described in the PS-based TSMs before they are used in teaching titration so as to develop practical process skills of the students.