The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing a profound transformation driven by advancements in Information Technology (IT), with Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems playing a pivotal role in reshaping operations. These systems offer integrated solutions that streamline key business processes, such as production, inventory management, supply chain optimization, regulatory compliance, and data integration, contributing significantly to operational efficiency and organizational agility. This paper explores the evolution and impact of ERP systems within the pharmaceutical sector, highlighting their contributions to overcoming the industry’s inherent challenges, including complex regulatory requirements, the need for accurate and real-time data, and the demand for supply chain resilience. The integration of cloud-based ERP solutions, the incorporation of emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and the Internet of Things (IoT), and enhanced data analytics capabilities have revolutionized pharmaceutical IT. These advancements not only reduce operational costs, improve forecasting accuracy, and enhance collaboration but also ensure compliance with stringent global regulations, such as Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and FDA guidelines. Moreover, ERP systems have been instrumental in managing the pharmaceutical supply chain, ensuring product traceability, and improving inventory control and order fulfillment processes. This manuscript examines how ERP systems enable pharmaceutical companies to maintain high standards of product quality, improve decision-making, and ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs through robust tracking and auditing mechanisms. A case study of a pharmaceutical company that implemented an ERP system demonstrates the tangible benefits, including increased operational efficiency, improved compliance rates, and enhanced customer satisfaction. However, despite the clear advantages, challenges such as customization complexities, data integration issues, and resistance to change remain. As the pharmaceutical industry continues to evolve, ERP systems will remain a cornerstone of digital transformation, facilitating smarter decision-making, better resource management, and enhanced collaboration across global operations. This paper also identifies future trends, including the potential of AI and blockchain technologies in further strengthening ERP systems and transforming the pharmaceutical landscape.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic degenerative joint disorder that significantly impairs mobility and quality of life. While surgical interventions such as total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are effective in severe cases, conservative treatments are critical for early and intermediate disease management. This review evaluates the efficacy, safety, and clinical applications of both conservative and surgical treatment approaches, including lifestyle modifications, physical therapy, pharmacological interventions, regenerative medicine, and surgical procedures. The integration of a multidisciplinary approach is emphasized as a key strategy for optimizing clinical outcomes and tailoring interventions to disease severity.

Stigma surrounding drug addiction remains a critical barrier to effective treatment, significantly influencing healthcare access, patient engagement, and recovery outcomes. This study explores the multifaceted impact of stigma on individuals seeking help for substance use disorders (SUDs), with a focus on healthcare-related discrimination, internalized stigma, and structural barriers. Research indicates that negative perceptions among healthcare providers contribute to delayed treatment-seeking behaviors, reduced adherence to medication-assisted treatment (MAT), and increased relapse rates. Additionally, patients internalizing these societal judgments experience heightened psychological distress, social isolation, and decreased self-efficacy, further hindering their recovery process. To address these challenges, evidence-based strategies such as addiction medicine education, trauma-informed care, harm reduction approaches, and peer support models have been shown to effectively reduce stigma and improve treatment outcomes. Hospital administrators and nursing leaders play a critical role in fostering a culture of empathy, advocating for the reframing of addiction as a neuro-psycho-biological disease rather than a moral failing. Future research should explore digital mental health interventions, motivational interviewing techniques, and interdisciplinary collaboration to further dismantle stigma and enhance the effectiveness of addiction treatment programs. This study highlights the urgent need for systemic policy changes, targeted educational programs, and a shift in clinical attitudes to create a more inclusive and stigma-free healthcare environment. Through implementing these approaches, healthcare providers can ensure equitable access to treatment and improve long-term health outcomes for individuals with opioid use disorder (OUD) and other substance-related conditions.

Background: Electronic cigarette (e-cigarette) use and vaping tobacco have increased rapidly worldwide, raising concerns about their health effects, social acceptability, and regulatory challenges. In many countries, e-cigarettes are more commonly used by individuals from higher socioeconomic status (SES) backgrounds, who, in theory, should have greater knowledge about e-cigarettes and their associated risks. However, it remains unclear why a group with more knowledge about e-cigarette risks would also hold more positive attitudes toward vaping and exhibit higher usage rates — a phenomenon that may represent a knowledge-behavior paradox. Understanding this paradox, along with the complex relationships between e-cigarette knowledge, attitudes, and behaviors, is critical for informing effective public health interventions, campaigns, social media messaging, and regulatory policies. Objectives: This study aimed to evaluate the complex relationship between SES, e-cigarette knowledge, pro-vaping attitudes, and e-cigarette use. Methods: The SMOKES Study (Study of Measurement of Knowledge and Examination of Support for Tobacco Control Policies) used a multi-center, cross-sectional design, collecting data from 2,403 college and university students across 15 provinces in Iran (covering nearly half of the country's provinces). The survey measured family income, age, sex, ethnicity, e-cigarette use, knowledge, and attitudes. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the interrelations between SES, knowledge, attitudes, and behavior, while adjusting for age, sex, and ethnic minority status. Results: SEM analysis confirmed the hypothesized paradox. Although greater knowledge about e-cigarettes was linked to less favorable attitudes toward vaping and lower use, pro-vaping attitudes emerged as the strongest predictor of vaping behavior, while knowledge played a weaker protective role. Notably, individuals with higher SES simultaneously showed higher knowledge and, paradoxically, more pro-e-cigarette attitudes and greater usage. Female students and ethnic minority students reported higher correct knowledge and lower pro-vaping attitudes and use. Although age and higher family income were associated with more favorable attitudes, they did not directly predict vaping behavior. These results suggest that for higher SES individuals, poor knowledge is not the main driver of e-cigarette use; rather, their pro-e-cigarette attitudes, which seem to outweigh the influence of knowledge, play a key role. Conclusions: Although individuals from higher SES backgrounds report greater correct knowledge about e-cigarettes, this knowledge does not necessarily translate into reduced positive attitudes or lower usage. This study highlights the complexity of these paradoxical effects and suggests that public health strategies need to go beyond simple education and knowledge-based interventions. Targeted approaches should address industry messaging, challenge misconceptions, and strengthen regulatory efforts to reduce e-cigarette use among young adults, including those from higher SES backgrounds.

Background: Women have consistently shown lower quit rates in tobacco cessation programs compared to men. This gender disparity persists despite comprehensive interventions and access to cessation resources. While prior studies suggest that factors such as social support, chronic disease burden, and socioeconomic status may contribute to these differences, there is limited empirical evidence to confirm these mechanisms. Aims: This study aimed to investigate potential mechanisms underlying gender differences in quit rates in a tobacco cessation program, testing whether demographic, socioeconomic, health, or behavioral factors explain the observed disparities. Methods: Participants were assigned to one of three smoking cessation interventions: an in-person program (CEASE), a self-help approach, or an online/hybrid program. The main outcome measured was smoking abstinence, evaluated three months after the intervention. Secondary analyses explored whether demographic, socioeconomic, health, or tobacco use-related factors mediated the association between gender and quit rates. Results: Women had significantly lower quit rates than men (p < 0.01). This association remained significant after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, health, and addiction-related factors. While women reported higher social support and a higher prevalence of chronic cardiometabolic conditions, these factors did not explain the gender disparity in quit rates. Conclusions: Gender differences in quit rates persist despite controlling for known factors that could influence cessation success. Although women had higher social support, they had lower quit rate. Future research should explore unmeasured variables, such as psychological, biological, and structural influences, to develop more effective cessation strategies tailored for women.

Background: Tobacco control policies are implemented globally to reduce tobacco-related morbidity and mortality. Emerging evidence suggests that individual tobacco use may influence the level of support for these policies. However, the extent to which personal use affects policy endorsement remains underexplored, particularly among young adults in academic settings. Aims: This study aimed to examine whether college students who use tobacco exhibit lower support for tobacco control policies compared to their non-user counterparts. Methods: We conducted a multi-center, cross-sectional study involving 2403 college students from various provinces in Iran. Tobacco use was ascertained based on self-reported consumption of cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and hookah. Attitudes toward tobacco control policies were evaluated using a structured survey instrument, and comparative analyses were performed to assess differences in policy support between tobacco users and non-users. Results: The analysis revealed that tobacco users demonstrated significantly lower support for tobacco control policies compared to non-users. This association was consistently observed across users of cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and hookah, suggesting a systematic pattern irrespective of the type of tobacco product used. Conclusion: These findings indicated a clear association between tobacco use and reduced endorsement of tobacco control policies among Iranian college students. These results have potential implications for public health policy, emphasizing the importance of addressing individual tobacco use behaviors in the development and implementation of tobacco control strategies. Further research is needed to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of this relationship.

Background: Tobacco use remains a major global health concern, and understanding the factors that influence tobacco-related knowledge and support for tobacco control policies is critical for effective development of tobacco control policies that are accepted by the public. Objectives: This study introduces the rationale, design, methodology, and participants of the SMOKES Study (Study of Measurement of Knowledge and Examination of Support for tobacco control policies), which is conducted to evaluate tobacco use, tobacco-related knowledge and attitude, as well as support for tobacco control policies among college and university students. Methods: The SMOKES Study was designed to address significant gaps in literature by focusing on college and university students in a non-Western context. A multi-center, cross-sectional design was employed to collect data from a diverse sample of college and university students across different geographical provinces in Iran. The survey instrument incorporated a range of measures covering socio-demographic characteristics, university-related variables, family tobacco use status, personal tobacco consumption behaviors (including detailed assessments of cigarette, hookah, and electronic cigarette use), and attitudinal as well as knowledge-based assessments related to vaping. Support for tobacco control policies is also measured. Data were collected using an online survey that included self-administered questionnaires, enabling access to a large diverse sample. This study may be used to determine the prevalence of ever and current use of cigarettes, electronic cigarettes, and hookah, as well as examining the correlates of single, dual, and poly-tobacco use. The study also aims to assess the role of social determinants, attitudes, and ethnic/geographic differences in shaping these outcomes. Results: The study sample consisted of 2403 college and university students, including undergraduates enrolled in different academic programs from all faculties and disciplines. Participants were drawn from universities across 15 provinces, and 11 ethnic groups, ensuring a heterogeneous sample with respect to socio-demographic background, ethnicity, and institutional affiliation. This diversity enhances the generalizability of the findings and allows for the exploration of subgroup differences in tobacco use patterns and policy support. Conclusions: The SMOKES Study offers a framework for examining tobacco-related knowledge and the acceptability of tobacco control policies among a key part of the population, being college and university students. By providing detailed insights into the prevalence and correlates of tobacco knowledge, attitude, use, as well as the tobacco control policy support, the study lays the groundwork for tailored public health interventions and more effective tobacco regulation strategies particularly for college campuses in a non-Western setting.

Background: Menthol-flavored tobacco products are disproportionately used in low-income African American communities, a result of decades of targeted marketing and systemic inequities. Menthol use has been associated with lower quit rates, often compounded by factors such as lower trust in healthcare systems, reduced access to cessation programs, and other structural barriers. Despite this, few studies have systematically examined the explanatory mechanisms that might clarify why menthol-flavored tobacco is linked to poorer cessation outcomes among participants in tobacco cessation programs. Aims: This study aimed to investigate the potential mechanisms by which menthol tobacco use is associated with lower quit rates across three types of smoking cessation interventions. Methods: Participants were randomized into one of three smoking cessation interventions: in-person (CEASE), self-help, or online/hybrid programs. Smoking abstinence was assessed three months post-intervention as the primary outcome. Secondary analyses explored whether demographic, socioeconomic, or behavioral factors mediated the association between menthol use and quit rates across the intervention arms. Results: Menthol tobacco use was significantly associated with lower quit rates (p < 0.01). This association was not explained by demographic, socioeconomic, health, or addiction-related factors. While menthol use was associated with lower education and employment levels, demographic characteristics, physical or mental health, or addiction did not explain the effect of menthol on tobacco cessation. These findings suggest that the lower quit rates observed among menthol users cannot be attributed to any third factors assessed in this study. Conclusions: Menthol tobacco use independently predicts lower quit rates, and the mechanisms behind this disparity remain unclear. The consistent findings across different intervention types highlight the need for further research to uncover the underlying pathways and to design targeted strategies to improve cessation outcomes for menthol users.

Background: Tobacco use remains disproportionately high among low-income and racial-ethnic minority populations. The CEASE program, with its self-help, hybrid/online, and in-person modalities, has demonstrated efficacy in promoting tobacco cessation. However, predictors of successful cessation among participants in these groups remain unclear. Objective: To identify baseline predictors of successful tobacco cessation among low-income and racial-ethnic minority participants in the CEASE program, with a focus on demographic, socioeconomic, behavioral, and psychosocial factors. Methods: Participants were allocated into three intervention arms: self-help, CEASE hybrid/online, and CEASE in-person. Baseline characteristics, including demographics (e.g., age, gender), socioeconomic status (e.g., education, employment), substance use profiles (e.g., cigarette packs per week, use of other tobacco products, menthol tobacco use), physical health (e.g., general health, number of cardiometabolic risk conditions), mental health (e.g., depressive symptoms, perceived stress), perceived social support, and nicotine dependence, were analyzed as potential predictors of cessation success. Multivariable logistic regression models were used to identify factors associated with successful quitting, controlling for the study arm. Results: In addition to the study arm, gender, baseline depression, cardiometabolic conditions, tobacco flavor, and the use of other tobacco products were significant predictors of quit success. Individuals receiving in-person interventions had significantly higher odds of quitting (AOR = 3.79, p < 0.05). Women were significantly less likely to quit compared to men (AOR = 0.24, p < 0.01). Participants with a greater number of cardiometabolic risk conditions were more likely to quit (AOR = 1.93, p < 0.05), while those with higher levels of depression had lower odds of quitting (AOR = 0.61, p < 0.05). Menthol tobacco users were also less likely to quit (AOR = 0.10, p < 0.05). Interestingly, individuals who used other forms of tobacco in addition to cigarettes had increased odds of quitting (AOR = 2.86, p < 0.05). No other factors, including demographic variables (e.g., age), socioeconomic status (e.g., education, marital status), substance use profiles (e.g., cigarette packs per week, NRT use), or nicotine dependence, were significant predictors of cessation success. Conclusion: Baseline self-reported anxiety/depression and depressive symptoms play a critical role in reducing the likelihood of successful tobacco cessation among low-income and racial-ethnic minority participants in the CEASE program. These findings underscore the importance of addressing mental health challenges as part of tobacco cessation interventions to enhance their efficacy. Future research should explore targeted strategies for integrating mental health support into cessation programs to improve outcomes for underserved populations.

Background: Socioeconomic status (SES) is a well-established determinant of health, often associated with lower risk of cardiometabolic diseases (CMD). However, the extent to which SES influences CMD may vary by gender due to differences in social roles, health behaviors, and biological susceptibilities. This study examined the relationship between SES, measured by the poverty-to-income ratio (PIR), and CMD indicators—including obesity, diabetes, and cardiovascular disease (CVD)—among men and women using data from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Methods: This cross-sectional study utilized NHANES data (1999-2018), adjusting for race/ethnicity and age. SES was operationalized using PIR, with CMD outcomes (obesity, diabetes, and CVD) as dependent variables. Generalized linear models (GLM) were employed to evaluate the main effects of SES on CMD, with gender included as a moderator. Results: Higher SES was associated with lower overall CMD risk. However, the protective effects of SES were more pronounced in women than in men for all outcomes. These findings suggest that gender-specific pathways may mediate the relationship between SES and CMD. Women may derive greater health benefits from higher SES due to factors such as reduced stress exposure, healthier behaviors, and increased healthcare utilization. Conversely, the weaker association observed in men may reflect differences in social hierarchy sensitivity, responses to unemployment, or other contextual factors. Conclusion: The findings highlight the importance of gender-specific considerations when addressing SES-related disparities in CMD outcomes. Policies and interventions aimed at reducing CMD burden should account for these gender differences to promote equitable improvements in cardiometabolic health. Further research is needed to unravel the mechanisms driving these differences and to inform targeted strategies.

Background: Climate change has raised significant concerns about its impact on health, particularly for vulnerable populations such as children and adolescents. While extensive research has examined physical health effects, limited attention has been given to the influence of extreme heat on developmental and behavioral outcomes. Objectives: This study investigates the association between extreme heat exposure and early puberty initiation (ages 9-10), using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. It further explores how early puberty correlates with behavioral problems and tobacco use initiation. Methods: Data from 11,878 participants in the ABCD study were analyzed to examine the relationship between extreme heat exposure (independent variable) and puberty initiation (outcome). Behavioral problems and tobacco use initiation were evaluated as downstream outcomes of early puberty. Covariates included age, sex, and race/ethnicity, and behavioral problems were assessed using the Child Behavior Checklist (CBCL). Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed for analysis. Results: Extreme heat exposure was significantly associated with earlier puberty initiation at ages 9-10. Early puberty, in turn, correlated with higher levels of behavioral problems and an increased likelihood of tobacco use initiation. Conclusions: These findings underscore the importance of addressing environmental factors such as extreme heat to reduce risks associated with early maturation, including behavioral and substance use challenges. Targeted interventions and policies are needed to mitigate the impact of extreme heat on child development, and longitudinal studies are essential to confirm these results and inform effective prevention strategies.

Background: The rising concerns surrounding climate change have drawn attention to its potential impact on health, particularly among vulnerable groups such as children and older adults. Despite extensive research on health consequences, limited studies have explored the connection between extreme heat exposure and tobacco use initiation among adolescents in the United States. Objectives: This study examines the relationship between extreme heat exposure and the initiation of tobacco use in adolescents, using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. It also evaluates the mediating roles of major depressive disorder (MDD) and childhood behavioral problems. Methods: Data from 11,878 participants in the ABCD study were analyzed to explore the link between extreme heat exposure (independent variable) and tobacco use initiation (dependent variable). Covariates included age, sex, and race/ethnicity, while MDD and behavioral problems (measured using the Child Behavior Checklist, CBCL) were assessed as potential mediators. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was applied for analysis. Results: The findings indicated a significant association between extreme heat exposure and an increased likelihood of tobacco use initiation in adolescents aged 9 to 15. MDD and behavioral problems partially mediated this relationship. Conclusions: These results underscore the importance of targeted interventions aimed at mitigating the impact of extreme heat on adolescent health, including its influence on tobacco use initiation. Addressing mental health and behavioral challenges could help reduce these risks. Future longitudinal research is needed to confirm these findings and evaluate the efficacy of strategies to protect vulnerable youth populations.

Background: The dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes poses significant public health concerns due to the compounded risks associated with the use of both products. Understanding the predictors of dual use can inform targeted interventions and tobacco control strategies aimed at reducing nicotine dependence and health risks among adults. Objective: This study aims to identify the sociodemographic predictors of dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes among U.S. adults using baseline data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Study. Methods: We analyzed baseline data from the PATH Study, focusing on adult participants who reported the use of both e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes. Logistic regression models were used to identify the associations between dual use and key sociodemographic variables, including age, gender, race/ethnicity, and education level. Results: The analysis revealed that dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes was predominantly observed among young, female, non-Latino, White, and highly educated adults. Younger adults were more likely to engage in dual use compared to older age groups. Females showed higher rates of dual use compared to males. Non-Latino White individuals were more likely to be dual users than individuals from other racial/ethnic backgrounds. Additionally, higher educational attainment was associated with increased dual use, contrary to traditional smoking patterns. Conclusion: The findings highlight specific demographic groups that are at higher risk of dual use of e-cigarettes and combustible cigarettes, particularly younger, highly educated, non-Latino White females. These insights suggest the need for tailored public health interventions that address the unique needs and behaviors of these populations. Future research should explore the underlying motivations and contextual factors contributing to dual use to enhance the effectiveness of tobacco control policies and cessation programs.

Pharmaceutical supply chains are critical to ensuring the availability of safe and effective medications, yet they face numerous challenges that can jeopardize public health. This article provides a comprehensive analysis of the key issues impacting pharmaceutical supply chains, including regulatory compliance, demand forecasting, supply chain visibility, quality assurance, and geopolitical risks. Regulatory compliance remains a significant concern due to the stringent guidelines imposed by authorities such as the FDA and EMA, which can lead to increased operational costs and time delays. Additionally, traditional demand forecasting methods often fail to accurately predict fluctuations in drug demand, resulting in stockouts or excess inventory. Limited supply chain visibility further complicates these challenges, hindering timely decision-making and operational efficiency. Quality assurance is paramount, as maintaining the integrity of pharmaceutical products throughout the supply chain is crucial to preventing costly recalls and ensuring patient safety. Moreover, the globalization of supply chains introduces vulnerabilities to geopolitical risks, trade disputes, and natural disasters. In response to these issues, this article outlines strategic recommendations for optimizing pharmaceutical supply chains. These include leveraging advanced analytics and IoT technologies to enhance demand forecasting and visibility, strengthening compliance through automated systems and training, fostering collaboration among stakeholders, implementing robust risk management frameworks, and investing in quality management systems. By adopting these strategies, pharmaceutical companies can enhance the efficiency and resilience of their supply chains, ultimately ensuring the continuous availability of essential medications for patients worldwide. This analysis serves as a critical resource for industry professionals seeking to navigate the complexities of pharmaceutical supply chains in an increasingly dynamic global environment.

This study aimed to examine students' perceptions of the usefulness of formative feedback in mathematics lessons at Sagnerigu Municipality in the Northern Region of Ghana. Quantitatively, this study employed a descriptive non-experimental survey design. The population comprises all pupils of public Junior High Schools in the Sagnerigu Municipality. A purposive sampling technique was used to select the Junior High School students for the study. The criterion purposive sampling technique was used to select 518 final-year students for the 2022 Basic education certificate examination from 14 schools in Sagnerigu Municipality. The chosen schools comprised 291 students from high-performing schools and 227 students from low-performing schools. The primary tool for the study was the Student Feedback Perception Questionnaire (SFPQ), administered to the student participants. The Descriptive statistical tool was used to analyse the mean and standard deviation of the data. The study's examination of students' perceptions of feedback revealed a moderate level of perceived usefulness. This emphasises the importance of feedback as a tool for student growth and development. However, the findings also suggest the need for further support and guidance to optimise the impact of feedback on student learning outcomes. The findings also suggest that students value feedback that helps them improve their skills and strategies in Mathematics and keeps them on track to succeed. It also highlights the importance of providing different types of feedback to cater to the diverse learning needs of students. Educators can create a conducive environment that promotes student engagement and achievement by equipping teachers with effective feedback techniques, emphasising constructive comments and avoiding grades.

Drug shortages represent a significant and growing challenge within the pharmaceutical supply chain, with profound implications for patient care, public health, and healthcare costs. This manuscript provides a comprehensive examination of the causes and impacts of drug shortages, highlighting the multifaceted nature of this issue. Key factors contributing to shortages include manufacturing complications, limited availability of active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs), market dynamics that discourage the production of less profitable medications, and regulatory challenges that slow down the approval process for new manufacturing capacities. The consequences of these shortages are far-reaching. Patients often face treatment delays, which can lead to adverse health outcomes, increased hospitalization rates, and even mortality. Healthcare providers experience heightened operational costs as they seek alternative therapies and manage complications resulting from inadequate treatment. Furthermore, the frequent occurrence of drug shortages erodes public trust in both the healthcare system and the pharmaceutical industry, leading to decreased patient adherence to prescribed therapies. To mitigate the impacts of drug shortages, this manuscript proposes several strategic solutions, including enhanced communication among stakeholders, diversification of supply sources, increased regulatory flexibility, and collaborative approaches between public and private sectors. Additionally, raising awareness among healthcare providers and patients regarding the causes and potential alternatives can empower stakeholders to navigate shortages effectively. Ultimately, addressing drug shortages necessitates a proactive and coordinated effort from all participants in the pharmaceutical supply chain. By implementing these strategies, stakeholders can enhance the resilience of the supply chain, ensuring that essential medications remain accessible and that patient care is not compromised. The findings of this manuscript underscore the urgent need for ongoing vigilance and collaborative action to tackle the challenges posed by drug shortages, safeguarding public health and improving healthcare outcomes globally.

Background: Smoking cessation is a crucial public health goal due to its substantial impact on reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco use. However, significant disparities in smoking cessation success persist across socioeconomic groups in the United States. Objectives: This study aimed to examine differences in smoking cessation rates among daily smokers based on race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) using data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, spanning waves 1 to 6 (eight years). Methods: Longitudinal data from PATH were analyzed, focusing on baseline daily cigarette smokers followed over an eight-year period to assess cessation outcomes. SES was measured by education and poverty status. Successful smoking cessation was defined as sustained abstinence from cigarettes for 12 months or more at the final wave. Logistic regression models identified predictors of successful cessation, adjusting for potential confounders, including age, nicotine dependence, and access to cessation resources. Results: The analysis revealed significant disparities in cessation success across racial, ethnic, and SES groups. Smokers living in poverty and those with lower educational attainment were less likely to achieve cessation success than their counterparts. Race (Black) and ethnicity (Latino) were also significantly associated with lower cessation success. Conclusions: This study highlights the social determinants of smoking cessation success among U.S. adult smokers, with lower success rates observed among those in poverty and with less educational attainment. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions that address the unique barriers to cessation faced by low-SES groups. Public health strategies should prioritize equitable access to cessation resources and culturally tailored interventions to reduce these disparities and improve cessation outcomes among all smokers.

This article assesses the realities of sexual harassment (SH) in selected tertiary educational institutions in Ghana. Using multiple data collection techniques, three areas that are related to SH were assessed. These are knowledge of what constitutes SH, the nature and incidence of SH, and strategies/procedures for handling issues of SH in tertiary educational institutions. The findings from the perspective of teaching and non-teaching staff strongly suggest that knowledge of SH was high among teaching staff but low among non-teaching staff. Staff could not relate very well to the reporting systems and procedures of SH in their institutions. Issues of SH were left in the hands of only a few staff while newly recruited staff showed little understanding of the reporting systems and procedures. From the perspective of students, knowledge of what constitutes SH was high. Students were able to indicate the various SH reporting systems/procedures in the tertiary educational institutions and further indicated that the institutions have provided a safe environment and appointed designated people to handle sexual harassment complaints. Surprisingly, the incidence of sexual harassment was low, and this affected sexual harassment reporting.

The study aimed to establish the effect of Multicultural Teaching Competency (MTC) on the Culturally Responsive Teaching (CRT) of RME teachers in Cape Coast. The cross-sectional survey design was used. All 150 RME teachers in the 54 schools in Cape Coast were involved in the study through the census method and a 33-item close-ended structured questionnaire was used for the data collection exercise. Data were analysed using descriptive and inferential (Factorial ANOVA and PLS-SEM) statistics. Results revealed that RME teachers have a high level of MTC and CRT even though the students seem not to show interest in the subject leading to them failing in their final examinations. There was a statistically significant effect of RME teachers’ sex, academic qualification, teaching experience, and professional qualification on their MTC F (30, 4) = 7.142, p = .000, partial ƞ2 =.643 and CRT, F (30, 4) = 3.874, p = .000*, partial ƞ2 = .494. The result showed that RME teachers' MTC substantially explained 61.2% of the variation in their CRT. It was recommended that GES and the Metropolitan Education office should provide ongoing professional development opportunities specifically focused on translating MTC principles into actionable strategies.