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Open Access June 06, 2025

Food security, dietary diversity, and age as determinants of nutritional status among adolescent girls in coastal Bangladesh

Tanzina Akter, Taslima Akter, Sharmin Shilpy Nokshi, Sujit Kumar Banik, Abu Ansar Md Rizwan

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2025, 5(2), 110-121. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2025.6112

Abstract Background: Adolescent girls living in disaster-prone coastal regions of Bangladesh face heightened nutritional vulnerability due to limited food access, poor dietary diversity, and environmental stressors. Despite growing concerns about adolescent malnutrition, few studies have examined the combined influence of food security, dietary diversity, and age on nutritional outcomes in these [...] Read more.

Background: Adolescent girls living in disaster-prone coastal regions of Bangladesh face heightened nutritional vulnerability due to limited food access, poor dietary diversity, and environmental stressors. Despite growing concerns about adolescent malnutrition, few studies have examined the combined influence of food security, dietary diversity, and age on nutritional outcomes in these settings. Objectives: This study aimed to assess the association between dietary diversity, food security, and age with the nutritional status of adolescent girls in coastal Bangladesh. Methods: A cross-sectional survey was conducted among 345 adolescent girls aged 10–19 in Chattogram and Cox’s Bazar. Data on dietary intake were collected using a 24-hour dietary recall and a food frequency questionnaire. Household food security was assessed using a validated scale. Nutritional status was determined using BMI-for-age classifications. Bivariate and multivariate analyses explored associations between dietary diversity, food security, age, and nutritional status. Results: Among participants, 10.14% were underweight, and 29.85% were either overweight or obese. While 17.39% demonstrated high dietary diversity (≥7 food groups), the majority had moderate diversity (5 or 6 food groups) (59.42%). Food-insecure households were significantly more likely to have overweight or obese adolescents (p < 0.05). Although dietary diversity was associated with BMI in bivariate analysis, it was not a significant predictor in the multivariate model. Age showed a significant relationship with both dietary diversity and nutritional status. Conclusion: The findings emphasize the importance of addressing household food security and age-related nutritional vulnerabilities in coastal areas. Interventions should prioritize age-sensitive, culturally appropriate strategies to improve dietary quality and prevent the double burden of malnutrition among adolescent girls.

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Open Access April 30, 2025

Psychological Flexibility and Cardiovascular Health Behaviors Among Filipino Outpatients: A Correlational Study

Zander Antonio, Ronalyn Topacio, Aqeel Al-Mahdaly Steven Zheng, Roison Andro Narvaez, Marilane Ferrer

World Journal of Nursing Research 2025, 4(1), 67-76. DOI: 10.31586/wjnr.2025.6090

Abstract (1) Background: Psychological flexibility, the ability to adapt to changing demands while staying true to personal values, is linked to better health behaviors. However, its relationship with cardiovascular health behaviors, particularly in Filipino populations, remains underexplored. (2) Aim: This study aimed to examine the relationship between psychological flexibility and [...] Read more.

(1) Background: Psychological flexibility, the ability to adapt to changing demands while staying true to personal values, is linked to better health behaviors. However, its relationship with cardiovascular health behaviors, particularly in Filipino populations, remains underexplored. (2) Aim: This study aimed to examine the relationship between psychological flexibility and cardiovascular health behaviors among outpatients in Rizal, Philippines, focusing on BMI, smoking, physical activity, and dietary habits. (3) Methods: A cross-sectional, descriptive-correlational design was used with 100 outpatient participants from selected hospitals. Psychological flexibility was measured using the Acceptance and Action Questionnaire-II (AAQ-II), and cardiovascular health behaviors were assessed using a modified version of the American Heart Association’s Life Simple 7 tool. Descriptive statistics and Pearson’s correlation were applied. (4) Results: The findings showed that respondents had neutral levels of psychological flexibility. While most exhibited intermediate BMI and physical activity, dietary habits varied. A significant positive correlation was found between psychological flexibility and whole grain consumption. However, no significant associations were found with BMI, smoking, or physical activity. (5) Conclusions: Psychological flexibility appears to influence specific health behaviors, such as dietary choices, but does not strongly correlate with other cardiovascular health behaviors. Further research is needed to explore its broader role in cardiovascular disease prevention.

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Open Access April 10, 2025

Assessment of the Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice of Sokoine University Students Regarding Endocrine Disruptors Coming from Plastic Chemicals

Athuman Rashid Said, Frida Richard Mgonja

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2025, 5(1), 58-66. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2025.1274

Abstract Objective: The knowledge, attitudes, and practices of SUA students about the use of plastics containing endocrine disruptors were investigated in this study. Methodology: A study with 150 participants was conducted to assess individuals' knowledge about endocrine disruptors, attitudes, and plastic use practices. Results: The findings indicate that the participants possessed an [...] Read more.

Objective: The knowledge, attitudes, and practices of SUA students about the use of plastics containing endocrine disruptors were investigated in this study. Methodology: A study with 150 participants was conducted to assess individuals' knowledge about endocrine disruptors, attitudes, and plastic use practices. Results: The findings indicate that the participants possessed an average degree of knowledge 50.2 ± 3.85 with the main emphasis of awareness being generic concepts rather than specific substances. Regarding the potential health impacts of endocrine-disrupting chemicals present in plastics, respondents' attitudes ranged from fair to positive, with a mean score of 3.5 ±0.09 indicating a fair attitude overall. Conclusion: It is important to practice polite behavior and increase public awareness of safe plastic disposal methods. Surprising only 38.0% of the participants mentioned that they refrain from heating their food in plastic containers to reduce their exposure to plastics. Students' practices revealed a notable dependence on plastic products despite their awareness of the concerns surrounding endocrine disruptors, as most of them reported using plastic water bottles, plastic cups, and plastic bags almost always. Additionally, only 20.7% of the respondents consistently implemented strategies to prevent exposure to endocrine-disrupting chemicals. Recommendation: The study recommended increasing the use of cleaner plastic substitutes and improving educational programs to convert information into practical actions. Policies that encourage environmentally friendly behavior and raise public awareness of safe plastic disposal techniques should be put into practice.

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Open Access March 29, 2025

The Role of Type 3 Diabetes in Alzheimer’s Disease: A Review of Current Evidence

Mary Miliza Dagus, Vanessa Lacambra, Judith Magalona, Roison Andro Narvaez, Myra Katrina Paredes

World Journal of Nursing Research 2025, 4(1), 47-64. DOI: 10.31586/wjnr.2025.6068

Abstract Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) are increasingly linked through shared pathophysiological mechanisms, giving rise to the concept of Type 3 Diabetes Mellitus (T3DM). Brain insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are central to both conditions, contributing to cognitive decline and AD progression. Aim: This review aims to [...] Read more.

Background: Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus (T2DM) and Alzheimer’s Disease (AD) are increasingly linked through shared pathophysiological mechanisms, giving rise to the concept of Type 3 Diabetes Mellitus (T3DM). Brain insulin resistance, oxidative stress, and neuroinflammation are central to both conditions, contributing to cognitive decline and AD progression. Aim: This review aims to explore this emerging relationship and its implications for prevention and management. Methods: Using an integrative review, 21 studies were systematically analyzed. The review focused on identifying demographic, genetic, and lifestyle factors contributing to T2DM and AD and examined shared molecular pathways such as insulin dysregulation and amyloid-beta accumulation. Results: The findings reveal that T3DM shares key features with T2DM and AD, including insulin resistance and chronic inflammation. Lifestyle interventions, such as diet and exercise, alongside routine cognitive and metabolic screenings, are critical in mitigating progression. Conclusions: Further research into diagnostic biomarkers and targeted therapies is essential to manage T3DM and its impact on AD. The role of nursing professionals in early detection, education, and holistic management is emphasized as vital in addressing this dual disease burden. This review offers actionable insights into integrated strategies for addressing these interconnected conditions.

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Review Article

Open Access March 03, 2025

Effectiveness and Safety of Acupuncture Combined with Bloodletting Cupping Therapy in the Treatment of Scapulohumeral Periarthritis: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis

Hai-Xia Ma, Sun Jinshuai, Xuan-Yue Zhang, Qian-Yi Wen, Bin Lin, Meng Bo, Zhi-Feng Xiao, Juan-Xia Zheng

World Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 2025, 5(1), 20-33. DOI: 10.31586/wjcmr.2025.6028

Abstract Background: Scapulohumeral periarthritis commonly afflicts individuals in their middle age. Its etiology is multifaceted, and treatment presents a challenge with a high risk of recurrence. The main symptoms include shoulder pain and limited joint mobility, seriously affect the quality of life of the patients. Recent research indicate that acupuncture combined with bloodletting cupping can [...] Read more.

Background: Scapulohumeral periarthritis commonly afflicts individuals in their middle age. Its etiology is multifaceted, and treatment presents a challenge with a high risk of recurrence. The main symptoms include shoulder pain and limited joint mobility, seriously affect the quality of life of the patients. Recent research indicate that acupuncture combined with bloodletting cupping can significantly improve the function of activity of shoulder joint and the pain in individuals with scapulohumeral periarthritis. However, these studies have typically been limited in scope, therefore additional research to substantiate the efficacy and safety of these intervention. Methods: To evaluate the efficacy of acupuncture combined with bloodletting cupping for treating patients with scapulohumeral periarthritis. We conducted an online search of databases in both Chinese and English, including PubMed, the Cochrane Library, Embase, Web of Science, CNKI, Wangfang Data, China Science and Technology Journal Database (VIP) and Chinese BioMedical Literature Database (CBM), to collect randomized controlled trials (RCTs) concerning the use of acupuncture combined with bloodletting cupping in scapulohumeral periarthritis patients. We also examined the references within the identified literature. Search utilised subject headings and free-text terms in both languages, without racial restrictions, for records up to April 3, 2024. Two researchers independently screened the literature, extracted data, and evaluated their qualities. RevMan 5.3 software was used for meta-analysis of the included studies. The protocol of this review was recorded in the International Platform of Registered Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Protocols (PROSPERO). Its registration number is CRD42023454614. Results: This review incorporated 22 RCTs involving a total of 1,774 patients. The results of meta-analysis showed that the clinical effective rate (RR=1.25, 95%CI [1.20, 1.30], P＜0.00001) of treating scapulohumeral periarthritis with acupuncture combined with bloodletting cupping was higher in the experimental group than in the control group. The all of Visual Analogue Scale (VAS) score (MD=-1.70, 95% CI [-2.17, -1.22], P＜0.00001). Melle score (SMD=-2.45, 95% CI [-2.55, -2.34], P=0.007]) and recurrence rate (RR=0.23, 95% CI [0.07, 0.77], P=0.02) were lower in the experimental group than in the control group with statistical significance (P<0.05). Conclusion: The acupuncture combined with bloodletting cupping for the treatment of shoulder impingement syndrome demonstrates definite efficacy and safety, with superior clinical effectiveness, pain relief, improvement in shoulder joint mobility, and reduction in recurrence compared to acupuncture alone. Therefore, it is worthy of being promoted and applied clinically.

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Meta-Analysis

Open Access February 24, 2025

Women Hearts on the Line: Exploring the Correlation Between Anthropometric Parameters, Blood Pressure, and Peripartum Cardiomyopathy

Hayatu Umar, Adamu Jibril Bamaiyi, Simeon Alabi Isezuo, Raghu Cherukupalli, Oborien Omokhudu Isa, Abubakar Sadiq Maiyaki, Garba Sanusi, Aminu Abbas, Murtala Audu Ngabea, Nura Maiyadi Ibrahim

World Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 2025, 5(1), 6-19. DOI: 10.31586/wjcmr.2025.1267

Abstract Background: Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a life-threatening heart muscle disease of unknown aetiology that affects women during the peripartum period, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. While many studies have observed normal blood pressure (BP) in PPCM patients, none have explored whether their BP is appropriate for their body size. This study investigated the correlation between [...] Read more.

Background: Peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) is a life-threatening heart muscle disease of unknown aetiology that affects women during the peripartum period, particularly in sub-Saharan Africa. While many studies have observed normal blood pressure (BP) in PPCM patients, none have explored whether their BP is appropriate for their body size. This study investigated the correlation between body anthropometric parameters and BP in PPCM patients, comparing the findings with those of age-matched normal peripartum controls. Methods: A cohort of 105 women, each from PPCM and matched normal peripartum control groups, were recruited from three healthcare facilities in Sokoto. Blood pressure (BP) parameters were assessed in relation to their anthropometric measurements, and the findings were compared between the two groups. Results: The PPCM patients were significantly smaller in body weight (57.0 ±11.6 Kg vs 66.8 ±13.8 Kg, P <.0001), body mass index (BMI) (21.9 ±4.1 Kg/m2 vs 25.4 ±5.4 Kg/m2, P <.0001, body surface area (BSA) (1.3 ±0.7 m2 vs 1.7 ±0.2 m2, P <.0001), Lean body mass (LBM) (45.3 ±7.0 Kg vs 49.4 ±4.1 Kg, P <.0001) and Percentage body fat (BF) (23.5 ±10.9 % vs 31.2 ±6.9 %, P <.0001). Similarly, PPCM patients had significantly higher systolic BP (SBP), Pulse pressure (PP) and Mean arterial blood pressure (MABP) compared to the normal peripartum PPCM control. Further, linear regression analysis showed that there was higher slope of the relationship between anthropometric indices and SBP and PP in the PPCM cohort, compared to the normal peripartum control group. A similar trend of the slope was seen in the Pearson’s coefficient of the relationship of the anthropometries and BP parameters. Conclusions: This study found that women with peripartum cardiomyopathy (PPCM) exhibited disproportionately higher systolic blood pressure (SBP) and pulse pressure (PP) for each unit increase in anthropometric measurements compared to normal peripartum controls. Notably, PPCM patients had significantly lower anthropometric measures, potentially attributable to poverty and chronic undernutrition. Additionally, the effects of poor antenatal care, lack of immunization and recurrent infection should be considered. These findings suggest an abnormal relationship between anthropometry and blood pressure in PPCM patients, which may have detrimental effects on their cardiovascular health. This abnormal relationship may contribute to the development of heart failure (HF) in PPCM patients and potentially increase the risk in women susceptible to PPCM. Even-though our assumption, yet to be proven. To address this concerning trend in vulnerable populations, improvements in nutritional status, socioeconomic determinants health, adequate antenatal care (ANC), immunization, and infection prevention should be considered.

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Open Access December 03, 2024

Diabetes Nursing Education Its Implication Towards an Improved Quality of Life of Persons with Diabetes: A Systematic Review

Cherdel Marie T. Carrera, Cliff Richard T. Mabasa, Reggie Mae D. Jasmin, Dennis B. Brosola, Marijane V. Anacito, Melba C. Palcon, Mila C. Herrera, Vito D. Paje III

World Journal of Nursing Research 2024, 3(1), 86-97. DOI: 10.31586/wjnr.2024.1142

Abstract Background: Diabetes is a chronic global health issue that requires effective management to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Nursing education plays a critical role in empowering diabetic patients with self-management skills. Aim This systematic review evaluates the impact of diabetes-focused nursing education on patient outcomes and quality of life. Methods: This study [...] Read more.

Background: Diabetes is a chronic global health issue that requires effective management to improve patient outcomes and quality of life. Nursing education plays a critical role in empowering diabetic patients with self-management skills. Aim This systematic review evaluates the impact of diabetes-focused nursing education on patient outcomes and quality of life. Methods: This study uses PRISMA guidelines and a systematic approach to identify and evaluate relevant literature. Results and Discussion: Among the 14 studies reviewed, eight emphasized self-management education, while four incorporated multidisciplinary approaches. Findings consistently demonstrated that structured nursing education programs significantly improved self-management behaviors, glycemic control, and patient knowledge. For instance, nurse-led self-management programs resulted in substantial enhancements in self-care skills and diabetes-related knowledge. Moreover, interventions that combined health education with psychological support were particularly effective, leading to better blood glucose control and increased adherence to treatment. Studies that examined quality of life reported reductions in anxiety, improved lifestyle habits, and better overall self-management. These findings highlight the multifaceted benefits of nursing education, suggesting that structured, supportive programs positively impact both clinical and psychological aspects of diabetes care. Conclusion: The review emphasizes the value of comprehensive nursing education that integrates both clinical guidance and psychological support for holistic diabetes management. Implications: Ongoing professional development and culturally sensitive education programs are recommended to address the diverse needs of diabetic patients. Future research should investigate the long-term effects of nursing education and explore innovative strategies to enhance diabetes management outcomes.

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Systematic Review

Open Access April 29, 2024

Floristic composition of vascular epiphytes in a disturbed forest of the Douala- Edea National Park (Cameroon)

Jacques Bruno Ngotta Biyon, Constant Borel Kenfack, Seraphine Ebenye Mokake, Danielle Magloire Bell, Jean Lagarde Betti

Research Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 2024, 4(1), 29-42. DOI: 10.31586/rjees.2024.701

Abstract The Douala-Edea National Park is a coastal protected area that opens to the Atlantic Ocean, and contains an abundant wildlife which finds a privilege habitat there, and certain taxa such as epiphytes, which are of particular interest for conservation. In many tropical forests, vascular epiphytes are one of the richest taxa, with major impacts on the nutrient and hydrological cycles. The aim of this research was to study the effect of the disturbance of habitat on the floristic composition of vascular epiphytes in the Douala-Edea National Park. This study was carried out between January - April 2021 in three types of disturbed habitats at the northern part of the park. Three plots of 100 m × 100 m dimensions were laid out across three ecosystems along the Sanaga river. The sampling method consisted in the direct observation of five adjacent transects of 100 m x 20 m dimensions inside each plot. Epiphytes species were evaluated on all trees of DBH ≥10 cm. Epiphytes' life-forms and the position on the host trees occupied by the epiphytes were also recorded. A total of 18 species belonging to 16 genera and 13 families were identified. Culcasia sp. was the most common species with a relative frequency of 30.27%. Biological indicators were represented by Ferns, with four species, and Orchidaceae, with one species. [...] Read more.

The Douala-Edea National Park is a coastal protected area that opens to the Atlantic Ocean, and contains an abundant wildlife which finds a privilege habitat there, and certain taxa such as epiphytes, which are of particular interest for conservation. In many tropical forests, vascular epiphytes are one of the richest taxa, with major impacts on the nutrient and hydrological cycles. The aim of this research was to study the effect of the disturbance of habitat on the floristic composition of vascular epiphytes in the Douala-Edea National Park. This study was carried out between January - April 2021 in three types of disturbed habitats at the northern part of the park. Three plots of 100 m × 100 m dimensions were laid out across three ecosystems along the Sanaga river. The sampling method consisted in the direct observation of five adjacent transects of 100 m x 20 m dimensions inside each plot. Epiphytes species were evaluated on all trees of DBH ≥10 cm. Epiphytes' life-forms and the position on the host trees occupied by the epiphytes were also recorded. A total of 18 species belonging to 16 genera and 13 families were identified. Culcasia sp. was the most common species with a relative frequency of 30.27%. Biological indicators were represented by Ferns, with four species, and Orchidaceae, with one species. The epiphytes species richness was highest in the low disturbed habitat (13 species), and lowest in the highly disturbed habitat (8 species). Strict epiphytes were highly recorded in the low disturbed habitat (6 species), and were absent in the highly disturbed habitat. Hemi-epiphytes were the commonest life-form (12 species) in the highly disturbed habitat, and have been defined as indicators of the perturbation of the habitat. Canopy was mostly sollicitated by epiphytes in the low disturbed habitat (66.25%) than the moderate disturbed habitat (49.85%), and highly disturbed habitat (30.66%). It has been found that the different forest sites have an influence on the typology of epiphytic species, and therefore, epiphytic flora should be managed for the conservation of the biodiversity in tropical forests.

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Open Access March 06, 2024

Liver Cancer: A Psychological CBT Group Intervention Possibility Based on Scientific Review

Luísa Soares, Matilde Silva

World Journal of Cancer and Oncology Research 2024, 3(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.31586/wjcor.2024.833

Abstract This article focuses on primary liver cancer and tries to present a possible CBT-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy group intervention of 6 sessions and a follow up based on a scientific review. We present an international national data analyze of the problem and characterize it in terms of symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. From the psychological point of view our goal is to show and reflect on the [...] Read more.

This article focuses on primary liver cancer and tries to present a possible CBT-Cognitive Behavioral Therapy group intervention of 6 sessions and a follow up based on a scientific review. We present an international national data analyze of the problem and characterize it in terms of symptoms, diagnosis and treatment. From the psychological point of view our goal is to show and reflect on the connection between theory and practice in research mental health and the quality of life of people suffering from liver cancer. CBT interventions programme have shown efficacy and effectiveness on improving quality of life of patients. The expected outcomes of CBT intervention are mainly a better adaptation to cancer and a better perception on quality of live.

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Review Article

Open Access March 05, 2024

Culture Shock in Nursing: A Concept Analysis

Mary Miliza Dagus, Vanessa Lacambra, Judith Magalona, Janette Mindanao, Roison Andro Narvaez, Myra Katrina Paredes

World Journal of Nursing Research 2024, 3(1), 1-35. DOI: 10.31586/wjnr.2024.898

Abstract 1) Background: Culture shock is a common experience by internationally educated nurses (IENs) working in foreign countries, characterized by disorientation and discomfort due to distinct norms, values, and rituals. 2) Aim: this study explores culture shock in IENs and explores mitigation techniques to enhance understanding of challenges faced in foreign cultural contexts. [...] Read more.

1) Background: Culture shock is a common experience by internationally educated nurses (IENs) working in foreign countries, characterized by disorientation and discomfort due to distinct norms, values, and rituals. 2) Aim: this study explores culture shock in IENs and explores mitigation techniques to enhance understanding of challenges faced in foreign cultural contexts. 3) Method: Using Concept Analysis by Walker and Avant (2019). 4) Results: A total of 20 articles were reviewed. Four major attributes were identified: psychological and emotional impact, communication barriers, acculturation and quality of life, and organizational challenges. 5) Conclusion: This paper explores the challenges faced by nurses from foreign countries due to cultural adjustment and proposes solutions to minimize its effects. It is beneficial for nurses, healthcare organizations, and policymakers, aiming to improve patient care and health outcomes. 6) Implication for Practice: Addressing culture shock can promote a smooth transition, enhance nurses' experience, and improve their cultural competence. Providing tailored orientation and mentorship programs can help IENs feel supported and empowered, leading to increased job satisfaction, retention rates, and better patient outcomes.

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Open Access February 17, 2024

An Overview of Short- and Long-Term Adverse Outcomes and Complications of Perinatal Depression on Mother and Offspring

Wafaa Mohamed Korany, Diaa Marzouk Abd el-Hamid, Mohamed Farouk Allam

Universal Journal of Obstetrics and Gynecology 2024, 3(1), 1-4. DOI: 10.31586/ujog.2024.870

Abstract Antenatal and postpartum major depressive episode (MDE) according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition (DSM-V) is defined as either daily sustained sad mood or lack of enjoyment or desire for a minimum two weeks plus four associated manifestations (only three if the two major symptoms are present) that start throughout pregnancy or during the first 4 weeks [...] Read more.

Antenatal and postpartum major depressive episode (MDE) according to Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders 5th Edition (DSM-V) is defined as either daily sustained sad mood or lack of enjoyment or desire for a minimum two weeks plus four associated manifestations (only three if the two major symptoms are present) that start throughout pregnancy or during the first 4 weeks postpartum respectively: 1) Unintentional notable slimming up or down; 2) Sleepiness or sleeplessness; 3) Tiredness sensation; 4) Guilty or futility sensation; 5) Declined concentration capacity; 6) Frequent suicidal thoughts; 7) Psychomotor excitation or delay. Perinatal depression carries vital and adverse consequences on mother’s psychosocial aspects of life, pregnancy and delivery outcomes, her interrelations specifically with the new born with poorer overall health and influences negatively on offspring from the intrauterine life passing by complicated delivery experiencing hard unstable childhood reaching unhealthy adolescence and adulthood. These negative consequences necessitate a great attention for prevention, screening and prompt treatment for antenatal and postnatal depression to prevent such disastrous effects.

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Brief Review

Open Access December 12, 2023

Threatened Wildlife for an Instructional Approach about Biodiversity Conservation

Antonio J. Mendoza-Fernández, Leticia Arnao, Candelaria Carretero, Fabián Martínez-Hernández, José M. Sánchez Robles

Research Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 2023, 3(1), 47-60. DOI: 10.31586/rjees.2023.693

Abstract Biodiversity is related to a global problem: its destruction, a fact supported by scientific authorities. It is not trivial that educational dimension has been contemplated as one of the strategies for its conservation. Since 1992 global initiatives such as the Convention on Biological Diversity postulates concepts that linked education and nature conservation. The main objective of this research work is to test the level of assimilation of extracurricular scientific knowledge by primary school pupils. The method chosen for the content was, on the one hand, a master class intervention with an interactive presentation on a digital whiteboard. Third cases were chosen. Each case consisted of a presentation of the current status of a species of fauna present in Spain. On the second part, students were asked to write an essay and to illustrate the experience during the presentation. Regarding the essays, students showed that they were more attracted to the first species that was presented (Iberian lynx) in a proportion of over 45% of cases. The “Endangered species” concept appeared in more than 77% of the texts reviewed. In terms of drawings, almost 55% of the responses seem to devote more attention to the second species described (Testudo graeca [...] Read more.

Biodiversity is related to a global problem: its destruction, a fact supported by scientific authorities. It is not trivial that educational dimension has been contemplated as one of the strategies for its conservation. Since 1992 global initiatives such as the Convention on Biological Diversity postulates concepts that linked education and nature conservation. The main objective of this research work is to test the level of assimilation of extracurricular scientific knowledge by primary school pupils. The method chosen for the content was, on the one hand, a master class intervention with an interactive presentation on a digital whiteboard. Third cases were chosen. Each case consisted of a presentation of the current status of a species of fauna present in Spain. On the second part, students were asked to write an essay and to illustrate the experience during the presentation. Regarding the essays, students showed that they were more attracted to the first species that was presented (Iberian lynx) in a proportion of over 45% of cases. The “Endangered species” concept appeared in more than 77% of the texts reviewed. In terms of drawings, almost 55% of the responses seem to devote more attention to the second species described (Testudo graeca). An attempt was made to offer rigorous, structured information related to different aspects of natural reality in order to contemplate the broadest possible vision. The example of an instructional intervention presented here aims to be an alternative to other transmissive teaching models. Likewise, the linking of abstract concepts with socio-cultural reality proved to be a successful strategy to reinforce knowledge about natural biodiversity, endangered species or threat factors.

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Open Access November 28, 2023

Breast Cancer: A Review on Quality of Life, Body Image and Environmental Sustainability

Luísa Soares, Lúcia Carolina Correia Silva

World Journal of Cancer and Oncology Research 2023, 2(2), 133-144. DOI: 10.31586/wjcor.2023.826

Abstract Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, with approximately two million new cases every year. The number of cases increases despite the high survival rate. The aim of this study is, therefore, to understand this cancer by finding out what has been studied in this area using scientific evidence published between 2003 and 2023. A search was therefore carried out for scientific [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is the most prevalent cancer in women worldwide, with approximately two million new cases every year. The number of cases increases despite the high survival rate. The aim of this study is, therefore, to understand this cancer by finding out what has been studied in this area using scientific evidence published between 2003 and 2023. A search was therefore carried out for scientific articles and other relevant sources on the subject with free access, and 48 documents were then analyzed. According to the analysis, many studies have been conducted in the area, particularly on quality of life and body image. However, little has been done in terms of environmental sustainability and breast cancer.

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Review Article

Open Access October 11, 2023

Quality of Life Assessment of Health Record Professionals Working in a Tertiary Health Facility, during the COVID 19 Pandemic in South Western Nigeria

Oluwaseun Emmanuel ODIPE, Mela DANJIN, Lateef Olabisi OKELEJI, Oluwayemisi Hope ADEWOLE

Current Research in Public Health 2023, 3(2), 128-138. DOI: 10.31586/crph.2023.741

Abstract Background: There is paucity of data on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among Health Information Managers/Health Record Officers (HROs) in the Nigeria health system. Hence, this study investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health-related quality of life (QoL) among HROs in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Methods: A [...] Read more.

Background: There is paucity of data on health-related quality of life (HRQoL) among Health Information Managers/Health Record Officers (HROs) in the Nigeria health system. Hence, this study investigated the impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on health-related quality of life (QoL) among HROs in Obafemi Awolowo University Teaching Hospital Complex (OAUTHC), Ile-Ife, Nigeria. Methods: A cross-sectional study was conducted in the University Hospital, where a total of 52 health record officers were purposively sampled. Relevant data were collected using the Short Form survey (SF-36v2) questionnaire. One-way ANOVA was used to determine mean group differences across the nine and the two QoL (physical and mental) summary domains based on respondents’ socio-demographics, while level of significance was set at 0.05. Results: All the QoL sections of the instrument used yielded an α-Cronbach’s score of > 0.70. Analysis of some QoL physical component dimensions showed that; Bodily pain (BP) was found to be significantly (P=0.032) associated with marital status, Physical functioning (PF) with gender (P=0.023), and general health (GH) with age group (P=00.025) and highest level of education (P=0.023). On the other hand, mental health component analysis revealed that Social Functioning (SF) was associated with age group (P=014), Role limitation (RE) with marital status (P=0.048), highest level of education (P=0.048) and years of service (P=0.015) etc. Conclusion: The QoL among HROs studied was generally above average, and demographic characteristics such as age, gender and marital status significantly influence QoL. Health managers and stakeholders should consider some of the factors identified in managing HROs.

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Open Access September 22, 2023

Bioremediation of Total Polycyclic Aromatic Hydrocarbon in Crude Oil-Contaminated Soil using Costus afer Plant

Chinwendu Emeka, Reuben N. Okparanma, Okogbule-Wonodi Achinike

Research Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 2023, 3(1), 26-36. DOI: 10.31586/rjees.2023.656

Abstract Costus afer is a well-known medicinal plant abundant in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The successful growth of Costus afer plant on crude oil contaminated soil adds to the list of plants that has potential to get rid of harmful chemical compounds to save human life as well preserve the environment. This study investigates the remediation potential of Costus afer plant at different ages (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days old) to decontaminate petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. To achieve this, contamination of sandy-loam soil was simulated by mixing T0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 L of Bonny-Light crude oil with 48 kg of the soil in three separate reactors to achieve conditions of low, medium, and high contamination, respectively. The reactor with medium-level contaminated soil served as the control. The plants were nursed and transplanted at the stated ages to each reactor except the control. Controlled irrigation was applied, and the setups were housed to shield them from rainfall. After 90 days of treatment, results showed that the 7 days old plants produced the highest amounts of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (TPAH) reduction of 99.71, 90.10, and 84.06 % in the soil with low, medium, and high contamination, respectively. Furthermore, the sequence of TPAH reduction by the plants was 14 days old > 21 days old > 28 days old > 35 days old > 42-days old. Thus, in addition to its medicinal value, Costus afer [...] Read more.

Costus afer is a well-known medicinal plant abundant in the Niger Delta region of Nigeria. The successful growth of Costus afer plant on crude oil contaminated soil adds to the list of plants that has potential to get rid of harmful chemical compounds to save human life as well preserve the environment. This study investigates the remediation potential of Costus afer plant at different ages (7, 14, 21, 28, 35, and 42 days old) to decontaminate petroleum hydrocarbon-contaminated soil. To achieve this, contamination of sandy-loam soil was simulated by mixing T0.5, 1.0, and 1.5 L of Bonny-Light crude oil with 48 kg of the soil in three separate reactors to achieve conditions of low, medium, and high contamination, respectively. The reactor with medium-level contaminated soil served as the control. The plants were nursed and transplanted at the stated ages to each reactor except the control. Controlled irrigation was applied, and the setups were housed to shield them from rainfall. After 90 days of treatment, results showed that the 7 days old plants produced the highest amounts of total polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbon (TPAH) reduction of 99.71, 90.10, and 84.06 % in the soil with low, medium, and high contamination, respectively. Furthermore, the sequence of TPAH reduction by the plants was 14 days old > 21 days old > 28 days old > 35 days old > 42-days old. Thus, in addition to its medicinal value, Costus afer plant also has the potential to restore crude oil-contaminated soils.

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Open Access July 24, 2023

Role of Oncology Nurse Navigators: An Integrative Review

Jozelle Mae Suazo, Gold Mendoza, Al Canaynay, Roison Andro Narvaez

World Journal of Cancer and Oncology Research 2023, 2(1), 66-84. DOI: 10.31586/wjcor.2023.733

Abstract Background: Oncology nurse navigators (ONNs) are becoming even more vital as healthcare continues to develop into a more complicated, confusing maze for patients. When many specialists on the treatment team have divergent points of view due to the nature of their respective professions or other factors, the patient may experience feelings of confusion. In the end, this can cause delays in [...] Read more.

Background: Oncology nurse navigators (ONNs) are becoming even more vital as healthcare continues to develop into a more complicated, confusing maze for patients. When many specialists on the treatment team have divergent points of view due to the nature of their respective professions or other factors, the patient may experience feelings of confusion. In the end, this can cause delays in treatment, pose a threat to the established standard of care, and lead to a decrease in patient satisfaction. Aim: To enumerate various ways in which ONNs may help improve the quality of life of cancer patients. Design: An integrative review. Results: A total of 19 studies related to the topic are evaluated. Four main themes namely: provider of psychological support, facilitator of timely care, oncology nurse navigators perception of their role and patient’s perception of oncology nurse navigators and 3 sub themes which are: information giver, source of emotional support and coordinator, were identified to be the roles of the ONNs. The findings showed that oncology nurse navigators help reduce patients anxiety and distress, increase patient satisfaction, shorten the time from diagnosis to treatment, provide necessary information, support them emotionally and coordinate their care with the different members of the healthcare team and resources. Conclusion: The main function of the ONNs is to address any barrier that may hinder the patient’s cancer treatment, survivorship and even palliative care. ONNs make sure that each patient has individualized nursing care according to the patients and their families' needs. Implications for Practice: ONNs have the potential to significantly contribute not only to the quality of life of cancer patients but also to the process of achieving better service integration. The result of this integrative review contributes to the growth of the healthcare system by improving accessibility, fairness, efficiency, effectiveness, and the ability to maintain health services throughout time brought about by ONNs.

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Open Access March 27, 2023

Exploration and Practice of Health Communication in Hospital Under the Background of the Healthy China Initiative

Feng Qiong, Wu Bin, Liu Yinyin, Wu Lei, Lin Xinyu

Current Research in Public Health 2023, 3(1), 46-52. DOI: 10.31586/crph.2023.597

Abstract Along with the increasing quality of human life, people pay more attention to healthcare. Public health and one's health have become daily issues. As a branch of communication, more and more scholars pay attention to health communication studies. Supported by the Healthy China Initiative, health communication study has ushered in a new development opportunity. This paper elaborates on the specific [...] Read more.

Along with the increasing quality of human life, people pay more attention to healthcare. Public health and one's health have become daily issues. As a branch of communication, more and more scholars pay attention to health communication studies. Supported by the Healthy China Initiative, health communication study has ushered in a new development opportunity. This paper elaborates on the specific practices of health communication in a provincial hospital from three dimensions: (1) how to empower communication with the Healthy China Initiative; (2) the effects of health communication; (3) health communication strategy analysis.

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Open Access March 18, 2023

The Efficiency of the Proposed Smoothing Method over the Classical Cubic Smoothing Spline Regression Model with Autocorrelated Residual

Samuel Olorunfemi Adams, Omorogbe Joseph Asemota

Journal of Mathematics Letters 2023, 1(1), 19-37. DOI: 10.31586/jml.2023.618

Abstract Spline smoothing is a technique used to filter out noise in time series observations when predicting nonparametric regression models. Its performance depends on the choice of the smoothing parameter. Most of the existing smoothing methods applied to time series data tend to over fit in the presence of autocorrelated errors. This study aims to determine the optimum performance value, goodness of [...] Read more.

Spline smoothing is a technique used to filter out noise in time series observations when predicting nonparametric regression models. Its performance depends on the choice of the smoothing parameter. Most of the existing smoothing methods applied to time series data tend to over fit in the presence of autocorrelated errors. This study aims to determine the optimum performance value, goodness of fit and model overfitting properties of the proposed Smoothing Method (PSM), Generalized Maximum Likelihood (GML), Generalized Cross-Validation (GCV), and Unbiased Risk (UBR) smoothing parameter selection methods. A Monte Carlo experiment of 1,000 trials was carried out at three different sample sizes (20, 60, and 100) and three levels of autocorrelation (0.2, 05, and 0.8). The four smoothing methods' performances were estimated and compared using the Predictive Mean Squared Error (PMSE) criterion. The findings of the study revealed that: for a time series observation with autocorrelated errors, provides the best-fit smoothing method for the model, the PSM does not over-fit data at all the autocorrelation levels considered ( the optimum value of the PSM was at the weighted value of 0.04 when there is autocorrelation in the error term, PSM performed better than the GCV, GML, and UBR smoothing methods were considered at all-time series sizes (T = 20, 60 and 100). For the real-life data employed in the study, PSM proved to be the most efficient among the GCV, GML, PSM, and UBR smoothing methods compared. The study concluded that the PSM method provides the best fit as a smoothing method, works well at autocorrelation levels (ρ=0.2, 0.5, and 0.8), and does not over fit time-series observations. The study recommended that the proposed smoothing is appropriate for time series observations with autocorrelation in the error term and econometrics real-life data. This study can be applied to; non – parametric regression, non – parametric forecasting, spatial, survival, and econometrics observations.

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Open Access February 21, 2023

Clinicians’ Perception of Spirituality in Oncology Care: A Qualitative Synthesis

Maricar Agapito, Joseph Alipio, Ma Ina Dela Rosa, Roison Andro Narvaez, Aris Santos

World Journal of Cancer and Oncology Research 2023, 2(1), 47-65. DOI: 10.31586/wjcor.2023.628

Abstract Background: By rediscovering the medical field spiritual foundation, clinicians sought to balance their care and realize that spirituality is frequently associated with healthcare, thus one’s spiritual beliefs influence patients' decisions between aggressive care and complementary therapies in oncology care. Aim: This study investigates clinicians’ experiences and perceptions of [...] Read more.

Background: By rediscovering the medical field spiritual foundation, clinicians sought to balance their care and realize that spirituality is frequently associated with healthcare, thus one’s spiritual beliefs influence patients' decisions between aggressive care and complementary therapies in oncology care. Aim: This study investigates clinicians’ experiences and perceptions of spirituality in oncology care that clinicians can utilize to improve cancer and spiritual care provision. Methods: A thematic, qualitative synthesis. Results: Four main themes emerged from the synthesis of the 11 included studies that can steer future framework and policies to make clinicians more inept in providing care to address spiritual well-being of the patients and their family from a clinician's point of view of spirituality: “Maintaining Hope and Spiritual Wellness, Clinician’s Sensitivity to Cancer Patients, Provision of Culturally Respectful Spiritual Care, and Education in Providing Spiritual Care”. Conclusion: Cancer patients, cancer survivors, and clinicians’ quality of life is correlated with measures of spirituality and spiritual well-being. Spirituality also fulfill these oncologic patients has been linked to improved emotional and spiritual adjustment. Implications: Clinicians with different proficiencies, novice or expert, develop a strong spiritual belief can also be a strength when it comes to caring for those terminally ill patients, to be able to aid them in their sufferings. Amidst the challenges of spiritual care, these clinicians provide a patient strategy approach that is holistic to the care.

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Open Access February 04, 2023

A framework for evaluation of improvement opportunities for environmental impacts on construction works using life cycle assessment and value stream mapping concepts: offsite and onsite building construction

Adekunle Mofolasayo

World Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2023, 2(1), 32-57. DOI: 10.31586/wjcea.2023.562

Abstract There have been various concerns about the environmental impact of construction works. This generates a need to take a more proactive approach in evaluating the environmental impacts of construction operations and further explore ways to reduce the environmental impacts. Enormous opportunities exist within the building industry to achieve a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of the [...] Read more.

There have been various concerns about the environmental impact of construction works. This generates a need to take a more proactive approach in evaluating the environmental impacts of construction operations and further explore ways to reduce the environmental impacts. Enormous opportunities exist within the building industry to achieve a reduction in greenhouse gas emissions. The aim of the study is to develop a framework for the evaluation of improvement opportunities for environmental impact for onsite and offsite building construction works using life cycle assessment (LCA) and value-stream-mapping concepts. Various tools for LCA exist; however, there is a need for the development of an LCA framework and improvement opportunities that can be localized to various communities to evaluate improvement opportunities for building construction. This study conducts a review of methods to evaluate the LCA of buildings on local construction sites. A procedure for establishing improvement opportunities is also developed. Based on the author’s knowledge and experience, including site visits, using value stream mapping (VSM) techniques, a conceptual framework of the present state map and future state map of residential construction works was developed. The study presents a procedure for the evaluation of improvement opportunities for the environmental impacts of construction operations.

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Open Access January 28, 2023

A framework for the evaluation of the decision between onsite and offsite construction using life cycle analysis (LCA) concepts and system dynamics modeling

Adekunle Mofolasayo

World Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2023, 2(1), 1-31. DOI: 10.31586/wjcea.2023.569

Abstract The decision to choose between onsite and offsite construction is important in the effort toward sustainable construction. Offsite construction is often promoted as an environmentally friendly approach to construction operations. However, previous studies have shown that there is a lack of clarity on the environmental trade-offs between onsite and offsite construction. Factors that can affect the [...] Read more.

The decision to choose between onsite and offsite construction is important in the effort toward sustainable construction. Offsite construction is often promoted as an environmentally friendly approach to construction operations. However, previous studies have shown that there is a lack of clarity on the environmental trade-offs between onsite and offsite construction. Factors that can affect the decision to build onsite or offsite include the availability of a local offsite manufacturing facility, the distance of the offsite factory to the final place of use, the proximity of the site to the local supply of material and labor, etc. This study provides a framework to apply the system dynamic modeling technique to evaluate how various factors can affect the environmental impact of the building construction phase (for onsite or offsite construction methods). The system dynamic model (using Vensim software) that was developed provides a platform that allows users to input variables such as the distance that is expected for transportation of labor, material, and equipment to both the onsite facility and the offsite construction location, factors associated with the use of equipment for construction, the distance needed for transportation of building panels or modules from the offsite facility to the final site, etc. Among other things, the model showed that an increase in the distance from the offsite yard to the final construction site increases the total impacts of transportation of completed modules. An increase in the number of trips for the transportation of material to the onsite construction location increases the total impact of onsite construction. In terms of the environmental impact of construction, none of the two methods of construction gives an absolute superiority over the other. The environmental performance of offsite and onsite depends on various associated factors. It is recommended that building practitioners review various factors that are peculiar to their projects to make an informed decision on the best construction methods.

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Open Access November 14, 2022

A Comparison of Life Cycle Impact of Mass Timber and Concrete in Building Construction

Adekunle Mofolasayo

World Journal of Civil Engineering and Architecture 2022, 1(1), 47-72. DOI: 10.31586/wjcea.2022.449

Abstract Life cycle assessment, LCA is one of the tools that is used to measure the environmental impacts of a process or an operation. Various studies have mentioned the benefits of mass timber in building construction. This study presents an evaluation of the LCA of certain mass timber in relation to concrete-based materials. Using Athena impact estimator for buildings, the study compared the results of [...] Read more.

Life cycle assessment, LCA is one of the tools that is used to measure the environmental impacts of a process or an operation. Various studies have mentioned the benefits of mass timber in building construction. This study presents an evaluation of the LCA of certain mass timber in relation to concrete-based materials. Using Athena impact estimator for buildings, the study compared the results of an LCA study for a house that is designed with concrete beams, concrete columns, and concrete walls with brick in the envelope category (Material group 1) with those that are made with glulam beams, glulam columns, CLT walls with spruce wood bevel siding (Material group 2), and another building with LVL columns, LVL beams, CLT walls with spruce wood bevel siding (Material group 3). The results are in line with those that were reported by the majority of previous researchers. For the location that is being reviewed (Calgary, Alberta), the designs showed that construction with wood materials having mass timber components will have a better environmental performance than that for a building design with more concrete-based materials. The building design with more concrete-based material (group 1) showed 242% and 60% higher global warming and acidification potential respectively than the building with glulam beams and columns (material group 2). Except for ozone depletion potential, material group 2 (with glulam beams and columns) has a lower impact than material group 3 (with LVL/PSL beams and columns). The differences in impacts are more pronounced when the comparison is with design with more concrete-based products. This report further shows that LCA can be helpful during the preliminary design to evaluate the expected environmental impacts of the choice of different materials. This study recommends that material manufacturers and building contractors pay attention to LCA results to evaluate areas for continuous improvement.

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Open Access September 05, 2022

Comparison of Concept about Good Death and View of Life and Death among Japanese, Korean, and American at COVID-19

Michiyo Ando, Hiroko Kukihara, Masami Maruyama, Ilhak Lee, Niwako Yamawaki

World Journal of Nursing Research 2022, 1(1), 46-52. DOI: 10.31586/wjnr.2022.410

Abstract From 2020 to 2022 the Covid-19 was spread and many people died. Death is near to everyone. The aim of the study was to investigate differences of concept of good death and view of life and death cross cultural. Participants were 92 Japanese, 110 Korean and 100 American who were ordinary people. We used the Good Death questionnaire to measure desirable death and the Death Attitude Inventory to [...] Read more.

From 2020 to 2022 the Covid-19 was spread and many people died. Death is near to everyone. The aim of the study was to investigate differences of concept of good death and view of life and death cross cultural. Participants were 92 Japanese, 110 Korean and 100 American who were ordinary people. We used the Good Death questionnaire to measure desirable death and the Death Attitude Inventory to measure view of life and death. Participants completed both questionnaires. As for Good Death, Japanese and Korean regarded “not being burden to others” as important the most, and American regarded “feeling that one’s life is worth living” as important. The scores of “unawareness of death” and “religious and spiritual comfort” of Korean were the highest, following American, and Japan. As for the Death Attitude Inventory, the score of American was higher than Japanese and Korean totally. The scores of “Death as release” or “Death Avoidance” of American were the highest. These results suggest that although Japanese and Korean regard “Not being burden to others” as important in common, Korean regard religious and spiritual comfort as important. American may avoid to think of death and regard it as release. We can make use of these cultural differences in clinical situation.

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Open Access September 01, 2022

Evaluation of Quality of Life and Fatigue in Dialysis Patients: The Contribution of Social Support and Satisfaction from Nursing Staff

Paraskevi Theofilou

World Journal of Nursing Research 2022, 1(1), 38-45. DOI: 10.31586/wjnr.2022.406

Abstract Introduction: Health-related quality of life in patients undergoing dialysis decreases over time, not only due to the treatment of the disease but also due to the reduction of physiological, psychological and social well-being. Aim: The aim of this research is to study social support and nursing care that patients with dialysis receive, their levels of fatigue and their quality of [...] Read more.

Introduction: Health-related quality of life in patients undergoing dialysis decreases over time, not only due to the treatment of the disease but also due to the reduction of physiological, psychological and social well-being. Aim: The aim of this research is to study social support and nursing care that patients with dialysis receive, their levels of fatigue and their quality of life. In addition, the effect of social support and nursing care on the patients'' levels of quality of life is examined. Methodology: A quantitative cross-sectional study was conducted using the questionnaires “Multidimensional Scale of Perceived Social Support”, Fatigue Assessment Scale (FAS), Missoula-VITAS Quality of Life Index and nursing care. The study involved 69 patients on dialysis. Results: Interpersonal relationships were associated with social support (p <0.01). Quality of life was associated with social support (p <0.05). Conclusions: It seems that there is a strong association between social support and quality of life in patients on dialysis.

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Open Access July 04, 2022

Flora and Phytosociological of Plant in Al-Dawaimah of Palestine

Jehad Mahmoud Hussein Ighbareyeh, Asma Abdel-Raheem Ahmed Suliemieh, Maen Sheqwarah, Ana Cano-Ortiz, Eusebio Cano Carmona

Research Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 2022, 2(1), 58-91. DOI: 10.31586/rjees.2022.202

Abstract Al-Dawaimah is an ancient Canaanite Palestinian village, occupied in 1948 by Israel, and belongs to inframediterranean to thermomediterranean thermotype and arid, semi-arid, and dry ombrotype. The study presents, a region rich in many plant vascular, and it is part of the Palestinian coast, North Africa, the Negev and the Sinai desert, in addition to the mountainous hills of Palestine located west of the Hebron, Jordan River and the Dead Sea. The objective is to identify and update the flora and vegetation in the area of Al-Dawaimah and its neighboring areas in west Hebron of Palestine. Methodology: More than 270 plant specimens have been taken from Al-Dawaimah and surroundings areas, using Braun-Blanquet, Van der Maarel and Salvador River Martinez methods to study the flora, and phytosociological plants, and 214 x 10 plants plots distributed in area were studied. Result and discussion: Three different plant communities were identified, in different environments between arid, dry- subhumid ombrotype and infra-thermomediterranean thermotype, and different soils as (carbon substrates as brown ruinsenas and terra rossa lands, limestone and others), where more than 214 species of plants have been found, of which 45 (20.02%) are endemic species, and in Raunkiaer's life system, trees represent were, (86; 40.18% trees), (34; 15.88% shrubs), (51; 23.83% chamaephytes), (10; 4.67% geophytes), (16; 7.47% phanerophytes), and (12; 6.54% hemicryptophytes). Conclusion: In Al-Dawaimah area, syntaxonomical performance of these associations are: Quercetalia ilicis Br.-Bl. ex Molinier 1934. Rhamno lycioidis-Quercion cocciferae Rivas Goday ex Rivas-Martinez 1975. 1. Rhamnus palaestinae- Quercetum calliprini ass. nova., Pistacio lentisci -Rhamnetalia alaterni Rivas-Martínez 1975. 2. Ceratonio siliquae -Pistacetum lentisci ass. nova., Junipero phoeniceae- Pinon acutisquamae A.V. Pérez et Cabezudo in A.V. Pérez et al. 1988 corr. Rivas-Martinez. et al. 2002. Pinetalia halepensis Biondi et al. 2014. 3. Junipero phoeniceae- Pinetum halepensis [...] Read more.

Al-Dawaimah is an ancient Canaanite Palestinian village, occupied in 1948 by Israel, and belongs to inframediterranean to thermomediterranean thermotype and arid, semi-arid, and dry ombrotype. The study presents, a region rich in many plant vascular, and it is part of the Palestinian coast, North Africa, the Negev and the Sinai desert, in addition to the mountainous hills of Palestine located west of the Hebron, Jordan River and the Dead Sea. The objective is to identify and update the flora and vegetation in the area of Al-Dawaimah and its neighboring areas in west Hebron of Palestine. Methodology: More than 270 plant specimens have been taken from Al-Dawaimah and surroundings areas, using Braun-Blanquet, Van der Maarel and Salvador River Martinez methods to study the flora, and phytosociological plants, and 214 x 10 plants plots distributed in area were studied. Result and discussion: Three different plant communities were identified, in different environments between arid, dry- subhumid ombrotype and infra-thermomediterranean thermotype, and different soils as (carbon substrates as brown ruinsenas and terra rossa lands, limestone and others), where more than 214 species of plants have been found, of which 45 (20.02%) are endemic species, and in Raunkiaer's life system, trees represent were, (86; 40.18% trees), (34; 15.88% shrubs), (51; 23.83% chamaephytes), (10; 4.67% geophytes), (16; 7.47% phanerophytes), and (12; 6.54% hemicryptophytes). Conclusion: In Al-Dawaimah area, syntaxonomical performance of these associations are: Quercetalia ilicis Br.-Bl. ex Molinier 1934. Rhamno lycioidis-Quercion cocciferae Rivas Goday ex Rivas-Martinez 1975. 1. Rhamnus palaestinae- Quercetum calliprini ass. nova., Pistacio lentisci -Rhamnetalia alaterni Rivas-Martínez 1975. 2. Ceratonio siliquae -Pistacetum lentisci ass. nova., Junipero phoeniceae- Pinon acutisquamae A.V. Pérez et Cabezudo in A.V. Pérez et al. 1988 corr. Rivas-Martinez. et al. 2002. Pinetalia halepensis Biondi et al. 2014. 3. Junipero phoeniceae- Pinetum halepensis ass. nova.

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Open Access June 23, 2022

Priority tree and shrubs for use in Landscape Architecture based on the dynamic states of native vegetation with the highest ecological value in mainland Portugal

Mauro Raposo, Carlos Pinto-Gomes, Ricardo Quinto-Canas

Research Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 2022, 2(1), 46-57. DOI: 10.31586/rjees.2022.234

Abstract The reduction of the native forests coverage in mainland Portugal increased in the past centuries, leading to a marked decrease in biodiversity in general, especially on typical species of mature forest environments. However, urban biodiversity seems to resist more effectively than rural to disturbances due to the lower incidence of fires, as well as to agriculture expansion. Thus, in this work, [...] Read more.

The reduction of the native forests coverage in mainland Portugal increased in the past centuries, leading to a marked decrease in biodiversity in general, especially on typical species of mature forest environments. However, urban biodiversity seems to resist more effectively than rural to disturbances due to the lower incidence of fires, as well as to agriculture expansion. Thus, in this work, we analyzed the dynamics of the natural vegetation potential in each biogeographic sector, and selected, based on the evolutionary stages of the vegetation, a set of priority taxa for conservation. The criteria used are intended to highlight plants with ornamental value, but at the same time, some of them have high patrimonial value, belonging to the Red List of Vascular Flora of Mainland Portugal or protected by Annexes II, IV and V of the Sectorial Plan of the Natura 2000 Network at the European level. Our analysis resulted in the identification of 62 plants that can be increased in public spaces in order to improve their conservation status. For each biogeographic sector, the plants best adapted to the local edaphoclimatic conditions are presented. Forest habitats can now, through micro-reserves in urban areas, ensure their long-term conservation and greater awareness among the population. An integrated planning, where the socio-ecological strategy is designed for the long term, will benefit the quality of life of citizens in an urban environment. Furthermore, the creation of micro-reserves in urban parks (gardens) can prevent the extinction of many botanical values in the landscapes of the western Mediterranean Basin.

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Open Access May 04, 2022

First contribution to the ethnobotanical knowledge in the Peloritani Mounts (NE Sicily)

Gianmarco Tavilla, Alessandro Crisafulli, Veronica Ranno, Rosa Maria Picone, Fatima Zahrae Redouan, Gianpietro Giusso del Galdo

Research Journal of Ecology and Environmental Sciences 2022, 2(3), 1-34. DOI: 10.31586/rjees.2022.201

Abstract This paper presents the results of an ethnobotanical survey carried out in the Peloritani Mounts (NE Sicily). This investigation aims to illustrate the first record known of the traditional uses of plants in this territory through the case study of a small rural suburb named Tipoldo (Messina). The data were collected from 20 informants over the age of 66, who were mainly farmers and shepherds, and were analyzed using two quantitative ethnobotanical indicators. For each plant was reported the Latin name, life form, vernacular name, parts used, ethnobotany category, claimed uses, status, and their relative indexes. Based on semi-structured interviews carried out between February 2017 and May 2018, a listing was compiled of 126 wild plants belonging to 51 families, the most predominant being Asteraceae (19 species) and Fabaceae (15 species). The most common ethnobotanical uses reported are medicinal (30%) and agropastoral use (19%). Among the preparation methods indicated, leaves (39%) were the most commonly used parts of the plants, while the species most mentioned in connection with ethnobotanical applied indexes were: Crepis vesicaria, Dittrichia graveolens, Hypochaeris radicata, Salvia Rosmarinus and Clinopodium nepeta [...] Read more.

This paper presents the results of an ethnobotanical survey carried out in the Peloritani Mounts (NE Sicily). This investigation aims to illustrate the first record known of the traditional uses of plants in this territory through the case study of a small rural suburb named Tipoldo (Messina). The data were collected from 20 informants over the age of 66, who were mainly farmers and shepherds, and were analyzed using two quantitative ethnobotanical indicators. For each plant was reported the Latin name, life form, vernacular name, parts used, ethnobotany category, claimed uses, status, and their relative indexes. Based on semi-structured interviews carried out between February 2017 and May 2018, a listing was compiled of 126 wild plants belonging to 51 families, the most predominant being Asteraceae (19 species) and Fabaceae (15 species). The most common ethnobotanical uses reported are medicinal (30%) and agropastoral use (19%). Among the preparation methods indicated, leaves (39%) were the most commonly used parts of the plants, while the species most mentioned in connection with ethnobotanical applied indexes were: Crepis vesicaria, Dittrichia graveolens, Hypochaeris radicata, Salvia Rosmarinus and Clinopodium nepeta. These practices are presently performed only by a few elderly people, who rely on plants solely for a few activities. Furthermore, ethnobotanical studies are fundamental to clear up the knowledge on the traditional plant uses that are still current in this part of Sicily, to preserve this cultural heritage for future generations.

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Open Access October 22, 2021

PTEN May Involve in Regulation of PD-L1 Expression in Triple Negative Breast Carcinoma

Kit Cheng Wai, Kin Iong Chan, Hong Ting Vong, Xue Yun Zhong, Jian Ming Wen

Open Journal of Medical Sciences 2021, 1(1), 45-52. DOI: 10.31586/ojms.2021.157

Abstract Triple negative breast carcinoma (TNBC) is a rapid progressive tumor and has a poor overall survival. Therefore, it is crucial to find out effective molecular targets and develop optimal therapeutic strategies for TNBC. In this study, immunohistochemical staining was used to detect expressions of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in 136 breast carcinomas including 50 TNBC. The effect of PTEN on regulation of PD-L1 expression was assessed in vitro in the PTEN knockdown TNBC cells. We found that PD-L1(SP142) positive rate in TNBC (48.0%) was significantly higher than non-TNBC (23.3%). PTEN negative rate was 42% in TNBC. The inverse correlation between PTEN and PD-L1(SP142) expression in TNBC was statistically significant (P [...] Read more.

Triple negative breast carcinoma (TNBC) is a rapid progressive tumor and has a poor overall survival. Therefore, it is crucial to find out effective molecular targets and develop optimal therapeutic strategies for TNBC. In this study, immunohistochemical staining was used to detect expressions of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) and phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) in 136 breast carcinomas including 50 TNBC. The effect of PTEN on regulation of PD-L1 expression was assessed in vitro in the PTEN knockdown TNBC cells. We found that PD-L1(SP142) positive rate in TNBC (48.0%) was significantly higher than non-TNBC (23.3%). PTEN negative rate was 42% in TNBC. The inverse correlation between PTEN and PD-L1(SP142) expression in TNBC was statistically significant (P<0.05). After PTEN knockdown, PD-L1 expression in TNBC cells increased significantly, and the expression level of AKT increased simultaneously. PTEN knockdown promoted cell proliferation, viability and G1/S switch of TNBC cells. These results suggested that PTEN may involve in regulation of PD-L1 expression, because PTEN loss can upregulate PD-L1 expression in TNBC. Antitumor immunity of PD-L1 could be enhanced in TNBC when targeting PTEN at the same time.

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Communication

Open Access August 21, 2021

Global Analysis of Potential COVID 19 Transmission and Enabling Factors

Hesham Magd, Henry Karyamsetty

Global Journal of Epidemiology and Infectious Disease 2021, 1(1), 46-61. DOI: 10.31586/gjeid.2021.010103

Abstract Background: Coronavirus disease has caused global turmoil especially causing huge impact on human life all over the world. Current reports states more than 3 million people have lost life and more than 160 million people are known to be suspected with the SARS-CoV-2. Transmission and disease incidence rates are indicators to assess the seriousness of COVID-19 pandemic and studies to understand the factors that aid in this direction are very vital to curb the disease. Methods: The study intends to discover the relationship by performing statistical analysis using correlation and multiple linear regression analysis between the variable’s population density, temperature, relative humidity, and active time of virus and find out the parameters that predict the cases reported per million population in 83 countries. Results: Analysis indicates active time of virus in days is very positively associated with the COVID -19 cases in all the countries r = .604, p < .01. Active time of virus shows strong negative correlation with temperature r = -.930, p [...] Read more.

Background: Coronavirus disease has caused global turmoil especially causing huge impact on human life all over the world. Current reports states more than 3 million people have lost life and more than 160 million people are known to be suspected with the SARS-CoV-2. Transmission and disease incidence rates are indicators to assess the seriousness of COVID-19 pandemic and studies to understand the factors that aid in this direction are very vital to curb the disease. Methods: The study intends to discover the relationship by performing statistical analysis using correlation and multiple linear regression analysis between the variable’s population density, temperature, relative humidity, and active time of virus and find out the parameters that predict the cases reported per million population in 83 countries. Results: Analysis indicates active time of virus in days is very positively associated with the COVID -19 cases in all the countries r = .604, p < .01. Active time of virus shows strong negative correlation with temperature r = -.930, p < .01 revealing that rise in temperature will reduce the virus activity in the population. Together, these variables will account for 36.2% variance in the cases per million population with no significant prediction estimated from any factor. Conclusion: The study outcomes clearly state that population density alone is insufficient to estimate the extent of influence on COVID -19 cases as the number of persons living per sq. km of land is a dynamic quantity tend to fluctuate over time and space due to migration of population. In conjunction to the previous studies reported on the environmental and climatic factors influencing the cases reported, population dynamics does not show much significance on the disease spread and incidence. Contribution: The rise in confirmed cases and the high incidence rate reported in countries can be attributed to the active time of virus life expectancy as there is a positive correlation observed between the COVID-19 cases reported and the virus active time in the examined countries. Also, environment and climatic factors play a role in modulating the infection and transmission rate with less significant influence of population density on the COVID-19.

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Article

Open Access June 12, 2021

Prolonged Sitting Posture: Massage and Physical Exercise Program as Effective Therapy in 45 Sedentary Officers using Their Vehicles Full Time

Dossou Semako Gerard, Lawani Mohamed Mansourou, Yessoufou Lafiou, Tigri Tertulie Nawal, Houeto Vignon Gratien, Lawani Mohamed Nadil Olabiss

Universal Journal of Sport Sciences 2021, 1(1), 1-10. DOI: 10.31586/ujss.2021.010101

Abstract The high prevalence of low back pain associated with prolonged sitting as a result of work demands, is a major public health problem. Added to this is the sedentary lifestyle and full-time use of vehicles, keeping workers in this seated position. We now know the many benefits of regular exercise and physical activity. Inactivity is considered a risk factor associated with the development of lower [...] Read more.

The high prevalence of low back pain associated with prolonged sitting as a result of work demands, is a major public health problem. Added to this is the sedentary lifestyle and full-time use of vehicles, keeping workers in this seated position. We now know the many benefits of regular exercise and physical activity. Inactivity is considered a risk factor associated with the development of lower back pain. We undertook this study to make subjects aware of the consequences of this posture. In addition, we wanted to help them relieve lower back pain and functional disability caused by prolonged sitting posture. To achieve this, we have set ourselves the goal of assessing the effect that the combination of a physical exercise program and massage with shea butter could have on lumbar pain and functional disability in inactive sedentary officials with full-time lumbar pain driving their vehicles. To achieve this goal, we brought together 45 subjects divided into three experimental groups. The results show that the group receiving the combination of an exercise and massage program with shea butter, experienced a significant decrease in pain and functional disability over the 6 weeks. Thus, the combination of an exercise and massage program with shea butter allows effective management of pain and functional disability in inactive sedentary officials.

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Article

Open Access June 16, 2021

Impact of Pandemic Covid-19 on Higher Education-Indian Context

Pradip Kumar Das

Universal Journal of Business and Management 2021, 1(1), 13-21. DOI: 10.31586/ujbm.2021.010102

Abstract Education stratum of India as well as world are worst-hit by Covid-19 and has imposed lockdown originating deleterious effect on academic life. A sheer number of learners ceased moving educational institutions and all pedagogies halted in India. Catastrophe has behaved as a stimulant for the educational institutions to cultivate and choose for platforms with technologies which were previously [...] Read more.

Education stratum of India as well as world are worst-hit by Covid-19 and has imposed lockdown originating deleterious effect on academic life. A sheer number of learners ceased moving educational institutions and all pedagogies halted in India. Catastrophe has behaved as a stimulant for the educational institutions to cultivate and choose for platforms with technologies which were previously noviced. Education sector has been challenging to weather the crux with alternative strategy and digitizing the challenges to hoover the menaces of the pandemic. Hypothesis of digital study has prognosis to impact the ventures of higher education for eon. Findings evince that despite digital learning is a nice adventure for little skills, varying illiberalities partake. Learners are crunched and academy also exclusively in unstable job. It has yet to be established the scope whereupon digital study would climactically cover for conventional study. Covid-19 conundrum has divulged prefacing dilemma and disparities clamoring synergetic attempt to contemplate even so pandemic’s approach. This deliberate paper illuminates sparse impeccable education in India and has discussed the positive and negative impacts of Covid-19. The paper also contributes a methodical substantiation of the experience and lessons digested from the impact of the pandemic on the transitional education panorama, and the dissemination and acceptance of e-learning in education. To end, few suggestions along with policy recommendations have been made to meet didactics during the pandemic contingency.

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Article

Open Access March 05, 2026

For My Family, I Take It’: A Phenomenological Study of Antihypertensive Medication Use Among Filipino Adults

Jericho E. Cruz, Cliff Richard T. Mabasa, Mary Grace N. Israel, Razzel Louise T. Gatdula, Minerva A. Macavinta, John Keyvin A. Mendoza, Amalia D. Garcia, Lavia Lys Yumang, Marlyn L. Pascual, Ester Q. Dela Cruz, Mheliza Ann P. Ignacio

World Journal of Nursing Research 2026, 5(1), 1-11. DOI: 10.31586/wjnr.2026.6279

Abstract Hypertension remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although effective antihypertensive therapies are available, sustained blood pressure control remains suboptimal due to inconsistent medication use. Most adherence research is quantitative and offers limited understanding of how individuals interpret lifelong treatment within daily life, particularly in culturally [...] Read more.

Hypertension remains a leading cause of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Although effective antihypertensive therapies are available, sustained blood pressure control remains suboptimal due to inconsistent medication use. Most adherence research is quantitative and offers limited understanding of how individuals interpret lifelong treatment within daily life, particularly in culturally grounded contexts. To explore the lived experiences of Filipino adults taking antihypertensive medication. A qualitative study grounded in Heideggerian interpretive phenomenology was conducted. Ten Filipino adults diagnosed with hypertension were purposively recruited from outpatient clinics in Manila, Philippines. In-depth semi-structured interviews were transcribed verbatim and analyzed using the six-step IPA framework. Analysis revealed six interconnected themes describing how participants interpreted and sustained medication use: (1) Diagnosis as Disruption; (2) Medication as Protection and Responsibility; (3) The Paradox of the Silent Illness; (4) Everyday Barriers to Sustained Treatment; (5) Constructing Routine and Adaptive Self-Management; and (6) Family as Anchor within Cultural Contexts. These themes reflected emotional adjustment, symptom-driven adherence, financial and work-related barriers, adaptive coping strategies, and strong family-centered motivation. Medication-taking was experienced as an ongoing negotiation shaped by bodily cues, daily demands, and relational obligations. Conclusion: Antihypertensive medication use is shaped by relational, cultural, and socioeconomic contexts, underscoring the need for family-inclusive and culturally responsive hypertension care.

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Article

Open Access December 30, 2025

Elimination of HIV Transmission Risks through Viral Suppression: Undetectable=Untransmittable and its Impact among People Living with HIV

Evelyn Foster-Pagaebi, Tamunomiebi Douglas, Solomon Nduka Enebeli, Pagaebi Garcia Ezeke, Oluwafunmilayo Ogundeko-Olugbami, Izibeya Kikile, Buniminaki Nimi James, Prisca Omonigho Odion, Amavie Oboku-Aganaba

Global Journal of Epidemiology and Infectious Disease 2025, 5(1), 54-69. DOI: 10.31586/gjeid.2025.6245

Abstract The principle of Undetectable = Untransmittable (U=U) posits that people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are able to achieve and maintain a viral load of <200 copies/mL by regularly taking antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) are considered virally suppressed and cannot transmit the HIV virus to other individuals through sex. This groundbreaking message has emerged as a key HIV [...] Read more.

The principle of Undetectable = Untransmittable (U=U) posits that people living with the human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) who are able to achieve and maintain a viral load of <200 copies/mL by regularly taking antiretroviral drugs (ARVs) are considered virally suppressed and cannot transmit the HIV virus to other individuals through sex. This groundbreaking message has emerged as a key HIV prevention strategy for eliminating transmission risks and enhancing the quality of life of people living with HIV. This narrative review explores the clinical foundation of U=U, the level of awareness and acceptance of the message globally, and the psychosocial impact on people living with HIV. It has been discovered that this message minimizes stigma, improves mental health, promote treatment adherence and good disclosure behaviors among people living with HIV. Evidence has shown that despite the U=U revolution for HIV prevention, there are significant differences in awareness and acceptance of the message among different population groups. The challenges noted were poor communication by healthcare providers, limitations in the health system, and stigma issues. Nevertheless, the inclusion of U=U in mainstream HIV services has proven to increase awareness and enhance its adoption. The urgent need in the present review is to advocate for strategies to increase the equitable distribution of U=U to harness its full potential in public health.

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Review Article

Open Access November 20, 2025

The Renaissance Man of Kyekyeku: In Celebration of Opanyin David Kwadwo Boadu's Life of Multiplicity and Benevolence

Emmanuel Antwi

Journal of Art and Design 2025, 5(1), 13-22. DOI: 10.31586/jad.2025.6219

Abstract In contemporary society, a marked decline in humanity's intrinsic values has become a point of lamentation for many observers. This is particularly evident when one considers the recognition often bestowed upon individuals of dubious character, while those who embody exemplary virtues are frequently overlooked or forgotten. In this context, this paper seeks to pay rightful tribute to David Kwadwo [...] Read more.

In contemporary society, a marked decline in humanity's intrinsic values has become a point of lamentation for many observers. This is particularly evident when one considers the recognition often bestowed upon individuals of dubious character, while those who embody exemplary virtues are frequently overlooked or forgotten. In this context, this paper seeks to pay rightful tribute to David Kwadwo Boadu—the Renaissance Man of Kyekyeku—a figure whose remarkable life reflects a profound dedication to multiplicity and benevolence. This study delves deeply into his multifaceted contributions spanning various domains, including his roles as a husband, father, farmer, herbalist, midwife, hunter, catechist, musician, builder, arbitrator, counsellor, and cacao merchant. Each of these roles highlights essential themes of generosity and diversity, serving to illustrate how such attributes shape both an individual's identity and their contributions to the broader society. Utilising qualitative approach that involved interviews and employing the Streamwrite methodology—an innovative art-based approach designed to engage with the complexities of human experiences—this study underscores the critical importance of recognising individuals who exemplify these virtues as key to restoring the eroding humaneness in our communities.

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Article

Open Access November 06, 2025

Ventral Attention Network Resting State Functional Connectivity: Psychosocial Correlates among US Adolescents

Shervin Assari, Alexandra Donovan, Babak Najand, Golnoush Akhlaghipour, Mario F Mendez

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2025, 5(2), 122-138. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2025.6208

Abstract Background: Resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) provides insights into large-scale brain network organization associated with cognitive control, emotion regulation, and attentional processes. The ventral attention network (VAN) is a key salience-driven network that supports attentional re-orienting to behaviorally relevant stimuli. However, little is known about how VAN [...] Read more.

Background: Resting-state functional MRI (rsfMRI) provides insights into large-scale brain network organization associated with cognitive control, emotion regulation, and attentional processes. The ventral attention network (VAN) is a key salience-driven network that supports attentional re-orienting to behaviorally relevant stimuli. However, little is known about how VAN resting state functional connectivity varies by demographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and behavioral factors during early adolescence. Objective: To examine associations between VAN rsfMRI connectivity and multiple demographic, socioeconomic, psychosocial, and behavioral characteristics. Methods: Data came from the baseline and early follow-up waves of the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study. The analytic sample included youth with high-quality baseline rsfMRI data and complete socioeconomic and psychosocial measures. The primary outcome was mean resting-state functional connectivity within the VAN across subcortical and cortical regions of interest (ROIs). Bivariate correlations were computed between VAN connectivity and demographic (age, sex, puberty, race/ethnicity), socioeconomic (income, parental education, marital status, neighborhood income), psychosocial (trauma, discrimination, financial difficulty), trait (impulsivity), and behavioral variables (body mass index, depression, suicide, prodromal symptoms, and substance use). Unadjusted bivariate correlations and adjusted logistic regressions were used for data analysis. Results: VAN connectivity showed small but significant correlations with multiple contextual factors. Higher household income, parental education, and neighborhood affluence were associated with greater connectivity, whereas Black race and Hispanic ethnicity were related to lower connectivity. Youth reporting higher discrimination and financial difficulty exhibited weaker VAN connectivity. Greater VAN connectivity was negatively associated with impulsive reward-driven trait (drive), prodromal symptoms, BMI, and marijuana and alcohol use. Associations between VAN connectivity and suicide, depression, marijuana use, and alcohol use remained significant in age and sex adjusted models. Conclusions: VAN connectivity reflects subtle neural correlates of socioeconomic and psychosocial context in early adolescence. Our results underscore the importance of integrating structural and contextual factors in interpreting brain-behavior associations across diverse populations. These findings are suggestive of stable socioeconomic and psychosocial correlates of network efficiency.

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Article

Open Access October 17, 2025

Street Foods in Urban Spaces: Analyzing the Determinants of Consumer Patronage in the Koforidua Metropolis

Ernestina Oduro, Gilbert Owiah Sampson, Elizabeth Kafui Senya

Open Journal of Food and Nutrition 2025, 4(1), 12-20. DOI: 10.31586/ojfn.2025.6199

Abstract Eating at home remains very much ingrained in Ghanaian culture but rapid urbanization coupled with busy lifestyle and advancement in technology has greatly changed the way of life of many Ghanaians. These changes have altered the tradition of cooking and eating at home. The study focused on the determinants of consumer patronage of street foods in the Koforidua Metropolis. The target population [...] Read more.

Eating at home remains very much ingrained in Ghanaian culture but rapid urbanization coupled with busy lifestyle and advancement in technology has greatly changed the way of life of many Ghanaians. These changes have altered the tradition of cooking and eating at home. The study focused on the determinants of consumer patronage of street foods in the Koforidua Metropolis. The target population comprised customers that patronize the street foods in Koforidua Metropolis. From the target population, 197 consumers were selected using convenience. A structured self-administered questionnaire was utilized to gather the required data. The data collected were coded and analyzed with the help of SPSS-23. The findings revealed that food characteristics and social status determines consumers patronage of street food. It became evident that age (r=0.261, p<0.01), age (r=-0.318, P<0.01), educational level (r=0.144, P<0.05) and occupation (r=-0.477, P<0.01) of consumers has a significant influence on the decision and patronage of street food. The study concluded that food characteristics and social factors are major determinants of consumers patronage of street foods. It is recommended that Food and Drug Authority (FDA), other stakeholders, and street food vendors work cooperatively to establish laws that capture the distinctive and diverse foods sold on the street and their various preparation, storage, and sale methods in order to ensure that food preparation and sales are safe and hygienic.

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Article

Open Access October 14, 2025

Research Development of Disease Pain in Elderly Patients with Type 2 Diabetes

Wenyang Liu, Hongyang Liu

World Journal of Nursing Research 2025, 4(1), 126-133. DOI: 10.31586/wjnr.2025.6125

Abstract This paper describes the current status of research on disease distress in elderly type 2 diabetic patients at home and abroad, with a view to developing targeted interventions for diabetic patients, improving self-management behavioral ability and quality of life in elderly type 2 diabetic patients, and improving patients' glycemic control.

This paper describes the current status of research on disease distress in elderly type 2 diabetic patients at home and abroad, with a view to developing targeted interventions for diabetic patients, improving self-management behavioral ability and quality of life in elderly type 2 diabetic patients, and improving patients' glycemic control.

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Review Article

Open Access October 06, 2025

The symbolism and cultural significance of “Tuei” beverage among the Fantes in Ghana

Patience Darko, Juliana Opoku Yeboah, Francesca Anowie, Esther Kumea Ashun, Florentina Ajibisa, Manasseh Edison Komla Amu

Open Journal of Food and Nutrition 2025, 4(1), 1-11. DOI: 10.31586/ojfn.2025.6160

Abstract Background: Traditional foods, once carriers of cultural identity and heritage, are being quietly replaced as globalization and modern ideals redefine the choices of younger generations. This ethnographic study investigated the cultural meaning and symbolism of Tuei, an indigenous maize-based beverage, among the Fante people in the Central Region of Ghana. The study aimed to document how Tuei is rooted in Fante social and ceremonial life, exploring its role as a symbol of identity, continuity, and tradition. Methods: A qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews were done with 7 participants involving one cultural expert, three elders, and three local producers. Results: The findings revealed that Tuei has a significant role in rites of passage such as marriages, funerals, and naming ceremonies, where it functions as a marker of status and social cohesion. It was daily used as a gesture of hospitality and symbol of community unity. Additionally, the study found that the nutritional benefits of Tuei was rich in essential nutrients from maize, which contribute to energy provision and digestion. Some participants also reported its traditional use in promoting digestive health and general well-being. Again, Tuei was influenced by modernization which has reduced its consumption among younger generations and elite groups. Conclusions: The study concluded with recommendations to strengthen these preservation efforts through educational initiatives, the integration of Tuei [...] Read more.

Background: Traditional foods, once carriers of cultural identity and heritage, are being quietly replaced as globalization and modern ideals redefine the choices of younger generations. This ethnographic study investigated the cultural meaning and symbolism of Tuei, an indigenous maize-based beverage, among the Fante people in the Central Region of Ghana. The study aimed to document how Tuei is rooted in Fante social and ceremonial life, exploring its role as a symbol of identity, continuity, and tradition. Methods: A qualitative approach with semi-structured interviews were done with 7 participants involving one cultural expert, three elders, and three local producers. Results: The findings revealed that Tuei has a significant role in rites of passage such as marriages, funerals, and naming ceremonies, where it functions as a marker of status and social cohesion. It was daily used as a gesture of hospitality and symbol of community unity. Additionally, the study found that the nutritional benefits of Tuei was rich in essential nutrients from maize, which contribute to energy provision and digestion. Some participants also reported its traditional use in promoting digestive health and general well-being. Again, Tuei was influenced by modernization which has reduced its consumption among younger generations and elite groups. Conclusions: The study concluded with recommendations to strengthen these preservation efforts through educational initiatives, the integration of Tuei into cultural festivals, and ongoing community engagement to ensure the continuity of this cultural practice.

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Article

Open Access October 04, 2025

Unequal Burden of Loss of a Loved One in Non-Hispanic Black and White Californians

Shervin Assari, Sharon Cobb, Mohsen Bazargan

Open Journal of Psychology 2025, 5(1), 52-63. DOI: 10.31586/ojp.2025.6197

Abstract Purpose: Although the effect of loss of a loved one on depression is well established, very limited knowledge exists on racial differences in this effect. Aim: In the current study we compared Non-Hispanic White (NHW) and Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) Californians for the effects of loss of a loved one on depression in a representative sample of adults in California. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Survey of California Adults on Serious Illness and End-of-Life 2019. Overall, 1603 people entered our study. We compared 901 (56.2%) NHB and 702 (43.8%) NHW adults (age 18 and older). Race/ethnicity, demographics (age and gender), socio-economic factors (education, income, employment, and marital status), religiosity, and health (self-rated health and number of chronic medical conditions), and depression were measured. To perform data analysis, we used logistic regression models. Results: In the pooled sample, loss of a loved one was not associated with self-reported depression, net of all covariates. Race, however, interacted with loss of a loved one on depression, suggesting a larger association for NHBs compared to NHWs. In race-specific models, loss of a loved one predicted depression for NHBs (OR = 1.54) but not NHWs (OR [...] Read more.

Purpose: Although the effect of loss of a loved one on depression is well established, very limited knowledge exists on racial differences in this effect. Aim: In the current study we compared Non-Hispanic White (NHW) and Non-Hispanic Black (NHB) Californians for the effects of loss of a loved one on depression in a representative sample of adults in California. Methods: This cross-sectional study used data from the Survey of California Adults on Serious Illness and End-of-Life 2019. Overall, 1603 people entered our study. We compared 901 (56.2%) NHB and 702 (43.8%) NHW adults (age 18 and older). Race/ethnicity, demographics (age and gender), socio-economic factors (education, income, employment, and marital status), religiosity, and health (self-rated health and number of chronic medical conditions), and depression were measured. To perform data analysis, we used logistic regression models. Results: In the pooled sample, loss of a loved one was not associated with self-reported depression, net of all covariates. Race, however, interacted with loss of a loved one on depression, suggesting a larger association for NHBs compared to NHWs. In race-specific models, loss of a loved one predicted depression for NHBs (OR = 1.54) but not NHWs (OR = 0.99). Conclusion: There are differences between NHBs and NHWs in the effect of loss of a loved one on depression. NHBs show a stronger association between loss of a loved one and depression than NHWs. This result is not in line with the NHB mental health paradox or with NHB resilience but is consistent with the notion that social relations may be more salient for NHBs than for NHWs.

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Article

Open Access September 18, 2025

Does Stress Explain the Effects of Sexual/Gender Minority Status on Children’s Behavioral and Emotional Risk?

Shervin Assari, Alexandra Donovan, John Ashley Pallera, Gandom Assari, Babak Najand, Kamiar Alaei, Arash Alaei

Open Journal of Psychology 2025, 5(1), 38-51. DOI: 10.31586/ojp.2025.6188

Abstract Background: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth are at elevated risk for adverse mental health and substance use outcomes. Stressors such as family conflict, discrimination, and trauma have been suggested as possible mediators of these disparities. Aims: This study examined whether family conflict, discrimination, and trauma mediate the associations between SGM identity and [...] Read more.

Background: Sexual and gender minority (SGM) youth are at elevated risk for adverse mental health and substance use outcomes. Stressors such as family conflict, discrimination, and trauma have been suggested as possible mediators of these disparities. Aims: This study examined whether family conflict, discrimination, and trauma mediate the associations between SGM identity and adverse outcomes, including suicide attempt, major depressive disorder (MDD), nicotine use, and marijuana use. Methods: Participants were children from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. SGM identity was reported at baseline, while outcomes included past MDD and suicide attempts as well as future nicotine and marijuana use. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test both direct and indirect pathways linking SGM identity to mental health and behavioral outcomes. Results: No significant mediation was found through family conflict, discrimination, or trauma. Instead, effects of SGM identity were primarily direct: SGM youth had higher odds of past suicide attempts and MDD, as well as future marijuana use, but not future nicotine use. Stressor variables, however, were independently associated with outcomes. Discrimination predicted all outcomes; trauma was positively associated with suicide, nicotine, and marijuana use but not MDD; and family conflict predicted all outcomes except MDD. Conclusion: Family conflict, discrimination, and trauma did not mediate SGM disparities in mental health and substance use, but each emerged as an independent predictor of risk. These findings highlight the complexity of mechanisms underlying SGM-related disparities and suggest the need for future research to explore additional pathways and contextual influences.

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Open Access September 14, 2025

Lifecycle Management as a Roadmap to the Tobacco Endgame

Shervin Assari, John Ashley Pallera, Mahmoud Efatmaneshnik

World Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 2025, 5(1), 52-79. DOI: 10.31586/wjcmr.2025.6181

Abstract Background: Tobacco endgame, defined as elimination of commercial tobacco sales The U.S. tobacco control landscape is a complex, adaptive system shaped by diverse stakeholders, evolving products and regulations, shifting social norms, and the strategic countermeasures of a powerful industry. Managing such complexity requires more than isolated interventions—it demands a coordinated, [...] Read more.

Background: Tobacco endgame, defined as elimination of commercial tobacco sales The U.S. tobacco control landscape is a complex, adaptive system shaped by diverse stakeholders, evolving products and regulations, shifting social norms, and the strategic countermeasures of a powerful industry. Managing such complexity requires more than isolated interventions—it demands a coordinated, enterprise-wide approach that accounts for dynamic interactions, feedback loops, and emergent risks. Objective: Drawing on complex systems thinking, Zachman enterprise architecture model, and public health best practices, we conceptualize tobacco control as an evolving enterprise progressing through six interconnected phases: (1) Conception & Initiation, (2) Policy & System Design, (3) Implementation & Operation, (4) Evaluation & Adaptation, (5) Consolidation & Endgame Transition, and (6) Sustainment or Sunset. Each phase incorporates governance structures, performance benchmarks, and transition criteria designed to manage interdependence and reduce systemic vulnerabilities. Results: The lifecycle framing emphasizes how tobacco control in the U.S. can evolve as a complex, adaptive enterprise—integrating public health objectives with legal, operational, and cultural change processes. This model supports strategic sequencing, cross-sector alignment, and risk mitigation against emergent industry tactics, enabling a resilient and measurable pathway to the endgame. Conclusions: Seeing tobacco control as a complex enterprise that operates under a lifecycle model may offer a roadmap for achieving and sustaining the tobacco endgame. Using this approach may enhance policy coherence, resource efficiency, and adaptability, ensuring tobacco endgame is achieved.

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Open Access September 07, 2025

Beyond the Brain: Exploring the Future of Neural Technology with Neuralink

Nilakshya Rajora, Shambhu Sarkar

Open Journal of Neuroscience 2025, 3(1), 41-46. DOI: 10.31586/ojn.2025.6164

Abstract This paper is a general summary of Neuralink, a revolutionary technology set to elevate human life and neurology. Neuralink itself is a key testimonial to the evolution of neuroscience and even brain-computer interfaces, otherwise known as BCI. The original few BCI experiments were conducted on monkeys in the 1960s and 70s, in which the experiment itself narrowed down and understood brain function [...] Read more.

This paper is a general summary of Neuralink, a revolutionary technology set to elevate human life and neurology. Neuralink itself is a key testimonial to the evolution of neuroscience and even brain-computer interfaces, otherwise known as BCI. The original few BCI experiments were conducted on monkeys in the 1960s and 70s, in which the experiment itself narrowed down and understood brain function as a general concept [3]. More specifically, "Work on these technologies began in the early 1970s, led by computer science professor J.J. Vidal at UCLA" [12]. Science itself progresses day by day, growing rapidly in recent years, especially in neuroscience, something highlighted as a focal point in the previous statement. Moreover, recently we have seen technology go on a rampant rise in terms of popularity, inventions, and changes to the human lifestyle. The interactions humans had with technology initially developed with wearables or wearable technology, such as Apple Watches, AirPods, and Fitbits, and now they have even prompted advancements in brain-computer interfaces. Technology has had the power to advance science, but now it’s capable of changing the human mind. Going back to Neuralink, it’s a startup that began its initiative in 2016 and was approved by the FDA for clinical trials in May of 2023, ready to create a wave of change in the field of neuroscience [6]. The foremost baffling thing is how this chip plans on being placed in the somatosensory system. The somatosensory system is a part of the brain that deals with motor actions, recognition, and perception, and applying Neuralink in this area should supposedly allow for cures and treatment of amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Parkinson’s disease, spinal cord injuries, epilepsy, autism, depression, schizophrenia, and possibly blindness [9]. Neuralink is deemed to lead to a life-changing future, and with co-founders and investors like Elon Musk, there is a lot to know about this piece of technology.

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Review Article

Open Access September 02, 2025

Listening at the End: A Review of Communication and Compassion in Palliative Settings (2025)

Ghenneza Rojas-Salamat

World Journal of Nursing Research 2025, 4(1), 113-117. DOI: 10.31586/wjnr.2025.6166

Abstract This review explores the role of listening as a foundational component of communication and compassionate care in palliative settings. Drawing from ten scholarly articles published in 2025, the study examines how listening affects the experiences of patients, families, and healthcare providers. The findings emphasize that listening is not only a professional skill but a human act that reduces [...] Read more.

This review explores the role of listening as a foundational component of communication and compassionate care in palliative settings. Drawing from ten scholarly articles published in 2025, the study examines how listening affects the experiences of patients, families, and healthcare providers. The findings emphasize that listening is not only a professional skill but a human act that reduces suffering, promotes dignity, and strengthens trust, especially where resources or standardized protocols are lacking. The review is organized into four main areas: the importance of listening in clinical decision making; its role in emotional support and team communication; its contribution to preserving patient dignity and comfort; and its impact on family involvement and closure. The study calls for future research to develop standardized tools for measuring listening in palliative care and to explore how cultural, economic, and technological contexts shape listening practices. Ultimately, the review concludes that listening must be at the heart of ethical, patient-centered care during the final stages of life.

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Brief Review

Open Access July 25, 2025

Significance of Job Satisfaction and Quality Patient Care

Jedrick Jones M. Ciria

World Journal of Nursing Research 2025, 4(1), 98-101. DOI: 10.31586/wjnr.2025.6148

Abstract This commentary letter was conducted to evaluate Wang et al.'s (2025) research study on the relationship between perceived staffing and quality of care among hospitals. The current study's findings show that the relationship between professional self-efficacy and job performance is mediated by work engagement. Life contentment influences work engagement, which is associated with enhanced job [...] Read more.

This commentary letter was conducted to evaluate Wang et al.'s (2025) research study on the relationship between perceived staffing and quality of care among hospitals. The current study's findings show that the relationship between professional self-efficacy and job performance is mediated by work engagement. Life contentment influences work engagement, which is associated with enhanced job performance. However, involvement acts as a mediator between job performance and burnout, which could affect the quality of patient care. Staffing satisfaction and quality patient care are closely related, and it is essential for healthcare institutions to prioritize appropriate workforce levels and address the nursing shortage. However, there are still unanswered questions in this sector, such as researching nursing-specific care procedures, addressing data challenges, and understanding the connections between nursing practice and patient care outcomes. Future research should address the "black box" of nursing practice and address variations in the quality of patient care provided by nurses.

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Commentary Letter

Open Access May 05, 2025

Persistent Social Welfare Needs Among Educated Caribbean Black Individuals: Evidence of Minorities' Diminished Returns

Shervin Assari, Babak Najand, Hossein Zare, Amanda Sonnega

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2025, 5(1), 98-109. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2025.1189

Abstract Background: Educational attainment is strongly linked to increased employment opportunities, higher income, and greater financial security, making its inverse relationship with reliance on social welfare programs well-documented. However, consistent with the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, the protective effects of education may be weaker for racial and ethnic minority [...] Read more.

Background: Educational attainment is strongly linked to increased employment opportunities, higher income, and greater financial security, making its inverse relationship with reliance on social welfare programs well-documented. However, consistent with the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, the protective effects of education may be weaker for racial and ethnic minority groups compared to non-Latino Whites. This study examines whether the impact of educational attainment (measured as years of schooling) on social welfare use differs between Caribbean Black and White adults in the United States, focusing on outcomes since age 18 and in the past year. Objective: To investigate the relationship between years of schooling and the likelihood of using social welfare programs, while exploring whether this association varies between Caribbean Black and White adults, in alignment with the MDRs framework. Methods: Data were derived from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), a nationally representative dataset with a robust sample of Black and White adults in the United States. The study focused on Caribbean Black and White participants aged 18 and older. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to examine the relationship between years of schooling and social welfare use, adjusting for covariates including age, gender, employment status, and marital status. Interaction terms were used to assess potential differences in the returns of education across racial groups. Results: Higher educational attainment was associated with reduced likelihood of using social welfare programs overall. However, consistent with the MDRs framework, the protective effect of education was weaker for Caribbean Black individuals compared to their White counterparts. Caribbean Blacks with similar levels of education as Whites were more likely to report using social welfare programs since age 18 and in the past year, highlighting diminished returns on education for this population. Conclusion: This study extends the MDRs framework to Caribbean Black populations, a group rarely studied in the U.S., revealing significant disparities in the economic benefits of education. The findings underscore the need for policies that address systemic barriers limiting the economic returns of education for racial and ethnic minorities, including Caribbean Blacks, to promote greater equity in social and economic outcomes.

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Article

Open Access May 05, 2025

Educated Yet Unhealthy? Diminished Returns of Education for Immigrants in the USA

Shervin Assari, Babak Najand, Hossein Zare

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2025, 5(1), 84-97. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2025.1106

Abstract Background: Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory posits that the health benefits of socioeconomic resources, such as education, are smaller for marginalized and minoritized populations, including immigrants. While MDRs have been extensively documented for racial and ethnic minorities, less is known about whether these diminished returns extend to immigrant populations. This study [...] Read more.

Background: Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory posits that the health benefits of socioeconomic resources, such as education, are smaller for marginalized and minoritized populations, including immigrants. While MDRs have been extensively documented for racial and ethnic minorities, less is known about whether these diminished returns extend to immigrant populations. This study tested MDRs of education on various health and cognitive outcomes, including self-rated health (SRH), cognitive function, numeracy, number of chronic medical conditions, and limitations in activities of daily living (ADLs) among immigrants compared to non-immigrants in the United States. Objective. To examine whether educational attainment confers weaker protective effects on SRH, cognitive function, numeracy, chronic medical conditions, and ADLs in immigrants compared to non-immigrants, confirming the presence of MDRs across these domains. Methods: We used data from the Understanding America Study (UAS), a nationally representative survey of U.S. adults. We tested the association between educational attainment and five outcomes—SRH, cognitive function, numeracy, number of chronic medical conditions, and limitations in ADLs—across immigrant and non-immigrant groups. Multivariate regression models were employed, adjusting for key sociodemographic covariates. Results: The protective effects of education on a range of health outcomes were significantly weaker for immigrants compared to non-immigrants. Education level showed weaker associations with SRH, cognitive function, numeracy, number of chronic conditions, and ADLs among immigrants. These findings suggest that even at higher levels of educational attainment, immigrants experience poorer health and cognitive functioning than their U.S.-born counterparts. Conclusion: This study offers strong evidence for the MDRs of education on multiple health outcomes among U.S. immigrants. One possible explanation is that, despite achieving higher levels of education, immigrants often face structural barriers—such as discrimination, limited access to resources, and economic inequities—that constrain the health-related benefits typically associated with educational attainment. Additionally, a portion of immigrant education may be acquired outside the United States, where credentials may not be fully recognized or rewarded within the U.S. labor market. These findings highlight the importance of policies aimed at addressing systemic inequities and improving access to healthcare, employment opportunities, and social support for immigrant communities. Future research should further explore the mechanisms underlying these diminished returns and identify policy solutions to reduce their impact. Keywords: Educational Attainment, Immigrants, Nativity, Self-Rated Health, Chronic Disease, Activities of Daily Living (ADL), Cognitive Function

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Original Article

Open Access May 05, 2025

To Be Twice as Good to Get Half

Shervin Assari, John Ashley Pallera, Hossein Zare

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2025, 5(1), 67-83. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2025.1158

Abstract “To Be Twice as Good to Get Half” is a common mindset among high aspiration and ambition Black individuals in the U.S., capturing the lived reality of Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs). This paper explains that MDRs reflect how, even with high levels of ambition, self-efficacy, education, and income, Black individuals and other marginalized groups do not experience the same protective benefits [...] Read more.

“To Be Twice as Good to Get Half” is a common mindset among high aspiration and ambition Black individuals in the U.S., capturing the lived reality of Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs). This paper explains that MDRs reflect how, even with high levels of ambition, self-efficacy, education, and income, Black individuals and other marginalized groups do not experience the same protective benefits for health and well-being as White populations. Systemic obstacles embedded within U.S. society weaken the expected returns on socioeconomic achievements for racialized individuals, creating a reality where “being twice as good” still results in lesser outcomes. High-SES Black individuals, for instance, continue to face significant risks for adverse outcomes, such as depression and chronic disease, due to structural inequities across domains like labor market discrimination, segregation, and accumulated disadvantage from childhood. Our analysis identifies key mechanisms—including interpersonal discrimination, lower-quality education, and structural racism in sectors like banking, policing, and real estate—that erode the protective effects of SES across racial lines. Mediating factors, such as chronic stress, allostatic load, and epigenetic changes over the life course, further compound these diminished returns, weakening the expected physical and mental health benefits. Drawing on extensive evidence from U.S. national and local datasets and corroborated by international studies, this paper underscores the necessity of policies that dismantle structural barriers rather than relying solely on SES improvements. Recommendations include implementing multi-sectoral policies, recognizing the unique challenges of middle-class non-White populations, and approaching policy with humility, acknowledging that achieving equity is a long-term endeavor. By challenging the “bootstraps” narrative, this paper advocates for structural interventions aimed at genuine health and economic equity for all racial and socioeconomic groups. While we provide an in-depth analysis of MDRs’ phenomena, mechanisms, mediators, and policy implications, the experience is often distilled as, “I have to be twice as good to get half.”

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Article

Open Access April 03, 2025

Depression, Subjective Health, Obesity, and Multimorbidity are Associated with Epigenetic Age Acceleration

Shervin Assari, John Ashley Pallera

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2025, 5(1), 42-57. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2025.6041

Abstract Background: Epigenetic aging, measured through various DNA methylation-based clocks, may have implications for predicting disease risk. However, the sensitivity of different epigenetic clocks that have emerged as biomarkers for biological aging and in predicting physical and mental health outcomes remains uncertain. This study examines the age and sex-adjusted associations between [...] Read more.

Background: Epigenetic aging, measured through various DNA methylation-based clocks, may have implications for predicting disease risk. However, the sensitivity of different epigenetic clocks that have emerged as biomarkers for biological aging and in predicting physical and mental health outcomes remains uncertain. This study examines the age and sex-adjusted associations between multiple epigenetic age acceleration measures and three key health indicators, including self-rated health, depressive symptoms, and body mass index (BMI), in a nationally representative sample of U.S. middle-aged and older adults. Methods: We analyzed data from 4,018 adults in the 2016 wave of the Health and Retirement Study (HRS), which included several epigenetic age acceleration measures: HORVATH, HANNUM, LEVINE, HORVATHSKIN, LIN, WEIDNER, VIDALBRALO, YANG, ZHANG, BOCKLANDT, GARAGNANI, and GRIMAGE. Linear regression models were used to assess the associations between epigenetic age acceleration and self-rated health (poor health), depressive symptoms, and BMI, adjusting for age and sex. Results: We found significant positive associations between epigenetic age acceleration and worse self-rated health, higher depressive symptoms, and increased BMI. However, these associations varied across different epigenetic clocks, with some measures potentially having more consistent utility for specific health outcomes than others. Conclusion: Epigenetic age acceleration is linked to poorer self-rated health, greater depressive symptoms, and higher BMI, but choosing which epigenetic clock(s) to use is also important. These findings underscore the need to consider multiple epigenetic aging markers when assessing health risks and highlight the potential for particular clocks to serve as more sensitive indicators of physical and mental health outcomes.

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Article

Open Access March 29, 2025

Comprehensive Review of Conservative and Surgical Treatment Strategies for Knee Osteoarthritis: Efficacy, Safety, and Emerging Therapies

Helder Rocha da Silva Araújo, Andrei Machado Viegas da Trindade, Thamara Cardoso Jacob, Geovana Goulart Ribeiro de Freitas, Samuel Ferreira Barbosa, Maria Tereza Guay de Goiás, Isabella Luiza das Graças Rocha Borges, Lucas Guzzi Silva, Fabiano Bottino Cançado, Fernanda Grazielle da Silva Azevedo Nora

Global Journal of Orthopedics 2025, 1(1), 24-37. DOI: 10.31586/gjo.2025.6016

Abstract Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic degenerative joint disorder that significantly impairs mobility and quality of life. While surgical interventions such as total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are effective in severe cases, conservative treatments are critical for early and intermediate disease management. This review evaluates the efficacy, safety, and clinical applications of both conservative and [...] Read more.

Knee osteoarthritis (KOA) is a chronic degenerative joint disorder that significantly impairs mobility and quality of life. While surgical interventions such as total knee arthroplasty (TKA) are effective in severe cases, conservative treatments are critical for early and intermediate disease management. This review evaluates the efficacy, safety, and clinical applications of both conservative and surgical treatment approaches, including lifestyle modifications, physical therapy, pharmacological interventions, regenerative medicine, and surgical procedures. The integration of a multidisciplinary approach is emphasized as a key strategy for optimizing clinical outcomes and tailoring interventions to disease severity.

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Review Article

Open Access March 25, 2025

Resting-State Sensory-Motor Connectivity between Hand and Mouth as a Neural Marker of Socioeconomic Disadvantage, Psychosocial Stress, Cognitive Difficulties, Impulsivity, Depression, and Substance Use in Children

Shervin Assari, Alexandra Donovan, Babak Najand, Golnoush Akhlaghipour, Mario F Mendez

Journal of Cellular Neuroscience 2025, 2(1), 31-46. DOI: 10.31586/jcn.2025.1280

Abstract Background: The sensory-motor network is essential for integrating sensory input with motor function and higher-order cognition. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) within this network undergoes significant developmental changes, and disruptions in these connections have been linked to behavioral and psychiatric outcomes. However, the relationship between sensory-motor [...] Read more.

Background: The sensory-motor network is essential for integrating sensory input with motor function and higher-order cognition. Resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) within this network undergoes significant developmental changes, and disruptions in these connections have been linked to behavioral and psychiatric outcomes. However, the relationship between sensory-motor connectivity, early-life adversity, and later health behaviors remains understudied. Objective: This study examines the associations between rsFC within the sensory-motor network (mouth and hand regions) and key social, psychological, and behavioral factors, including baseline and past socioeconomic status (SES), trauma exposure, family conflict, impulsivity, major depressive disorder (MDD), and future substance use. Methods: Data were drawn from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study, a national sample of U.S. children. Resting-state fMRI data were used to assess functional connectivity within the sensory-motor network. Bivariate analyses examined associations between rsFC in the sensory-motor mouth and hand regions and baseline SES, past SES, childhood trauma exposure, family conflict, impulsivity, and MDD. Longitudinal analyses assessed whether baseline rsFC predicted future substance use. Results: Greater rsFC between the sensory-motor mouth and hand regions was significantly associated with lower SES, higher trauma exposure, and greater family conflict. Increased connectivity was also correlated with older age and more advanced puberty status. Higher rsFC between the sensory-motor mouth and hand regions was linked to greater impulsivity, lower cognitive function, an increased likelihood of MDD, and future marijuana use. Conclusion: These findings suggest that sensory-motor connectivity is sensitive to socioeconomic and psychosocial stressors, with potential long-term implications for mental health and substance use risk. The results highlight the importance of early-life environmental factors in shaping neurodevelopmental trajectories and emphasize the need for targeted interventions to mitigate the effects of adversity on brain function and behavior. Future research should further explore the role of sensory-motor network alterations in behavioral health outcomes as a function of environmental stressors.

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Original Article

Open Access March 12, 2025

Academic Aspirations of 12th Grade Students in the United States: Place-Based Diminished Returns of Parental Education in Rural Areas

Shervin Assari, Gandom Assari, Hossein Zare

Open Journal of Educational Research 2025, 5(2), 65-74. DOI: 10.31586/ojer.2025.6040

Abstract Background: The Motivational Theory of Life-Span Development suggests that individual aspirations are shaped by both internal and external resources. Parental education is a key determinant of educational aspirations, yet its effects may vary by geographic location, demonstrating spatial patterns of Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs). Objectives: This [...] Read more.

Background: The Motivational Theory of Life-Span Development suggests that individual aspirations are shaped by both internal and external resources. Parental education is a key determinant of educational aspirations, yet its effects may vary by geographic location, demonstrating spatial patterns of Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs). Objectives: This study examines the association between parental education and aspirations for graduate or professional education among non-Latino White adolescents, with a specific focus on urban-suburban versus rural differences. Methods: Using data from the 12th-grade cohort of the Monitoring the Future (MTF) 2024 survey, we conducted multivariate analyses to assess the relationship between parental education and aspirations for graduate or professional education. We further examined whether this association was moderated by geographic location (urban-suburban vs. rural) to identify place-based MDRs. Results: Higher parental education was associated with greater aspirations for advanced education; however, this effect was weaker in rural areas compared to urban and suburban settings. These findings highlight that even among non-Latino White adolescents, rural residence diminishes the benefits of socioeconomic resources, providing evidence of place-based MDRs. Conclusion: Rural residents face a dual disadvantage—both lower socioeconomic status and weaker returns on those resources—necessitating targeted interventions beyond resource allocation. To address disparities in educational aspirations in rural areas, policymakers should focus on improving equitable access to educational opportunities and ensuring that these resources translate into comparable outcomes across different social and geographic contexts.

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Article

Open Access March 09, 2025

Gender Differences in Quit Rates in a Tobacco Cessation Program: In Search of Demographic, Socioeconomic, Health, or Behavioral Explanatory Mechanisms

Payam Sheikhattari, Rifath Ara Alam Barsha, Shervin Assari

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2025, 5(1), 30-41. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2025.6017

Abstract Background: Women have consistently shown lower quit rates in tobacco cessation programs compared to men. This gender disparity persists despite comprehensive interventions and access to cessation resources. While prior studies suggest that factors such as social support, chronic disease burden, and socioeconomic status may contribute to these differences, there is limited empirical [...] Read more.

Background: Women have consistently shown lower quit rates in tobacco cessation programs compared to men. This gender disparity persists despite comprehensive interventions and access to cessation resources. While prior studies suggest that factors such as social support, chronic disease burden, and socioeconomic status may contribute to these differences, there is limited empirical evidence to confirm these mechanisms. Aims: This study aimed to investigate potential mechanisms underlying gender differences in quit rates in a tobacco cessation program, testing whether demographic, socioeconomic, health, or behavioral factors explain the observed disparities. Methods: Participants were assigned to one of three smoking cessation interventions: an in-person program (CEASE), a self-help approach, or an online/hybrid program. The main outcome measured was smoking abstinence, evaluated three months after the intervention. Secondary analyses explored whether demographic, socioeconomic, health, or tobacco use-related factors mediated the association between gender and quit rates. Results: Women had significantly lower quit rates than men (p < 0.01). This association remained significant after adjusting for demographic, socioeconomic, health, and addiction-related factors. While women reported higher social support and a higher prevalence of chronic cardiometabolic conditions, these factors did not explain the gender disparity in quit rates. Conclusions: Gender differences in quit rates persist despite controlling for known factors that could influence cessation success. Although women had higher social support, they had lower quit rate. Future research should explore unmeasured variables, such as psychological, biological, and structural influences, to develop more effective cessation strategies tailored for women.

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Article

Open Access February 27, 2025

Hopelessness and Smoking among Black Adults

Shervin Assari, Babak Najand, Payam Sheikhattari

Open Journal of Medical Sciences 2025, 5(1), 51-58. DOI: 10.31586/ojms.2025.1191

Abstract Background: While the link between depression and smoking is known, less is known about the relationship between hopelessness and smoking in large national community-based sample of Black people. Aims: This study investigates the association between hopelessness and smoking status, using data from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), which is the only ethnically [...] Read more.

Background: While the link between depression and smoking is known, less is known about the relationship between hopelessness and smoking in large national community-based sample of Black people. Aims: This study investigates the association between hopelessness and smoking status, using data from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), which is the only ethnically diverse nationally representative sample of Black adults. Methods: Data from the NSAL were analyzed. Hopelessness and smoking status were assessed using structured interviews. Logistic regression was employed to assess the link between hopelessness and smoking status, controlling for potential confounders such as demographic factors and socioeconomic indicators as well as depression. Results: 4,939 participants entered our analysis. Hopelessness was significantly associated with higher odds of smoking status. This association remained robust after adjusting for confounders such as demographic factors, socioeconomic status, and depression. Conclusions: Hopelessness may be a critical risk factor for smoking in Black adults. Promoting hope as a component of targeted tobacco cessation programs may help reduce tobacco use of Black populations.

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Article

Open Access February 24, 2025

Socioeconomic Status, Trauma, Cognitive Function, Impulsivity, Reward Salience, and Future Substance Use: Role of Left Caudate Connectivity with the Cingulo-Opercular Network

Shervin Assari, Hossein Zare, Golnoush Akhlaghipour, Mario F Mendez

Journal of Cellular Neuroscience 2025, 1(1), 46-61. DOI: 10.31586/jcn.2025.1264

Abstract Background: While understanding how corticostriatal connectivity is associated with socioeconomic status (SES), trauma exposure, cognitive function, reward salience, impulsivity, and future substance use is essential to identifying neurobiological pathways that contribute to health disparities and behavioral outcomes, very few studies have tested the role of left caudate resting-state [...] Read more.

Background: While understanding how corticostriatal connectivity is associated with socioeconomic status (SES), trauma exposure, cognitive function, reward salience, impulsivity, and future substance use is essential to identifying neurobiological pathways that contribute to health disparities and behavioral outcomes, very few studies have tested the role of left caudate resting-state functional connectivity (rsFC) with the cingulo-opercular network as a proxy of corticostriatal connectivity in social, cognitive, and behavioral processes. Objective: This study investigates the associations between left caudate-cingulo-opercular connectivity and multiple biopsychosocial domains, including low SES, high trauma exposure (financial and life events), cognitive function, reward salience, impulsivity, depression, and future substance use (tobacco and marijuana use). Methods: Resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) data were analyzed to assess connectivity between the left caudate and the cingulo-opercular network. Data on socioeconomic status, trauma exposure, cognitive performance, and mental health were collected from participants. Future substance use behaviors were evaluated through longitudinal follow-ups. Correlation and regression analyses were conducted to examine relationships between corticostriatal connectivity and the targeted domains. Results: Corticostriatal hypoconnectivity was associated with lower SES, higher trauma exposure, poorer cognitive function, heightened reward salience, higher impulsivity, and history of depression. Additionally, corticostriatal hypoconnectivity at baseline predicted future tobacco and marijuana use during follow-up years. Conclusion: Corticostriatal hypoconnectivity, particularly the rsFC between the left caudate and the cingulo-opercular network, may represent a potential mechanism linking a wide range of social, emotional, and behavioral problems in youth. These findings suggest that corticostriatal hypoconnectivity could serve as a neurobiological marker for identifying individuals at risk for depression, low cognitive function, high reward salience, impulsivity, and substance use, emphasizing the interplay between socioeconomic and neurocognitive factors in shaping behavioral health trajectories.

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Open Access February 14, 2025

Trauma Erodes Financial Returns of Educational Attainment

Shervin Assari, Alexandra Donovan

Open Journal of Educational Research 2025, 5(1), 40-53. DOI: 10.31586/ojer.2025.1199

Abstract Background: Educational attainment is often regarded as a pathway to economic stability and social mobility. However, the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework has demonstrated that the effects of educational attainment on various economic, behavioral, and health outcomes are weaker for marginalized populations, including racial/ethnic minorities, immigrants, LGBTQ+ individuals, [...] Read more.

Background: Educational attainment is often regarded as a pathway to economic stability and social mobility. However, the Minorities’ Diminished Returns (MDRs) framework has demonstrated that the effects of educational attainment on various economic, behavioral, and health outcomes are weaker for marginalized populations, including racial/ethnic minorities, immigrants, LGBTQ+ individuals, and those living in disadvantaged areas. While MDRs have been documented for various marginalized demographic groups, the role of trauma in moderating socioeconomic outcomes remains underexplored. Objective: This study examines whether lifetime trauma exposure diminishes the positive association between educational attainment and poverty-to-income ratio (PIR), a key indicator of economic well-being. Methods: Using data from the National Survey of American Life (NSAL), we analyzed a nationally representative sample of 6,008 adults, including Black, White, Latino, and Other racial/ethnic groups. We employed linear regression models to evaluate the association between the independent variable educational attainment and the outcome PIR. We then tested lifetime trauma as a moderator of this association. Models controlled for age, gender, employment, and race/ethnicity. Results: Educational attainment was positively associated with PIR across all groups, but the strength of this association was significantly attenuated for individuals with a history of lifetime trauma. These effects were independent of covariates. Conclusions: These findings extend the MDRs framework by highlighting trauma as a potential contributor to diminished returns of education on socioeconomic wellbeing. Structural inequities that increase trauma exposure in minoritized populations may also limit the economic benefits of education, particularly for groups with multiple trauma exposures. Policies aimed at addressing economic inequality must integrate social policies that reduce trauma and stress.

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Open Access February 11, 2025

Childhood Depression, Hopelessness, and Suicidal Attempt Predict Earlier Tobacco and Marijuana Use Initiation During Adolescence

Shervin Assari, Babak Najand, Payam Sheikhattari

Open Journal of Medical Sciences 2025, 5(1), 18-31. DOI: 10.31586/ojms.2025.1181

Abstract Background: Emotional problems have been associated with substance use, yet longitudinal research examining this relationship during childhood and adolescence in large, diverse, community-based samples remains limited. Aims: This study investigates the prospective associations between three emotional problems—hopelessness, depression, and suicide attempts—before ages 9–10 and [...] Read more.

Background: Emotional problems have been associated with substance use, yet longitudinal research examining this relationship during childhood and adolescence in large, diverse, community-based samples remains limited. Aims: This study investigates the prospective associations between three emotional problems—hopelessness, depression, and suicide attempts—before ages 9–10 and the subsequent initiation of tobacco and marijuana use before ages 14–15, using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study. Methods: Data from the ABCD study were analyzed. Baseline emotional problems, including hopelessness, depression, and suicide attempts, were assessed at ages 9–10 through structured parent interviews. Substance use outcomes (tobacco and marijuana initiation) were tracked from baseline to follow-up at ages 14–15 using structured self-report measures. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to assess the predictive roles of these early-life emotional problems, controlling for potential confounders such as demographic factors and family and neighborhood socioeconomic status. Results: Baseline hopelessness, depression, and suicide attempts at ages 9–10 were significant predictors of tobacco and marijuana use initiation at ages 14–15. These associations remained robust after adjusting for confounders, indicating the independent effects of early emotional problems on adolescent substance use initiation. Conclusions: Emotional problems in early childhood, including hopelessness, depression, and suicidal behavior, are critical predictors of substance use initiation during adolescence. These findings underscore the importance of early identification and targeted mental health interventions to reduce the risk of substance use among vulnerable youth.

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Open Access February 10, 2025

Higher-than Expected Social Security Reliance Among Educated Black Americans: Minorities' Diminished Returns in National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2023

Shervin Assari, Amanda Sonnega, Babak Najand, Hossein Zare

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2025, 5(1), 14-29. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2025.1145

Abstract Background: While educational attainment is generally associated with reduced reliance on Social Security and disability benefits, Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory suggests that the socioeconomic benefits of educational attainment are not equally distributed across racial groups and are weaker for minoritized populations. This study explores the association between educational [...] Read more.

Background: While educational attainment is generally associated with reduced reliance on Social Security and disability benefits, Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory suggests that the socioeconomic benefits of educational attainment are not equally distributed across racial groups and are weaker for minoritized populations. This study explores the association between educational attainment and reliance on Social Security and disability benefits among Black and White adults in the United States. Objective: Building on the MDRs framework, we analyzed data from the National Health Interview Survey (NHIS) 2023 to examine how educational attainment impacts reliance on Social Security disability income, disability benefits, and public assistance for Black and White adults. Methods: We used a nationally representative sample of Black and White adults from the NHIS 2023 dataset. The outcomes assessed were reliance on three income sources: (1) Social Security disability income, (2) disability benefit income, and (3) public assistance disability income. Educational attainment was classified into three levels: less than high school (reference), high school diploma to some college, and college graduate or more. Logistic regression models assessed the relationship between educational attainment and reliance on each income source, with separate analyses for Black and White adults to evaluate differential effects. Results: Higher levels of educational attainment (high school diploma to some college and college graduate or more) were associated with lower odds of relying on Social Security disability, disability benefits, and public assistance. However, the protective effects of educational attainment were notably stronger for White adults than for Black adults. Among Black adults, even high educational attainment showed limited effectiveness in reducing reliance on these income sources, underscoring the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) phenomenon. Conclusions: Although educational attainment reduces reliance on Social Security and disability-related income sources, these protective effects are less pronounced for Black adults compared to White adults. The findings reveal persistent racial disparities in the economic returns of education, suggesting that structural factors may undermine the socioeconomic and health benefits of educational achievement for Black Americans. Targeted policy interventions may be needed to improve economic stability for Black adults, including those with higher educational credentials.

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Open Access February 09, 2025

The Future of Longevity Medicine from the Lens of Digital Therapeutics

Akshay Ramakrishnan, Raju Rhee, Gunjan Lath, Riya Ramakrishnan

Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data 2025, 5(1), 29-37. DOI: 10.31586/jaibd.2025.1265

Abstract Digital therapeutics (DTx) are emerging as a pivotal tool in promoting longevity by addressing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mental health disorders. These software-driven interventions offer personalized, evidence-based treatments that can be accessed via digital devices, making healthcare more accessible and scalable. One of the key advancements [...] Read more.

Digital therapeutics (DTx) are emerging as a pivotal tool in promoting longevity by addressing non-communicable diseases (NCDs) such as diabetes, cardiovascular diseases, and mental health disorders. These software-driven interventions offer personalized, evidence-based treatments that can be accessed via digital devices, making healthcare more accessible and scalable. One of the key advancements in DTx is the integration of artificial intelligence (AI) and machine learning (ML) to tailor interventions based on individual health data. This personalization enhances the effectiveness of treatments and supports preventive care by identifying risk factors early. The need for digital therapeutics is underscored by the rising prevalence of NCDs, which are responsible for a significant portion of global mortality and healthcare costs. Traditional healthcare systems often struggle to provide timely and personalized care, especially in low-resource settings. DTx can bridge this gap by offering cost-effective solutions that are easily scalable. Moreover, digital therapeutics can address health inequities by providing low-cost interventions to underserved populations, thereby reducing the burden of NCDs and improving overall health outcomes. As technology continues to evolve, the potential for DTx to enhance longevity and quality of life becomes increasingly promising. Recent advancements in longevity medicine and technology have focused on extending both lifespan and healthspan, ensuring that people not only live longer but also maintain good health throughout their extended years. This review article highlights these advancements that are contributing to this compelling subject of Longevity.

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Review Article

Open Access January 23, 2025

Trauma and Early Puberty May Be Stronger Predictors of Early Tobacco Initiation in Girls Compared to Boys

Shervin Assari, Hossein Zare

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2025, 5(1), 1-13. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2025.1135

Abstract Objective: This study investigates the pathways linking socioeconomic status (SES), trauma, early puberty, and tobacco use, with a focus on how these relationships differ by sex. Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, we explore how SES and race contribute to trauma exposure, which in turn may influence early puberty and tobacco use. The study also examines [...] Read more.

Objective: This study investigates the pathways linking socioeconomic status (SES), trauma, early puberty, and tobacco use, with a focus on how these relationships differ by sex. Using data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, we explore how SES and race contribute to trauma exposure, which in turn may influence early puberty and tobacco use. The study also examines potential mediating effects of trauma and early puberty on the association between SES and tobacco use, while comparing these pathways for males and females. Methods: Data were drawn from the ABCD study, and structural equation modeling (SEM) was employed to test direct and indirect pathways between SES, trauma, early puberty, and tobacco use. The sample was stratified by sex to assess differences in these relationships for males and females. Key predictors included SES, race, and age, while outcomes were trauma, early puberty, and tobacco use. The model assessed mediating effects of trauma and early puberty on tobacco use. Results: Trauma was a significant predictor of early puberty for females (B = 0.032, SE = 0.015, p = 0.039) but not males. Early puberty was significantly linked to tobacco use for females (B = 0.048, SE = 0.015, p = 0.001) but not for males. Additionally, trauma had an effect on tobacco use among females (B = 0.048, SE = 0.014, p < 0.001) but not males. Lower SES was significantly associated with higher trauma exposure for both males (B = -0.109, SE = 0.014, p < 0.001) and females (B = -0.110, SE = 0.015, p < 0.001). Conclusions: The findings suggest that trauma and early puberty play more significant roles in the pathways from SES to tobacco use for females than for males. While trauma and early puberty are crucial mediators for females, these factors are less predictive for males. These results highlight the importance of sex-specific interventions targeting trauma and early puberty as pathways to early tobacco use.

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Open Access January 22, 2025

Tech Transformations: Modern Solutions for Obstructive Sleep Apnea

Akshay Ramakrishnan, Raju Rhee, Gunjan Lath, Riya Ramakrishnan

Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data 2025, 5(1), 14-28. DOI: 10.31586/jaibd.2025.1248

Abstract Recent advancements in the screening, diagnosis, and management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have significantly improved patient outcomes. For screening, the use of home sleep apnea testing (HSAT) has become more prevalent, offering a convenient and cost-effective alternative to traditional in-lab polysomnography. HSAT devices have shown good specificity and sensitivity, particularly in [...] Read more.

Recent advancements in the screening, diagnosis, and management of obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) have significantly improved patient outcomes. For screening, the use of home sleep apnea testing (HSAT) has become more prevalent, offering a convenient and cost-effective alternative to traditional in-lab polysomnography. HSAT devices have shown good specificity and sensitivity, particularly in patients with a high pre-test probability of OSA. In terms of diagnosis, advancements in wearable technology and mobile health applications have enabled continuous monitoring of sleep patterns and respiratory parameters. These tools provide valuable data that can be used to identify OSA more accurately and promptly. Additionally, machine learning algorithms are being integrated into diagnostic processes to enhance the accuracy of OSA detection by analyzing large datasets and identifying patterns indicative of the condition. Management of OSA has also seen significant progress. Continuous positive airway pressure (CPAP) therapy remains the gold standard, but new developments include auto-adjusting CPAP devices that optimize pressure settings based on real-time feedback. Mandibular advancement devices and hypoglossal nerve stimulation are emerging as effective alternatives for patients who are CPAP-intolerant. Furthermore, lifestyle interventions such as weight management, positional therapy, and exercise have been shown to complement medical treatments, leading to better overall outcomes. This review article highlights these advancements that collectively contribute to improved patient adherence, reduced symptoms, and enhanced quality of life for individuals with OSA.

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Open Access November 21, 2024

Unequal Returns: Education Fails to Fully Prepare Black and Latino Americans for Retirement

Shervin Assari, Babak Najand, Hossein Zare, Amanda Sonnega

Open Journal of Educational Research 2024, 4(6), 392-401. DOI: 10.31586/ojer.2024.1104

Abstract Background: Retirement is a universal life stage, marking the culmination of an individual's working years. However, many people face financial challenges during retirement due to insufficient financial planning. Retirement preparedness is essential for ensuring economic security and maintaining a high quality of life in later years. Education is often viewed as a key driver of retirement [...] Read more.

Background: Retirement is a universal life stage, marking the culmination of an individual's working years. However, many people face financial challenges during retirement due to insufficient financial planning. Retirement preparedness is essential for ensuring economic security and maintaining a high quality of life in later years. Education is often viewed as a key driver of retirement preparedness, as it is linked to higher earnings, better financial literacy, and improved decision-making. However, the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory suggests that the economic, cognitive, and behavioral benefits of education are weaker for racial and ethnic minorities compared to non-Latino Whites. Objective: This study aims to examine the relationship between educational attainment and retirement preparedness, focusing on whether this association differs among Black, Latino, and non-Latino White individuals, using data from the Understanding America Study (UAS). Methods: Data were drawn from the UAS, a nationally representative internet-based panel survey. The sample included participants from diverse racial and ethnic backgrounds. Linear regression models were used to evaluate the association between educational attainment, measured in years of schooling, and retirement preparedness. Interaction terms were included to test whether the association varied by race and ethnicity. Models were adjusted for potential confounders, including age, sex, marital status, employment status, and immigration. Results: In the overall sample, higher educational attainment was significantly and positively associated with better retirement preparedness (p < 0.001). However, consistent with the MDRs framework, the strength of this association was significantly weaker for Black and Latino participants compared to non-Latino White participants (p < 0.05). Non-Latino Whites with higher education levels reported substantially better retirement preparedness, while the same level of education yielded smaller gains in retirement preparedness for Black and Latino individuals. Conclusion: The findings support the Minorities' Diminished Returns theory, showing that although educational attainment enhances retirement preparedness for all groups, Black and Latino individuals derive fewer benefits compared to their non-Latino White counterparts. These disparities point to persistent structural inequalities and systemic barriers within the education system and labor market, as well as the effects of segregation and discrimination, which undermine the economic benefits of education for marginalized populations. Addressing these disparities requires targeted policy interventions aimed at eliminating racial and ethnic inequalities in retirement outcomes and ensuring equitable benefits from educational attainment for all groups.

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Open Access November 19, 2024

The Cost of Opportunity: Anti-Black Discrimination in High Resource Settings

Shervin Assari, Hossein Zare

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2024, 4(2), 92-110. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2024.1128

Abstract Objective: Inequalities exist in children’s educational outcomes—including reading proficiency, school discrimination, and school disciplinary actions—across zip codes with different levels of educational childhood opportunity index (COI). This study examines the interaction between race and educational environment on children’s educational outcomes. We hypothesize that race, parental [...] Read more.

Objective: Inequalities exist in children’s educational outcomes—including reading proficiency, school discrimination, and school disciplinary actions—across zip codes with different levels of educational childhood opportunity index (COI). This study examines the interaction between race and educational environment on children’s educational outcomes. We hypothesize that race, parental education, and their interaction are associated with perceived school discrimination, which in turn reduces their cognitive, academic, and emotional wellbeing. We also hypothesize that Black children with high socioeconomic status (SES) report high perceived school discrimination in high-COI settings. Methods: Data were drawn from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, which measures a wide range of educational, cognitive, and emotional outcomes. At the same time, the ABCD children are sampled across areas with vast differences in COI rankings, that can be classified into these five categories: very high, high, average, low, and very low educational COIs. Our structural equation models (SEM) tested the additive and interactive effects of race and educational attainment on perceived school discrimination, and the effects of school discrimination on various cognitive abilities (reading proficiency, picture vocabulary, and list sorting working memory), school suspension, as well as depressed mood. Our multi-group SEM assessed how these relationships vary across educational COI levels. Results: Our findings showed that high SES Black children report highest school discrimination in residential areas with highest COIs. This is based on the observation that the interaction between race and parental education on experiences of school discrimination were only significant in areas with highest COI. Across residential areas with different COI levels, students who experienced higher school discrimination had higher suspension, worse depression, and worse cognitive performance. Conclusion: While higher COIs are associated with better academic outcomes, Black-White gaps exist in the role of increased COI through increased racial bias that children perceive. These findings underscore the complexity of educational equity, suggesting that improving COI alone is insufficient for eliminating racial disparities in school experiences. Policies should be in place to reduce school-based discrimination against Black students in high COI settings.

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Open Access November 16, 2024

Digital Therapeutics: A New Dimension to Diabetes Mellitus Management

Raju Rhee, Rahul K Jaiswal, Gunjan Lath

Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data 2024, 4(2), 74-81. DOI: 10.31586/jaibd.2024.1090

Abstract Digital therapeutics (DTx) play a transformative role in diabetes management by leveraging technology to provide personalized, data-driven medical interventions. These tools enhance self-management by offering continuous monitoring and real-time feedback on glucose levels, diet, and physical activity. This personalized approach helps patients adhere to treatment plans and make informed lifestyle [...] Read more.

Digital therapeutics (DTx) play a transformative role in diabetes management by leveraging technology to provide personalized, data-driven medical interventions. These tools enhance self-management by offering continuous monitoring and real-time feedback on glucose levels, diet, and physical activity. This personalized approach helps patients adhere to treatment plans and make informed lifestyle changes, leading to improved clinical outcomes such as reduced HbA1c levels and better overall diabetes control. The importance of DTx lies in their ability to make diabetes care more accessible and convenient. Mobile apps and telemedicine platforms enable patients to receive support and guidance from anywhere, reducing the need for frequent in-person visits. Additionally, DTx often include behavioral support features like reminders, educational content, and motivational tools, which are crucial for maintaining healthy habits and managing stress. Currently, the dynamics of DTx in diabetes are rapidly evolving, with increasing integration of artificial intelligence and machine learning to further personalize and optimize care. As the adoption of these technologies grows, they hold the potential to significantly improve patient outcomes and revolutionize diabetes management on a global scale. This article will focus on the benefits of novel digital therapeutics for prevention and management of type II diabetes that are currently available in the market.

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Open Access November 14, 2024

When Common Becomes Normal: Weaker Association Between Neighborhood Stress and Body Mass Index Among Black Adolescents Compared to White Adolescents

Shervin Assari, Hossein Zare

Global Journal of Cardiovascular Diseases 2024, 3(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.31586/gjcd.2024.1121

Abstract Objective: This study explores the relationship between neighborhood stress and Body Mass Index (BMI) in adolescents, while also examining whether this association differs between Black and White adolescents. Methods: Data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study were analyzed using linear regression models to examine the association between neighborhood stress [...] Read more.

Objective: This study explores the relationship between neighborhood stress and Body Mass Index (BMI) in adolescents, while also examining whether this association differs between Black and White adolescents. Methods: Data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) Study were analyzed using linear regression models to examine the association between neighborhood stress (defined as a composite score based on three items measuring perceived safety and neighborhood fear) and BMI in adolescents, controlling for demographic and socioeconomic variables. We tested models both with and without interaction terms to assess whether race moderated the association. Stratified analyses were conducted to further explore potential differences between Black and White adolescents. Results: A positive association was observed between neighborhood stress and BMI across the overall sample. However, this association was weaker for Black adolescents compared to White adolescents, even after adjusting for potential confounders. Conclusions: The contribution of neighborhood stress to higher BMI in adolescents may vary by race. Our findings suggest that while neighborhood stress is associated with increased BMI, Black adolescents appear to be less affected by these stressors than their White peers. This weaker association could be due to the normalization of stress in environments where it is pervasive (what is common becomes normal) or the presence of other significant risk factors affecting BMI in Black youth, such as poverty, limited food access, food culture, and food deserts. Future research should explore processes of habituation, inoculation, or even sensitization to stress among Black populations, who are often exposed to a wide range of stressors throughout the life course.

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Open Access November 09, 2024

Educated but on Social Security Disability Insurance: Minorities’ Diminished Returns

Shervin Assari, Babak Najand, Hossein Zare, Amanda Sonnega

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2024, 4(2), 81-91. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2024.1108

Abstract Background: Educational attainment is widely regarded as a key predictor of economic and social outcomes in later life, including the likelihood of receiving Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI). According to the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, however, the benefits of education may be less pronounced for racial and ethnic minorities compared to non-Latino [...] Read more.

Background: Educational attainment is widely regarded as a key predictor of economic and social outcomes in later life, including the likelihood of receiving Social Security Disability Insurance (SSDI). According to the Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) theory, however, the benefits of education may be less pronounced for racial and ethnic minorities compared to non-Latino Whites. This study investigates whether the effects of education on the likelihood of receiving SSDI differ by race and ethnicity, focusing on Black and Latino Americans. Objective: The primary aim of this study was to examine the relationship between educational attainment (measured in years of schooling) and the likelihood of receiving SSDI, with a specific focus on exploring how this relationship varies by race and ethnicity, in line with the MDRs framework. Methods: Data were drawn from the Understanding America Study (UAS), a nationally representative, internet-based panel survey. The sample included Black, Latino, and non-Latino White U.S. adults. Our sample size was 12,975 adults over the age of 18. Logistic regression models were used to assess the association between educational attainment and receiving SSDI, adjusting for demographic variables such as age, sex, employment status, and marital status. Interaction terms between race/ethnicity and educational attainment were included to explore whether the returns on education varied across racial and ethnic groups. Results: Higher educational attainment was significantly associated with a lower likelihood of receiving SSDI in the overall sample. However, consistent with the MDRs framework, the protective effect of education was significantly weaker for both Black and Latino individuals compared to non-Latino Whites. Black and Latino participants with similar levels of education as their non-Latino White counterparts were more likely to receive SSDI, reflecting diminished returns on educational attainment for these groups. Conclusion: This study provides strong evidence supporting the MDRs theory, demonstrating that the protective effects of education on the likelihood of receiving SSDI are not equally distributed across racial and ethnic groups. Black and Latino Americans experience weaker returns on their education when it comes to avoiding SSDI, likely due to structural inequalities and systemic barriers. These findings highlight the need for policies that address not only educational disparities but also the broader societal factors that limit the benefits of education for racial and ethnic minorities.

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Open Access August 07, 2024

Revolutionizing Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients: From Concept to Compliance

Manas Gorani

Universal Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2024, 3(1), 27-32. DOI: 10.31586/ujpp.2024.1010

Abstract Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) serve as the cornerstone of pharmaceutical development, driving therapeutic efficacy and safety in drug formulations. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the lifecycle of APIs, starting from their discovery and development, through to manufacturing processes and regulatory oversight. The development of APIs begins with intensive research and [...] Read more.

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) serve as the cornerstone of pharmaceutical development, driving therapeutic efficacy and safety in drug formulations. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the lifecycle of APIs, starting from their discovery and development, through to manufacturing processes and regulatory oversight. The development of APIs begins with intensive research and discovery efforts, where medicinal chemists and pharmacologists identify and optimize potential compounds through computational modelling, high-throughput screening, and structure-activity relationship studies. Promising candidates undergo rigorous preclinical testing to assess pharmacological properties, safety profiles, and potential adverse effects in animal models. Upon successful preclinical outcomes, APIs progress to clinical trials, involving phases of testing in human subjects to evaluate efficacy, dosage regimens, and safety profiles under controlled conditions. Clinical trial data are meticulously analyzed to support regulatory submissions, demonstrating the API's therapeutic benefits and safety for eventual patient use. Manufacturing APIs involves complex chemical synthesis or biotechnological methods, ensuring precise control over reaction conditions, purity, and yield. The scale-up from laboratory synthesis to industrial production demands adherence to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), where stringent quality control measures verify consistency, potency, and stability throughout production batches. Regulatory oversight by authorities such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in Europe ensures that APIs meet stringent standards of safety, efficacy, and quality before market approval. Manufacturers must submit comprehensive Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) data, detailing manufacturing processes, analytical methods, and stability studies to support regulatory filings.

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Open Access November 05, 2024

Diminished Returns of Educational Attainment on Numeracy Score of Latino Populations: Insights from UAS Data

Shervin Assari, Hossein Zare, Golnoush Akhlaghipour, Mario F Mendez

Open Journal of Neuroscience 2024, 2(1), 14-24. DOI: 10.31586/ojn.2024.1098

Abstract Background: Educational attainment is a well-established social determinant of various domains of cognitive function across the lifespan. However, the theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggests that the health benefits of educational attainment tend to be weaker for ethnic minorities compared to non-Latino Whites. This phenomenon may reflect the impact of structural [...] Read more.

Background: Educational attainment is a well-established social determinant of various domains of cognitive function across the lifespan. However, the theory of Minorities' Diminished Returns (MDRs) suggests that the health benefits of educational attainment tend to be weaker for ethnic minorities compared to non-Latino Whites. This phenomenon may reflect the impact of structural inequalities, social stratification, and historical disadvantage. Objective: This study examines whether the association between educational attainment and numeracy score, one domain of cognitive function, is weaker in Latino individuals compared to non-Latino individuals, as predicted by the MDRs framework. Methods: Data were drawn from the 2014 wave of the Understanding America Study (UAS), a national internet-based panel. Numeracy score, a domain of the cognitive function was measured using an 8-item measure. Linear regression models were used to analyze the association between educational attainment and numeracy score, with an interaction term for ethnicity x educational attainment to explore differences between Latino and non-Latino participants. Models were adjusted for age, gender, marital status, immigration, and employment, and results were presented as beta coefficients, p-values, and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Overall, 5,659 participants entered our analysis. Higher educational attainment was positively associated with higher numeracy score for both Latino and non-Latino participants (p < 0.001). However, the interaction between education and ethnicity was significant (p < 0.05), indicating that Latino individuals experienced smaller numeracy benefits from education compared to non-Latino individuals. These results support the MDRs framework, suggesting that structural barriers may reduce the numeracy returns of education for Latino individuals. Conclusion: This study provides evidence of diminished returns of educational attainment in terms of numeracy scores among Latino individuals. While education is a key determinant of cognitive abilities such as numeracy, its benefits are not equitably distributed across ethnic groups. Structural inequalities particularly in educational opportunities likely contribute to this disparity. Addressing these underlying factors through targeted policy interventions is necessary to promote cognitive equity for Latino populations.

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Open Access November 04, 2024

In-Person versus Virtual CEASE Smoking Cessation Interventions

Payam Sheikhattari, Rifath Ara Alam Barsha, Chidubem Egboluche, Adriana Foster, Shervin Assari

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2024, 4(2), 71-80. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2024.1107

Abstract Background: Smoking cessation interventions are critical for underserved populations, particularly among low-income individuals who may benefit from tailored support. However, the effectiveness of different intervention formats remains unclear, particularly as virtual and hybrid models gain popularity. Aims: This study compares the effectiveness of three smoking cessation intervention [...] Read more.

Background: Smoking cessation interventions are critical for underserved populations, particularly among low-income individuals who may benefit from tailored support. However, the effectiveness of different intervention formats remains unclear, particularly as virtual and hybrid models gain popularity. Aims: This study compares the effectiveness of three smoking cessation intervention arms in a quasi-experimental design: Self-help group (Arm 1), In-person group (Arm 2), and Virtual/hybrid group (Arm 3). The primary outcome was the rate of successful quit across these different intervention modalities. Methods: The study utilized a community-based intervention approach, controlling for potential confounders. The communities were randomized, and this process was blinded. The effectiveness of the In-person group and the Virtual/hybrid group was compared to the Self-help group. The odds ratio (OR) for successful quit rates was calculated for each group, with corresponding 95% confidence intervals (CIs). Results: Participants included 50.4% of women, 82.8% were Black Americans, 11.6% Whites, and 3.4% other races. In-person group (Arm 2) showed a higher rate of successful quit compared to the Self-help group (OR = 2.67, 95% CI = 1.05, 6.79). Virtual/hybrid group (Arm 3) was not associated with a significantly higher quit rate compared to the Self-help group (OR = 1.48, 95% CI = 0.57, 3.83). Conclusion: The In-person group, which utilizes the CEASE curriculum and incorporates peer motivation, proved to be significantly more effective than both the Self-help and Virtual/hybrid groups. The findings suggest that low-income, underserved smokers may not be fully prepared to benefit from virtual interventions, or the current curriculum may need adaptation to better serve their needs in a virtual format.

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Open Access October 31, 2024

The Long Shadow of Early Poverty: Poverty at Birth, Epigenetic Changes at Age 15, And Youth Outcomes at Age 22

Shervin Assari, Mohammad Dezfuli, Amirreza Peyrovinasab, Hossein Zare

Current Research in Public Health 2024, 4(1), 26-40. DOI: 10.31586/crph.2024.990

Abstract Background: Early life socioeconomic conditions and race/ethnicity are critical determinants of long-term health and behavioral outcomes. Epigenetic changes, particularly those measured by the GrimAge biomarker, may mediate the impact of these early adversities on later life outcomes. This study investigates the relationships between race/ethnicity, poverty at birth, epigenetic aging at age [...] Read more.

Background: Early life socioeconomic conditions and race/ethnicity are critical determinants of long-term health and behavioral outcomes. Epigenetic changes, particularly those measured by the GrimAge biomarker, may mediate the impact of these early adversities on later life outcomes. This study investigates the relationships between race/ethnicity, poverty at birth, epigenetic aging at age 15, and subsequent self-rated health, school discipline, depression, and school dropout at age 22. We explored sex differences in these paths. Methods: Data were drawn from the Fragile Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS), which included 733 youth with comprehensive follow-up data up to age 22. Structural Equation Modeling (SEM) was employed to assess the pathways from race/ethnicity and poverty at birth to epigenetic aging (GrimAge) at age 15, and subsequently to self-rated health and school discipline at age 22. The model controlled for potential confounders including sex, family structure, and parental education. Results: Race/ethnicity and poverty at birth were significantly associated with higher GrimAge scores at age 15 (p < 0.05). Higher GrimAge scores were predictive of poorer self-rated health (β = -0.08, p < 0.05) and increased instances of school discipline (β = 0.13, p < 0.01) at age 22. The indirect effects of race/ethnicity and poverty at birth on self-rated health and school discipline through GrimAge were also significant (p < 0.05), suggesting that epigenetic aging partially mediates these relationships. Sex differences were also observed. Poverty at birth predicted faster epigenetic aging at age 15 for males not females. We also observed that faster epigenetic aging at age 15 was predictive of school discipline of male not female participants at age 22. In contrast, faster epigenetic aging at age 15 was predictive of self-rated health (SRH) of female not male participants at age 22. Conclusions: This study provides evidence that with some sex differences, race/ethnicity and poverty at birth contribute to accelerated epigenetic aging (GrimAge) by age 15, which in turn predicts poorer self-rated health and increased school discipline issues by age 22. These findings emphasize the importance of early interventions targeting social determinants to mitigate long-term health and behavioral disparities. Addressing these early life conditions is crucial for improving health equity and outcomes in young adulthood.

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Open Access October 30, 2024

Social Determinants of Successful Smoking Cessation: An Eight-Year Analysis of Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) Data

Shervin Assari, Payam Sheikhattari

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2024, 4(2), 60-70. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2024.1070

Abstract Background: Smoking cessation is a crucial public health goal due to its substantial impact on reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco use. However, significant disparities in smoking cessation success persist across socioeconomic groups in the United States. Objectives: This study aimed to examine differences in smoking cessation rates among daily smokers [...] Read more.

Background: Smoking cessation is a crucial public health goal due to its substantial impact on reducing the morbidity and mortality associated with tobacco use. However, significant disparities in smoking cessation success persist across socioeconomic groups in the United States. Objectives: This study aimed to examine differences in smoking cessation rates among daily smokers based on race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status (SES) using data from the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health (PATH) study, spanning waves 1 to 6 (eight years). Methods: Longitudinal data from PATH were analyzed, focusing on baseline daily cigarette smokers followed over an eight-year period to assess cessation outcomes. SES was measured by education and poverty status. Successful smoking cessation was defined as sustained abstinence from cigarettes for 12 months or more at the final wave. Logistic regression models identified predictors of successful cessation, adjusting for potential confounders, including age, nicotine dependence, and access to cessation resources. Results: The analysis revealed significant disparities in cessation success across racial, ethnic, and SES groups. Smokers living in poverty and those with lower educational attainment were less likely to achieve cessation success than their counterparts. Race (Black) and ethnicity (Latino) were also significantly associated with lower cessation success. Conclusions: This study highlights the social determinants of smoking cessation success among U.S. adult smokers, with lower success rates observed among those in poverty and with less educational attainment. These findings emphasize the need for targeted interventions that address the unique barriers to cessation faced by low-SES groups. Public health strategies should prioritize equitable access to cessation resources and culturally tailored interventions to reduce these disparities and improve cessation outcomes among all smokers.

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Open Access October 26, 2024

Exploring the Relationship between Teacher Training and Challenges in Delivering Effective Sex Education

Anaadumba Helen-Zilfah

Open Journal of Educational Research 2024, 4(6), 323-335. DOI: 10.31586/ojer.2024.1138

Abstract This study aimed to explore the relationship between teacher training and challenges in delivering effective sex education in the Sagnarigu district in the Northern region of Ghana. The Social-cultural theory underpins the study. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of this study comprises teachers, head teachers and a School Improvement Support Officer [...] Read more.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between teacher training and challenges in delivering effective sex education in the Sagnarigu district in the Northern region of Ghana. The Social-cultural theory underpins the study. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of this study comprises teachers, head teachers and a School Improvement Support Officer (SiSo) in basic schools in the Gumani/Nyanshegu circuit in the Sagnarigu district of the Northern Region. This study adopted multi-sampling methods to select respondents. Random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the study's 10 basic schools and 83 respondents. The main tools used for the data collection were the questionnaire and interview. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) software version 23 tools. Descriptive Statistical tools such as frequencies were used to gauge the number of occurrences of the studied variables. The qualitative data was also further analysed in line with the research questions to establish patterns of similarities and variations. These were then validated with the quantitative data for any possible contradictions in the findings. The study concludes that people's socio-cultural and religious beliefs and practices affect the teaching of sex education in school. It was observed that sex education could be misconstrued as an encouragement to young people to engage in early sexual promiscuity. Finally, the study concludes that there cannot be effective sex education without the appropriate logistics such as T.L.M.s, syllabus and time allocation for the subject. The study also acknowledges that the availability of these materials must go along with appropriate capacity building for teachers to be well-positioned to teach the subject. It is recommended that Sexuality education should be included in the curricular and academic calendar of basic schools, along with the provision of adequate T.L.M.s and the proper collaboration with appropriate agencies for the effective teaching of the subject. Sex education needs to be given maximum attention, just as any of the life skills subjects, with adequate investment and motivation to both teachers and pupils to ensure a meaningful impact. There should be regular monitoring, supervision, and assessment of the training of teachers and its influence on the teaching of the subject, as well as ensuring that ethical considerations regarding cultural and religious sensitivities and individual privacy issues are upheld.

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Open Access October 19, 2024

Quantitative Intersectionality Scoring System (QISS): Opportunities for Enhancing Predictive Modeling, Comparative Analysis, Health Needs Assessment, and Policy Evaluation

Shervin Assari, Hossein Zare

Journal of Social Mathematical & Human Engineering Sciences 2024, 3(1), 49-61. DOI: 10.31586/jsmhes.2024.1066

Abstract Intersectionality has significantly enhanced our understanding of how overlapping social identities—such as race, ethnicity, gender, sex, class, and sexual orientation—interact to shape individual experiences. However, despite its theoretical importance, much of the existing literature has relied on qualitative approaches to define and study intersectionality, limiting its application in [...] Read more.

Intersectionality has significantly enhanced our understanding of how overlapping social identities—such as race, ethnicity, gender, sex, class, and sexual orientation—interact to shape individual experiences. However, despite its theoretical importance, much of the existing literature has relied on qualitative approaches to define and study intersectionality, limiting its application in predictive modeling, comparative analysis, and policy development. This paper introduces the concept of Quantitative Intersectionality Scoring System (QISS), a novel approach that assigns numerical scores to intersecting identities, thereby enabling a more systematic and data-driven analysis of intersectional effects. We argue that QISS can substantially enhance the utility and predictive validity of quantitative models by capturing the complexities of multiple, overlapping social determinants. By presenting concrete examples, such as the varying impacts of socioeconomic mobility on life expectancy among different intersectional groups, we demonstrate how QISS can yield more precise and reliable forecasts. Such a shift would allow policymakers and service providers to dynamically assess economic and health needs, as well as the uncertainties around them, as individuals move through different social and economic contexts. QISS-based models could be more responsive to the complexities of intersecting identities, allowing for a more quantified and nuanced evaluation of policy interventions. We conclude by discussing the challenges of implementing QISS and emphasizing the need for further research to validate these quantifications using robust quantitative methods. Ultimately, adopting QISS has the potential to improve the accuracy of predictive models and the effectiveness of policies aimed at promoting social justice and health equity.

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Open Access September 27, 2024

The Relationship between Physical Education Activity Programs and Academic Achievement

Colin G. Pennington, Andrew Wolfe

Universal Journal of Sport Sciences 2024, 4(1), 10-14. DOI: 10.31586/ujss.2024.1067

Abstract The benefits of physical activity are immense and indisputable; however, the inclusion of Physical Education Activity Programs (PEAP) within the college setting, specifically the University Undergraduate Core Curriculum, is largely disregarded and viewed as unnecessary. Increased physical activity has shown to have a positive relationship throughout the human development process. Health promotion [...] Read more.

The benefits of physical activity are immense and indisputable; however, the inclusion of Physical Education Activity Programs (PEAP) within the college setting, specifically the University Undergraduate Core Curriculum, is largely disregarded and viewed as unnecessary. Increased physical activity has shown to have a positive relationship throughout the human development process. Health promotion programs should target people of all ages, since the risk of chronic disease starts in childhood and increases with age. In addition to the physical activity benefits associated with human development, decrease disease rate, and extended lifespan, physical activity has also been thoroughly researched and documented to have positive effects on academic achievement. Despite the evidence identified through the results of the research, PEAP at the college level are consistently being ignored and removed from university undergraduate core curriculum. The purpose for university exclusion of PEAP is unknown; however, addressing the gap within the literature may provide justification for re-installment; research has not yet identified the impact of PEAP on the academic achievement of undergraduate students. A positive outcome could be gained by increasing the curricular value of compulsory PK-12 health and physical education requirements.

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Open Access September 12, 2024

Assessment of Coping Strategies Among Nursing Students: Basis for Psychological First Aid

Kenneth Dwight Espulgar, Zyrill Jovelle Faeldan, Christian Joy Ferre, Julie Ann Frago, Andrea Fatima Galanao, Roison Andro Narvaez, Emmy Macaraeg, Rolando Antonio

World Journal of Nursing Research 2024, 3(1), 64-72. DOI: 10.31586/wjnr.2024.1072

Abstract Background: Telomere length is a critical biomarker of cellular aging and overall health. While childhood socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as education and poverty can have long-lasting effects on biological aging, research has shown contradictory results regarding the impact of adulthood SES on future telomere length, particularly in racially and ethnically diverse individuals. [...] Read more.

Background: Telomere length is a critical biomarker of cellular aging and overall health. While childhood socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as education and poverty can have long-lasting effects on biological aging, research has shown contradictory results regarding the impact of adulthood SES on future telomere length, particularly in racially and ethnically diverse individuals. This study investigates the effects of baseline adulthood SES indicators such as education and poverty on telomere length nine years later in women, using data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS). Methods: We analyzed data from the FFCWS, a longitudinal cohort study. The sample included baseline adulthood SES and follow-up telomere length measure of women (n = 2,421) with varying socioeconomic conditions. Telomere length was measured from saliva samples nine years after the baseline measure of adulthood SES. Education, poverty, and marital status at baseline were assessed. Multivariate linear regression models were used to examine the association between adulthood SES indicators at baseline and future telomere length, controlling for potential confounders. Results: From the total 2,421 women, 675 were Latino White, 1,158 were non-Latino Black, and 588 were non-Latino White. Our findings indicate that for non-Latino White women poverty at certain level, and childbirth weight, and for non-Latino Black maternal age were predictors of telomere lengths nine years later. Conclusion: Poverty at a specific level, maternal age and childbirth weight serve as predictors of telomere lengths nine years later in some women. These findings underscore the importance of socioeconomic factors and early-life influences in understanding telomere dynamics and aging processes among women from varied racial and ethnic backgrounds.

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Article

Open Access September 10, 2024

Does Adulthood Socioeconomic Status Predict Subsequent Telomere Length in Racially and Ethnically Diverse Women?

Shervin Assari, Mohammad Dezfuli, Amirreza Peyrovinasab, Hossein Zare

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2024, 4(1), 47-59. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2024.1023

Abstract Background: Telomere length is a critical biomarker of cellular aging and overall health. While childhood socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as education and poverty can have long-lasting effects on biological aging, research has shown contradictory results regarding the impact of adulthood SES on future telomere length, particularly in racially and ethnically diverse individuals. [...] Read more.

Background: Telomere length is a critical biomarker of cellular aging and overall health. While childhood socioeconomic status (SES) indicators such as education and poverty can have long-lasting effects on biological aging, research has shown contradictory results regarding the impact of adulthood SES on future telomere length, particularly in racially and ethnically diverse individuals. This study investigates the effects of baseline adulthood SES indicators such as education and poverty on telomere length nine years later in women, using data from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS). Methods: We analyzed data from the FFCWS, a longitudinal cohort study. The sample included baseline adulthood SES and follow-up telomere length measure of women (n = 2,421) with varying socioeconomic conditions. Telomere length was measured from saliva samples nine years after the baseline measure of adulthood SES. Education, poverty, and marital status at baseline were assessed. Multivariate linear regression models were used to examine the association between adulthood SES indicators at baseline and future telomere length, controlling for potential confounders. Results: From the total 2,421 women, 675 were Latino White, 1,158 were non-Latino Black, and 588 were non-Latino White. Our findings indicate that for women in our study, no adulthood SES indicators such as poverty status, education, or marital status at baseline were predictive of telomere lengths nine years later. Conclusion: Our observations challenge that expected longitudinal association between adulthood SES indicators and subsequent telomere length almost a decade later in racially and ethnically diverse group of women. These findings underscore the need for additional research on the validity of TL as a mediator of the effects of adulthood SES on future rate of biological aging.

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Article

Open Access September 04, 2024

Cognitive and Psychological Mediators of the Social Gradient in Tobacco Use Initiation Among Adolescents: Evidence from the ABCD Study

Shervin Assari, Hossein Zare

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2024, 4(1), 36-46. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2024.1035

Abstract Background: Tobacco use among adolescents is a significant public health concern, with early initiation leading to long-term health risks. Understanding the factors that contribute to the initiation of tobacco use is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies. This study investigates the roles of substance use harm knowledge and tobacco susceptibility in mediating the [...] Read more.

Background: Tobacco use among adolescents is a significant public health concern, with early initiation leading to long-term health risks. Understanding the factors that contribute to the initiation of tobacco use is crucial for developing effective prevention strategies. This study investigates the roles of substance use harm knowledge and tobacco susceptibility in mediating the relationship between social gradients (race, ethnicity, and socioeconomic status) and tobacco use initiation among adolescents. Methods: Data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, comprising a racially, ethnically, and economically diverse sample of tobacco-naive adolescents aged 9 to 16, were analyzed. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to test whether substance use harm knowledge and tobacco susceptibility mediate the effects of socioeconomic status (SES) on the initiation of tobacco use. Results: Findings indicated that both substance use harm knowledge and tobacco susceptibility partially mediate the relationship between SES and tobacco use initiation. Adolescents from lower SES backgrounds exhibited lower levels of harm knowledge and higher levels of tobacco susceptibility, which increased their likelihood of initiating tobacco use. Conclusion: This study highlights the complex interplay between social determinants and individual cognitive and psychological factors in influencing tobacco use initiation among adolescents. Public health interventions that enhance harm knowledge and reduce susceptibility to tobacco use are crucial for preventing initiation, particularly among racially, ethnically, and economically diverse adolescents. These efforts can help reduce health disparities and promote health equity.

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Original Research

Open Access September 04, 2024

Social Epidemiology of Early Initiation of Electronic and Conventional Cigarette Use in Early to Middle Adolescents

Shervin Assari, Hossein Zare, Payam Sheikhattari

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2024, 4(1), 27-35. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2024.1038

Abstract Background: Early initiation of tobacco use among adolescents is a significant public health concern. While there is extensive research on overall tobacco use, much of it focuses on initiation in late adolescence, uses cross-sectional designs, and lacks specific exploration of electronic versus conventional cigarette use. This study aims to investigate social determinants influencing the [...] Read more.

Background: Early initiation of tobacco use among adolescents is a significant public health concern. While there is extensive research on overall tobacco use, much of it focuses on initiation in late adolescence, uses cross-sectional designs, and lacks specific exploration of electronic versus conventional cigarette use. This study aims to investigate social determinants influencing the early initiation of electronic and conventional cigarette use among U.S. adolescents. Methods: We utilized data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study, which follows a cohort of tobacco-naïve children from age nine through age 16. The social determinants examined included household income, parental education, financial difficulties, racial/ethnic minority status, family structure, neighborhood income, and gender minority status. Structural equation models were employed to assess associations between these determinants and early initiation of electronic and conventional cigarette use. Results: Male gender was associated with a higher likelihood of conventional cigarette use, while the risk of early initiation of electronic cigarette use was similar across genders. White adolescents were at a higher risk of conventional cigarette use; however, the risk for electronic cigarette use was comparable across White and non-White groups. Financial difficulties were linked to an increased likelihood of early initiation of conventional cigarette use but not electronic cigarette use. Higher household income was associated with a reduced risk of initiating conventional cigarettes but did not significantly impact electronic cigarette use. Adolescents from married families were less likely to initiate electronic cigarette use. No significant effects were found for parental education or neighborhood income on the initiation of either type of cigarette use. Age did not significantly affect the initiation of either cigarette type, and gender minority status was marginally associated with early initiation of conventional cigarette use. Conclusions: The social patterning of electronic cigarette use differs from that of conventional cigarette use, suggesting that distinct tobacco products do not pose a uniform risk across all adolescents. This study underscores the importance of tailored prevention efforts that address the unique challenges associated with early initiation of electronic and conventional cigarette use among adolescents. The differential risk factors identified suggest targeted prevention strategies for conventional cigarette use, focusing on financial difficulties, household income, and gender-specific interventions. In contrast, prevention efforts for electronic cigarette use may require broader, more inclusive approaches that address all adolescents, regardless of their background. Comprehensive universal screening for electronic cigarette use and targeted screening for conventional cigarette use among adolescents are recommended.

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Open Access August 29, 2024

Adversities Mediate Social Determinants of Youth Tobacco Use Initiation

Shervin Assari, Payam Sheikhattari, Hossein Zare

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2024, 4(1), 15-26. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2024.1039

Abstract Background: Social determinants of health (SDOH) significantly influence health behaviors, including tobacco use among youth. Adversities such as perceived discrimination, perceived neighborhood stress, life trauma, and financial strain are stressors that may mediate the relationship between various SDOH and youth tobacco use. This study aims to investigate whether multidimensional adversities [...] Read more.

Background: Social determinants of health (SDOH) significantly influence health behaviors, including tobacco use among youth. Adversities such as perceived discrimination, perceived neighborhood stress, life trauma, and financial strain are stressors that may mediate the relationship between various SDOH and youth tobacco use. This study aims to investigate whether multidimensional adversities mediate the effects of SDOH on tobacco use among youth. Methods: Data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study were used to test our hypotheses. The sample included a diverse cohort of youth aged 9-10 years old followed until they were 15-16 years old. We examined the effects of baseline parental education, household income, neighborhood income, and family structure on subsequent youth tobacco use. Structural equation models were used to test if adversities (perceived discrimination, life trauma, financial strain) operate as potential mediators. Results: All ABCD participants were eligible for our analysis, regardless of race, ethnicity, or SDOHs (n = 11,878). The findings indicated that the effects of parental education, household income, neighborhood income, and family structure on youth tobacco use were partially mediated by adversities. Higher levels of parental education and household income were associated with lower tobacco use, and this relationship was weakened when accounting for adversities. Similarly, stable family structures and higher neighborhood income were linked to reduced tobacco use, with adversities playing a mediating role. Conclusions: Multidimensional adversities partially mediate the relationship between SDOH at baseline and subsequent youth tobacco use. Interventions aimed at reducing youth tobacco use should address both the social determinants and multiple adversities experienced by adolescents. Policies to improve the educational and economic situations of families, enhance neighborhood environments, and support stable family structures all reduce youth tobacco use, with lower exposure to adversities explaining this effect.

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Article

Open Access July 21, 2024

Securing Pharmaceutical Supply chain to Combat Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Counterfeiting

Shivankar Patra

Universal Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2024, 3(1), 15-21. DOI: 10.31586/ujpp.2024.1015

Abstract Pharmaceutical Product serialization aims to assign distinct serial numbers to items within a pharmaceutical supply chain. However, this process faces several security challenges like Theft of valid serial numbers may occur, enabling the labelling of counterfeit products. Therefore, it's essential to ensure the uniqueness of serial numbers can be verified at any point in the product's lifecycle [...] Read more.

Pharmaceutical Product serialization aims to assign distinct serial numbers to items within a pharmaceutical supply chain. However, this process faces several security challenges like Theft of valid serial numbers may occur, enabling the labelling of counterfeit products. Therefore, it's essential to ensure the uniqueness of serial numbers can be verified at any point in the product's lifecycle within the supply chain. Intimidatory nodes along the distribution network could corrupt planned changes of custody for products. Ensuring verifiability of compliance with these changes is crucial. Manufacturers and consumers need assurance that perishable goods with expired shelf lives are appropriately discarded. In this paper, we review a product serialization method leveraging blockchain technology to address these security concerns within a multi-party perishable goods supply chain. Blockchains offer potential solutions by providing a secure platform for data sharing in multi-party environments, enhancing security and transparency. Within Blockchain technology, each distribution partner is registered to uphold transparency regarding drug information. The system facilitates real-time transfer of ownership changes, recording them as blocks with date and time stamps. This ensures visibility to all partners in real time, maintaining the authenticity of drugs. This article aims to outline how Blockchain technology benefits the pharmaceutical industry by enhancing traceability and trackability of drugs throughout the entire pharmaceutical supply chain.

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Review Article

Open Access July 16, 2024

Poverty Status at Birth Predicts Epigenetic Changes at Age 15

Shervin Assari, Hossein Zare

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2024, 4(1), 1-14. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2024.989

Abstract We used 15 years of follow up of 854 racially and ethnically diverse birth cohort who were followed from birth to age 15. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the effects of race/ethnicity, maternal education, and family structure on poverty at birth, as well as the effects of poverty at birth on epigenetic changes at age 15. We also explored variations by sex. Results: [...] Read more.
We used 15 years of follow up of 854 racially and ethnically diverse birth cohort who were followed from birth to age 15. Structural equation modeling (SEM) was used to examine the effects of race/ethnicity, maternal education, and family structure on poverty at birth, as well as the effects of poverty at birth on epigenetic changes at age 15. We also explored variations by sex. Results: Our findings indicate that Black and Latino families had lower maternal education and married family structure which in turn predicted poverty at birth. Poverty at birth then was predictive of epigenetic changes 15 years later when the index child was 15. This suggested that poverty at birth partially mediates the effects of race/ethnicity, maternal education, and family structure on epigenetic changes of youth at age 15. There was an effect of poverty status at birth on DNA methylation of male but not female youth at age 15. Thus, poverty at birth may have a more salient effect on long term epigenetic changes of male than female youth. Conclusions: Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying the observed sex differences in the effects of poverty as a mechanism that connects race/ethnicity, maternal education, and family structure to epigenetic changes later in life.

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Article

Open Access July 12, 2024

Race, Poverty Status at Birth, and DNA Methylation of Youth at Age 15

Shervin Assari, Hossein Zare

Global Journal of Epidemiology and Infectious Disease 2024, 4(1), 8-19. DOI: 10.31586/gjeid.2024.988

Abstract Epigenetic studies, which can reflect biological aging, have shown that measuring DNA methylation (DNAm) levels provides new insights into the biological effects of social environment and socioeconomic position (SEP). This study explores how race, family structure, and SEP (income to poverty ratio) at birth influence youth epigenetic aging at age 15. Data were obtained from the Future [...] Read more.

Epigenetic studies, which can reflect biological aging, have shown that measuring DNA methylation (DNAm) levels provides new insights into the biological effects of social environment and socioeconomic position (SEP). This study explores how race, family structure, and SEP (income to poverty ratio) at birth influence youth epigenetic aging at age 15. Data were obtained from the Future of Families and Child Wellbeing Study (FFCWS) cohort, with GrimAge used as a measure of DNAm levels and epigenetic aging. Our analysis included 854 racially and ethnically diverse participants followed from birth to age 15. Structural equation modeling (SEM) examined the relationships among race, SEP at birth, and epigenetic aging at age 15, controlling for sex, ethnicity, and family structure at birth. Findings indicate that race was associated with lower SEP at birth and faster epigenetic aging. Specifically, income to poverty ratio at birth partially mediated the effects of race on accelerated aging by age 15. The effect of income to poverty ratio at birth on DNAm was observed in male but not female youth at age 15. Thus, SEP partially mediated the effect of race on epigenetic aging in male but not female youth. These results suggest that income to poverty ratio at birth partially mediates the effects of race on biological aging into adolescence. These findings highlight the long-term biological impact of early-life poverty in explaining racial disparities in epigenetic aging and underscore the importance of addressing economic inequalities to mitigate these disparities. Policymakers should focus on poverty prevention in Black communities to prevent accelerated biological aging and associated health risks later in life. Interventions aimed at eliminating poverty and addressing racial inequities could have significant long-term benefits for public health. Future research should explore additional factors contributing to epigenetic aging and investigate potential interventions to slow down the aging process. Further studies are needed to understand the mechanisms underlying these associations and to identify effective strategies for mitigating the impact of SEP and racial disparities on biological aging.

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Article

Open Access May 28, 2024

Mutational Analysis of Driver and Non-driver Mutations of Philadelphia Chromosome-negative Myeloproliferative Neoplasms; Diagnosis and Recent Advances in Treatment

Blessing Opeyemi Afolabi, Amani Riwaz, Jagathpriya Weerasena, Senani Williams, Thanuja Denipitiya, Buddhika Somawardana, Mishal Faizan, Prasanna Galhena

World Journal of Cancer and Oncology Research 2024, 3(1), 13-32. DOI: 10.31586/wjcor.2024.909

Abstract Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are hematological disorders affecting myeloid stem cells. They are classified as Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome positive-chronic myeloid leukemia, and Ph-negative polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, primary myelofibrosis, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, and MPN unclassifiable. This review is mainly focused on the Ph-negative MPNs namely, PV, ET, and PMF. These affect both males and females with a slight male predominance, with patients mainly presenting in the seventh decade. Patients often present with thrombotic events resulting in complications that lower survival rates. The major driver mutations that have been identified in MPNs are JAK2 Exon 14, JAK2 Exon 12, MPL Exon 10, and CALR Exon 9. The importance of these driver mutations gives due recognition to their inclusion into the 2022 diagnostic criteria of the MPN WHO Classification. However, other non-driver mutations have also been reported, especially in triple-negative cases. These mutations lead to downstream constitutive activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, as well as the MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways. Insights into the molecular pathogenesis of MPN and its association with JAK2, CALR, and MPL [...] Read more.

Myeloproliferative neoplasms (MPNs) are hematological disorders affecting myeloid stem cells. They are classified as Philadelphia (Ph) chromosome positive-chronic myeloid leukemia, and Ph-negative polycythemia vera, essential thrombocythemia, primary myelofibrosis, chronic neutrophilic leukemia, chronic eosinophilic leukemia, juvenile myelomonocytic leukemia, and MPN unclassifiable. This review is mainly focused on the Ph-negative MPNs namely, PV, ET, and PMF. These affect both males and females with a slight male predominance, with patients mainly presenting in the seventh decade. Patients often present with thrombotic events resulting in complications that lower survival rates. The major driver mutations that have been identified in MPNs are JAK2 Exon 14, JAK2 Exon 12, MPL Exon 10, and CALR Exon 9. The importance of these driver mutations gives due recognition to their inclusion into the 2022 diagnostic criteria of the MPN WHO Classification. However, other non-driver mutations have also been reported, especially in triple-negative cases. These mutations lead to downstream constitutive activation of the JAK/STAT signaling pathway, as well as the MAPK, and PI3K/Akt pathways. Insights into the molecular pathogenesis of MPN and its association with JAK2, CALR, and MPL mutations have identified JAK2 as a rational therapeutic target. Thus, as an approach to MPN therapy, JAK2 inhibitors, such as ruxolitinib, have been shown to effectively inhibit JAK2, and are currently in clinical trials in combination with other drug classes. This review comprehensively examines the molecular markers of the main Ph-negative MPNs, as well as diagnosis and treatment options.

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Review Article

Open Access May 12, 2024

Socio-Demographic Factors Influencing Work-Family Conflict Among Hotel Managers

Samuel Otoo

Universal Journal of Business and Management 2024, 4(1), 15-27. DOI: 10.31586/ujbm.2024.946

Abstract This study examines the influence of socio-demographic factors on work-family conflict among management staff in star-rated hotels in the Accra Metropolis. The research aims to explore how variables such as gender, age, marital status, and educational background impact the experiences of work-family conflict among hotel managers. A quantitative research design was employed, and data were collected [...] Read more.

This study examines the influence of socio-demographic factors on work-family conflict among management staff in star-rated hotels in the Accra Metropolis. The research aims to explore how variables such as gender, age, marital status, and educational background impact the experiences of work-family conflict among hotel managers. A quantitative research design was employed, and data were collected through structured questionnaires distributed to a purposive sample of hotel managers. The findings reveal significant associations between socio-demographic characteristics and work-family conflict, highlighting the complexities of balancing work responsibilities with family obligations in the hospitality industry. The implications of the study underscore the importance of tailored interventions to support the well-being of hotel managers, while the recommendations emphasise the implementation of work-life balance programs, support for family obligations, promotion of diversity and inclusion, and continuous training and development. It is recommended that hotel organisations create a supportive work environment that enhances the job satisfaction and productivity of their management staff. This study contributes valuable insights to the existing literature on work-family conflict in the hospitality sector and provides a foundation for future research endeavours in this area.

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Article

Open Access April 24, 2024

Optimization of Delirium Care in Adult Patients with Cancer: A Comprehensive and Integrative Review of Efficacy and Patient Outcomes

Onyekachi Darlington Bennette Ojiaku, Pius Chukwudi Duru, Aloysius Obinna Ikwuka, Francis Chigozie Udeh

World Journal of Clinical Medicine Research 2024, 4(1), 7-22. DOI: 10.31586/wjcmr.2024.914

Abstract Delirium is a major complication most commonly observed in patients with advanced cancer. However, despite its prevalence, the early diagnosis, management, and prevention of this condition have not seen significant progress. Aim of this research is to provide insights into the prevalence of delirium, the optimization of interventions for managing delirium symptoms, their effectiveness and the [...] Read more.

Delirium is a major complication most commonly observed in patients with advanced cancer. However, despite its prevalence, the early diagnosis, management, and prevention of this condition have not seen significant progress. Aim of this research is to provide insights into the prevalence of delirium, the optimization of interventions for managing delirium symptoms, their effectiveness and the impact of underlying factors on the reversibility of delirium in advanced cancer patients receiving palliative care. The review involved systematic searches of relevant databases including MEDLINE, CINAHL, ProQuest Nursing and Allied Health, and PsychInfo using refined search terms. Eight publications out of 614 studies originally searched were selected and critically reviewed. Their quality was assessed using Joanna Briggs Institute's Critical Appraisal Tool for Case Series. Data abstraction and content analysis were performed to synthesize the findings. Delirium is prevalent among advanced cancer patients in palliative care, with rates ranging from 10.3% to 24.1%. Pharmacotherapy and non-pharmacological interventions showed effectiveness in reducing delirium symptoms. Delirium was found to be reversible through palliative care interventions, antipsychotic medications, and exercise therapy. Effective delirium management is crucial in improving the quality of life of cancer patients. This review emphasizes the importance of subtype-specific treatments, standardized guidelines, and long-term follow-up studies. Implementing evidence-based individualized approaches to delirium management can optimize treatment efficacy and clinical outcomes in patients as well as improve the quality of care. Tailored interventions, standardized protocols, and further research are hereby recommended.

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Review Article

Open Access April 16, 2024

Impact of Covid-19 on the Active Pharmaceutical Ingredient Supply Chain

Sourav Adak

Universal Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2024, 3(1), 6-9. DOI: 10.31586/ujpp.2024.916

Abstract An increasing number of adverse events are raising concern in the pharmaceutical supply chain due to contaminated active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients are not currently under the scope of environmental regulations, despite their negative impact on human health and the environment. API's life cycle plays a significant role in identifying potential [...] Read more.

An increasing number of adverse events are raising concern in the pharmaceutical supply chain due to contaminated active pharmaceutical ingredients (APIs). Most of the active pharmaceutical ingredients are not currently under the scope of environmental regulations, despite their negative impact on human health and the environment. API's life cycle plays a significant role in identifying potential supply chain sources and determining their impact on the environment. The Covid-19 pandemic's intermittent manufacturing interruptions and the increase in the frequency of drug shortages over the past ten years have sparked worries about how resilient the world's drug supply chains are. Many clinical trials were conducted on patients with COVID-19 during the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic and resulted in millions of deaths globally by 2022.

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Review Article

Open Access November 15, 2023

Predictive Failure Analytics in Critical Automotive Applications: Enhancing Reliability and Safety through Advanced AI Techniques

Vishwanadham Mandala

Journal of Artificial Intelligence and Big Data 2023, 3(1), 4-16. DOI: 10.31586/jaibd.2024.917

Abstract Failure prediction can be achieved through prognostics, which provides timely warnings before failure. Failure prediction is crucial in an effective prognostic system, allowing preventive maintenance actions to avoid downtime. The prognostics problem involves estimating the remaining useful life (RUL) of a system or component at any given time. The RUL is defined as the time from the current time [...] Read more.

Failure prediction can be achieved through prognostics, which provides timely warnings before failure. Failure prediction is crucial in an effective prognostic system, allowing preventive maintenance actions to avoid downtime. The prognostics problem involves estimating the remaining useful life (RUL) of a system or component at any given time. The RUL is defined as the time from the current time to the time of failure. The goal is to make accurate predictions close to the failure time to provide early warnings. J S Grewal and J. Grewal provide a comprehensive definition of RUL in their paper "The Kalman Filter approach to RUL estimation." A process is a quadruple (XU f P), where X is the state space, U is the control space, P is the set of possible paths, and f represents the transition between states. The process involves applying control values to change the system's state over time.

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Open Access November 02, 2023

Oncological Disease in Metastatic Breast Neoplasia and Palliative Care: A Review

Luísa Soares, Raquel Vasconcelos, Ana Lúcia Faria

World Journal of Cancer and Oncology Research 2023, 2(2), 122-132. DOI: 10.31586/wjcor.2023.802

Abstract Cancer is the second cause of death worldwide, affecting one in six people, with breast cancer being the most prevalent in females. Adapting to an oncological disease entails many physical and psychological changes that affect the patient and their families. This work aims to present existing scientific research on adaptation to oncological disease and the end of life of women with metastatic [...] Read more.

Cancer is the second cause of death worldwide, affecting one in six people, with breast cancer being the most prevalent in females. Adapting to an oncological disease entails many physical and psychological changes that affect the patient and their families. This work aims to present existing scientific research on adaptation to oncological disease and the end of life of women with metastatic cancer aged between 45 and 65, framing with Acceptance and Commitment Therapy. (TAC). Fifty documents with publication dates between 2002 and 2022 were included in this study. It was found that there is much information on the topic in question, as it is a problem that affects not only women but also all the systems they are in. When faced with a terminal diagnosis, a woman faces many doubts and uncertainties, in addition to all the physical effects of the disease. Therefore, she should be accompanied by a team specialized in Palliative Care, which can provide her and her family with all the support needed in this challenging phase.

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Review Article

Open Access November 01, 2023

Serialized Drug Traceability in the Supply Chain Using Distributed Ledger Technology

Shivankar Patra

Universal Journal of Pharmacy and Pharmacology 2023, 2(1), 47-53. DOI: 10.31586/ujpp.2023.815

Abstract Currently, Drug Counterfeiting is the biggest challenge facing the pharmaceutical industry. They are encountering this threat due to high market demand for the drugs and their profit margin. The lack of data transparency and traceability also lured criminals into the counterfeiting of drugs which, is impacting people’s health and put their life in danger. Through the drug supply chain, a [...] Read more.

Currently, Drug Counterfeiting is the biggest challenge facing the pharmaceutical industry. They are encountering this threat due to high market demand for the drugs and their profit margin. The lack of data transparency and traceability also lured criminals into the counterfeiting of drugs which, is impacting people’s health and put their life in danger. Through the drug supply chain, a substantial portion of counterfeit drugs are injected and distributed through the healthcare supply chain network, so the supply chain plays a vital role in drug distribution and impacts patient lives. Through digitalization in the healthcare sector, Distributed Ledger Technology (DLT) provides a platform with ground-breaking results by providing a system for drug traceability with consideration of the critical requirements of transparency, privacy, and authenticity without involving any third party. In DLT, each distribution partner is registered to maintain transparency with the drug information. Real-time transfer of information about the change of ownership with date and time in the form of blocks gives visibility to all the partners in real time about the authenticity of drugs. This article will give information about the benefits of Distributed Ledger Technology to the pharmaceutical industry and the traceability of drugs from end-to-end of the pharmaceutical supply chain.

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Review Article

Open Access October 27, 2023

An Assessment of Insect Fauna on Staminate and Pistillate Flowers of Cocos nucifera: A Case of Asebu in the Central Region of Ghana

Emmanuel Sylvanus Aidoo, Millicent Gyesi

Open Journal of Agricultural Research 2023, 3(1), 42-57. DOI: 10.31586/ojar.2023.814

Abstract Quantitatively, this study aimed to determine the abundance and diversity of the insect fauna that visits the staminate and pistillate flowers of Cocos nucifera. The study was conducted at an experimental plantation belonging to the Coconut Research Programme (CRP) of the Oil Palm Research Institute (OPRI) of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), to provide diagnostic support for the Cape St. Paul Wilt Disease (CSPWD) at Asebu in the Central Region of Ghana. The populations of coconut palms represented the dwarf type with few tall ecotypes. Five Insects were randomly chosen with newly opened inflorescences. Observations and collections of insect visitors to coconut flowers were made once a week on 30 newly opened inflorescences, five from each batch within the plantation. Specimens of the data were deposited in the official insect collection and processed at the laboratory of the Entomology Museum of the Department of Conservation Biology and Entomology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. The study indicated that 9 different species of insects were identified to be the true fauna that visited the staminate and pistillate flowers of C. nucifera Ethiosciapus sp., Sarcophaga sp., Scolia dubia, Lucilia sp., Ornidia sp., Apis melifera, Dactylurina standingeri, Red Ant and Black Ant. These insects were observed in all the six batches considered and were available at all times of the day. Most of the insects were observed in the early morning from 6 am - 9 am followed by the evening 4 pm –7 pm. The abundance of insect visitors was low during the mid-day (11 a.m. to 3 p.m.) in all six batches during high temperatures. The results of this study revealed that there were abundances of Ethioscipus sp. was the least abundant in all the batches followed by Scolia dubia then Sarcophaga sp. Red Ants had the highest abundance in most of the Batches thus becoming the most abundant insect that forage the coconut inflorescence at the Asebu plantation. The bees, Apis melifera and Dactylurina standingeri were the most abundant species after the Red Ants. All these groups of insects were not considered in the study and it is recommended that further studies consider such visitors to observe which insects are doing what on the inflorescence. The range for the ‘time of day for’ of the study was mostly diurnal (morning 6 am-9 am, afternoon 11 am-2 pm and evening 4 pm7 pm). There was no observation made of the pollination system or activities of these insect visitors nocturnally. There may be high pollination activities of these insects during the late evenings. It is recommended that future work should incorporate the late evening period to observe an abundance of diurnal insect visitors of the coconut inflorescences.Keywords: Insect, Fauna, Staminate, Pistillate Flowers, Cocos nucifera [...] Read more.

Quantitatively, this study aimed to determine the abundance and diversity of the insect fauna that visits the staminate and pistillate flowers of Cocos nucifera. The study was conducted at an experimental plantation belonging to the Coconut Research Programme (CRP) of the Oil Palm Research Institute (OPRI) of the Council for Scientific and Industrial Research (CSIR), to provide diagnostic support for the Cape St. Paul Wilt Disease (CSPWD) at Asebu in the Central Region of Ghana. The populations of coconut palms represented the dwarf type with few tall ecotypes. Five Insects were randomly chosen with newly opened inflorescences. Observations and collections of insect visitors to coconut flowers were made once a week on 30 newly opened inflorescences, five from each batch within the plantation. Specimens of the data were deposited in the official insect collection and processed at the laboratory of the Entomology Museum of the Department of Conservation Biology and Entomology, University of Cape Coast, Ghana. The study indicated that 9 different species of insects were identified to be the true fauna that visited the staminate and pistillate flowers of C. nucifera Ethiosciapus sp., Sarcophaga sp., Scolia dubia, Lucilia sp., Ornidia sp., Apis melifera, Dactylurina standingeri, Red Ant and Black Ant. These insects were observed in all the six batches considered and were available at all times of the day. Most of the insects were observed in the early morning from 6 am - 9 am followed by the evening 4 pm –7 pm. The abundance of insect visitors was low during the mid-day (11 a.m. to 3 p.m.) in all six batches during high temperatures. The results of this study revealed that there were abundances of Ethioscipus sp. was the least abundant in all the batches followed by Scolia dubia then Sarcophaga sp. Red Ants had the highest abundance in most of the Batches thus becoming the most abundant insect that forage the coconut inflorescence at the Asebu plantation. The bees, Apis melifera and Dactylurina standingeri were the most abundant species after the Red Ants. All these groups of insects were not considered in the study and it is recommended that further studies consider such visitors to observe which insects are doing what on the inflorescence. The range for the ‘time of day for’ of the study was mostly diurnal (morning 6 am-9 am, afternoon 11 am-2 pm and evening 4 pm7 pm). There was no observation made of the pollination system or activities of these insect visitors nocturnally. There may be high pollination activities of these insects during the late evenings. It is recommended that future work should incorporate the late evening period to observe an abundance of diurnal insect visitors of the coconut inflorescences.Keywords: Insect, Fauna, Staminate, Pistillate Flowers, Cocos nucifera

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Open Access October 22, 2023

An Appraisal of Work-Family Conflict on Management Staff of Star-Rated Hotels

Samuel Otoo, Anthony Bordoh, Kate Gyasi, Shirley Dankwa

Universal Journal of Business and Management 2023, 3(1), 28-45. DOI: 10.31586/ujbm.2023.804

Abstract The objective of this research was to investigate work-family conflict among management staff of hotels in the Accra Metropolis of Ghana. The study employs the pragmatism approach and Convergent parallel mixed methods research technique. The population of the study is all-star-rated management staff of star-rated hotels in the Accra metropolis. Stratified, random and convenient sampling techniques [...] Read more.

The objective of this research was to investigate work-family conflict among management staff of hotels in the Accra Metropolis of Ghana. The study employs the pragmatism approach and Convergent parallel mixed methods research technique. The population of the study is all-star-rated management staff of star-rated hotels in the Accra metropolis. Stratified, random and convenient sampling techniques were used to select 182 out of 356 respondents. One hundred (100) were sampled using a formula and a table determination of sample size based on the confidence level needed from a given population as provided by Krejcie and Morgan in 1970 for the study. Ten managers were conveniently interviewed on the issues of work-family conflict. The main instruments for data collection were a questionnaire and a semi-structured interview guide. This study adopted factor analysis and a structural equation model to examine factors that influence work-family conflict. This statistical technique was used in the research to investigate the factorability of the variables of work-related and family-related factors separately and a structural equation model was used to combine both factors to better understand the relationship. Linear regression was used to determine the relationship between work-family conflict. Pearson product-moment Correlation and structural equation model were used to determine the consequences of work-family conflict. It can be concluded that both work-related such as work overload, job type and involvement as well as family-related factors such as life cycle stage, and childcare arrangement predict work-family conflict among managers of hotels in the Accra metropolis. It is also deducted WFC affect managers’ performance on the job, exhaust them emotionally and also influences their intentions to leave the job for another. Managers usually feel fatigued to prepare for work and physically drained after work. They also feel depressed and emotionally drained sometimes. It is recommended that top management of hotels should allocate a budget to build an organisational culture that encourages work-family balance. Frontline managers should be trained to be aware of the benefit of providing support in the work environment that will help staff balance work and family. It is also recommended that hotel jobs be redesigned by the human resource unit to reduce workload and make it more interesting for managers so they may not feel overworked. Overworking of managers will enhance their intentions to quit the job and this will be costly for hotels.

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Open Access February 20, 2023

Response of Three Cucumber Cultivars to the Application of Sulphate of Ammonia as top Dressing with Respect to Fruit Yield and Shelf Life

Yakubu Jacob Fuseini, Alhassan Nurideen

Open Journal of Agricultural Research 2023, 3(1), 1-11. DOI: 10.31586/ojar.2023.629

Abstract The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the Horticulture Department, University for Development Studies (UDS), Nyankpala campus with the aim of determining the response of three cucumber cultivars (Marketer, Nandini, Pointset) to the application of sulphate of ammonia as top dressing with respect to fruit yield, and shelf life. It was a 3 x 3 x 2 factorial arranged in a [...] Read more.

The experiment was conducted in the experimental field of the Horticulture Department, University for Development Studies (UDS), Nyankpala campus with the aim of determining the response of three cucumber cultivars (Marketer, Nandini, Pointset) to the application of sulphate of ammonia as top dressing with respect to fruit yield, and shelf life. It was a 3 x 3 x 2 factorial arranged in a randomized complete block design with three replications. Data was collected on total fruit yield, shelf life and percentage fruit decay in storage. Their effect on the varieties differed significantly to a varying degree. The factors, however, had no significant impact and caused no difference in the fruit yield and fruit weight. 15:15:15 NPK effect on the cucumbers caused a high decay incidence when applied alone or in combination with (NH₄)₂SO₄. Therefore, the application rate may be revised or reduced to experiment if decay incidence would decline in storage. Further studies may extensively be carried out to note if varying the rate of NPK would impact positively on the shelf life of cucumber. (NH₄)₂SO₄ effect increased weight loss in cucumbers hence, better storage techniques should be considered by controlling high temperatures. Complete fertilizer; 15:15:15 NPK and (NH₄)₂SO₄ had a positive impact on protein and fibre. Hence, their application is recommended for increasing protein and fibre level in cucumbers.

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Open Access February 04, 2023

Microbial Quality of Home Prepared Complementary Foods in Slum Households with Children of Age 6-24 Months in Addis Ababa: A Community Based Cross-sectional Study

Abiyot Tenna, Esubalew Tesfahun, Dejene Derseh, Gebremedhin Yenehun, Teshome Nigussie

Open Journal of Food and Nutrition 2022, 1(1), 40-50. DOI: 10.31586/ojfn.2023.595

Abstract Background: Foodborne disease is a worldwide challenge. It causes a huge burden of diarrhea in children mostly in developing countries and this is common during the complementary feeding periods. As home serve as the proliferation ground for microbial pathogens, home- prepared complementary foods, coupled with unhygienic feeding practice and contamination, it is the cause of child morbidity and poor nutritional status. This is worse in slum households. However, recent evidence is very scarce and further study is very necessary. Objective: To investigate the microbiological quality of home-prepared complementary foods in slum households with children of 6-24 months in Addis Ababa, 2021. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study design was used and a total of 91 households were included. Three sub-cities in Addis Ababa and slum settlements within each sub-city were randomly selected by lottery method. Households with children of age from 6-24 months were selected by systematic random sampling. Laboratory investigation was used for microbial identification and excel sheet was used for data entry and cleaning. SPSS V. 23 was used for data analysis. Result: The median and interquartile range of aerobic plate count, S.aureus, yeast, molds and total coliforms are log5.75cfu/ml, Log1.84cfu/ml; Log4.7cfu/ml, Log5.46cfu/ml; Log5.29 cfu/ml, Log3.68cfu/ml; Log4.17cfu/ml, Log4.70cfu/ml; and Log0, Log3.5cfu/ml, respectively. Fecal coliform and E.coli were observed in 19% and 10% of complementary food samples. Conclusion: The load of aerobic plate count, S.aureus [...] Read more.

Background: Foodborne disease is a worldwide challenge. It causes a huge burden of diarrhea in children mostly in developing countries and this is common during the complementary feeding periods. As home serve as the proliferation ground for microbial pathogens, home- prepared complementary foods, coupled with unhygienic feeding practice and contamination, it is the cause of child morbidity and poor nutritional status. This is worse in slum households. However, recent evidence is very scarce and further study is very necessary. Objective: To investigate the microbiological quality of home-prepared complementary foods in slum households with children of 6-24 months in Addis Ababa, 2021. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study design was used and a total of 91 households were included. Three sub-cities in Addis Ababa and slum settlements within each sub-city were randomly selected by lottery method. Households with children of age from 6-24 months were selected by systematic random sampling. Laboratory investigation was used for microbial identification and excel sheet was used for data entry and cleaning. SPSS V. 23 was used for data analysis. Result: The median and interquartile range of aerobic plate count, S.aureus, yeast, molds and total coliforms are log5.75cfu/ml, Log1.84cfu/ml; Log4.7cfu/ml, Log5.46cfu/ml; Log5.29 cfu/ml, Log3.68cfu/ml; Log4.17cfu/ml, Log4.70cfu/ml; and Log0, Log3.5cfu/ml, respectively. Fecal coliform and E.coli were observed in 19% and 10% of complementary food samples. Conclusion: The load of aerobic plate count, S.aureus, yeast, molds, and total coliform are high in samples of complementary foods. Therefore, intervention studies for further identification of contamination sources should be made in order to minimize contamination of complementary foods and associated infections.

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Open Access January 27, 2023

Sexual Functioning of Patients with Gynecologic Cancers: A Qualitative Synthesis

Bernadette Rom Arjona, Darvin Crisologo Jr., Mitzil Mae Lupisan, Gold Mendoza, Roison Andro Narvaez

World Journal of Cancer and Oncology Research 2023, 2(1), 10-28. DOI: 10.31586/wjcor.2023.598

Abstract Background: Sexuality is considered to be one of the most significant markers of quality of life. This is due to the fact that sexuality is linked to ideas, feelings, behaviors, social integration, and therefore, a person's physical and mental health and well-being but with patients who have gynecologic cancers, there are significant challenges when it comes to matters of sexuality and [...] Read more.

Background: Sexuality is considered to be one of the most significant markers of quality of life. This is due to the fact that sexuality is linked to ideas, feelings, behaviors, social integration, and therefore, a person's physical and mental health and well-being but with patients who have gynecologic cancers, there are significant challenges when it comes to matters of sexuality and intimacy. Aim: To find out how gynecological cancer affects women's sexual experiences and how they express sexuality in the context of their sickness Design: A qualitative synthesis, thematic approach Result: Nineteen (19) eligible studies centered with gynecologic cancers on sexual functioning were included with two (2) main themes emerged: (1) Issues with Sexual Experiences and (2) Physical and Emotional Burden. Many individuals were found to have one or more sexual dysfunctions, which commonly caused distress. Conclusion: Changes in the women’s quality of life in the sexual aspect due to their disease takes a toll not just on the physical but in other facets as well. Better knowledge and patient-centered approaches would improve gynecologic cancer patients' capacity to cope in terms of sexual functioning. Implications: Healthcare professionals such as oncology nurses and doctors should better understand ways to address the sexual problems of their patients following the myriad of events following their diagnosis and treatment of their gynecologic cancers.

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Open Access January 03, 2023

Indigenous Water Resource Conservation Practices in Contemporary Ghanaian Society

Bismark Kwasi Osei

Universal Journal of Social Sciences and Humanities 2023, 3(1), 1-10. DOI: 10.31586/ujssh.2023.573

Abstract This position paper discusses indigenous water resource conservation practices and modern methods to address challenges in Akwamu traditional area in the Eastern region of Ghana. Africa is bedeviled with environmental crisis in this 21st century, and this has been a major concern to environmental conservationists. In Ghana, one of such environmental crisis is pollution of water bodies as a result [...] Read more.

This position paper discusses indigenous water resource conservation practices and modern methods to address challenges in Akwamu traditional area in the Eastern region of Ghana. Africa is bedeviled with environmental crisis in this 21st century, and this has been a major concern to environmental conservationists. In Ghana, one of such environmental crisis is pollution of water bodies as a result of indiscriminate human activities. Some have argued that non-recognition of indigenous knowledge in the management of water resources has been one of the major challenges of water resource crisis in Africa and Ghana is no exception. In the life and thought of indigenous people of Ghana, studies confirm that conservation of water resources is enforced through traditional religiously governed norms which have stood the test of time before formal institutions responsible for biodiversity conservation were established by government. Using Akwamu traditional area in Ghana as a case, this study explores how the indigenous people manage water bodies and to find out the possibility of incorporating indigenous knowledge practices and modern methods to address the current water resource problems in Ghana. Primary and secondary sources are employed for data collection. The study is carried out within the concept of ‘worldview’ to understand how indigenous people manage the environment through their indigenous belief systems. The findings are that; indigenous knowledge practices are potential tools for addressing water resource crisis in Ghana. The study also indicates that if indigenous knowledge practices are used alongside with the modern methods in water resource management, our water resource problems would be minimized if not totally solved in Africa.

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Open Access January 01, 2023

Analysis of D- and L- Isomers of (Meth)amphetamine in Human K2EDTA Plasma

Brian Robbins, Jacob Perry, Mary Long, Rob E. Carpenter

Journal of Biomedical and Life Sciences 2023, 3(1), 1-12. DOI: 10.31586/jbls.2023.534

Abstract Methamphetamine and its metabolite amphetamine are frequently abused drugs. Whether obtained legally or from clandestine laboratories it is of relevance to determine the chiral makeup of these drugs for investigative purpose. Although urine and oral fluid matrices are commonly offered, less available to independent laboratories are techniques to verify dextro (D-) or levo (L-) (meth)amphetamine [...] Read more.

Methamphetamine and its metabolite amphetamine are frequently abused drugs. Whether obtained legally or from clandestine laboratories it is of relevance to determine the chiral makeup of these drugs for investigative purpose. Although urine and oral fluid matrices are commonly offered, less available to independent laboratories are techniques to verify dextro (D-) or levo (L-) (meth)amphetamine from human K2EDTA plasma. This paper outlines the development and validation of a method that includes the addition of internal standard and a two-step liquid-liquid extraction to remove the analytes from human K2EDTA plasma by triple quadrupole mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS). The assay was validated according to the United States Food and Drug Administration and College of American Pathologists guidelines, including assessment of the following parameters in plasma validation samples: linear range, limit of detection, lower limit of quantitation, matrix effects, inter- and intra-day assay precision and accuracy, carry over, linearity of dilution, matrix effects and stability. The outcome is a validated and reliable method for the determination of D- and L- isomer concentration of meth(amphetamine) human plasma samples that can be easily adopted by independent clinical laboratories.

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Open Access December 25, 2022

Cancer Risk Assessment Tools in Primary Care Settings: An Integrative Review

Christian Paul Virtucio, Kamille Ivvah Moraleda, Karylle Conanan, Roison Andro Narvaez

World Journal of Cancer and Oncology Research 2023, 2(1), 1-9. DOI: 10.31586/wjcor.2023.568

Abstract Background: There are currently numerous risk instruments available to aid in predicting the present or future chance of getting a cancer diagnosis. It aids in determining a person's likelihood of developing certain cancers by looking at various risk factors, including environmental, behavioral, and genetic. Aim: To analyze the effectiveness of cancer risk assessment techniques [...] Read more.

Background: There are currently numerous risk instruments available to aid in predicting the present or future chance of getting a cancer diagnosis. It aids in determining a person's likelihood of developing certain cancers by looking at various risk factors, including environmental, behavioral, and genetic. Aim: To analyze the effectiveness of cancer risk assessment techniques utilized in primary care settings. Methods: An integrative review of literature Results: Five (5) studies were met the criteria based on the inclusion and exclusion criteria. These tools demonstrated effectiveness in improving patient outcomes and serving as useful therapeutic tools in the primary care setting. Conclusion: Advantages that may aid clinicians in the primary care setting in validating the diagnosis and assisting patients in determining the early signs and symptoms in the diagnosis of cancer. The role of assessment tools can enhance the reliability and caliber of clinical judgment, which can enhance patient outcomes. Implications: The role of healthcare professionals, such as oncologists, nurses, and the healthcare team, on cancer risk assessment in the primary care setting across the lifespan is crucial to ensure a care plan tailored to each patient’s needs.

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Open Access December 14, 2022

Haematological Alterations among Patients with Oral and Dental Health Problems in the Tripoli Region

Azab Elsayed Azab, Hanan M. M. Aljefari

Universal Journal of Stomatology 2022, 1(1), 12-24. DOI: 10.31586/ujs.2022.554

Abstract Background: Oral health plays an important role in maintaining life functions and quality of life. Gingivitis and periodontitis are two forms of periodontal disease that exist on a spectrum ranging from bleeding, erythematous, and inflamed gingival tissue to the loss of attachment and alveolar bone. Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the most common oral ailments and the major causes of tooth loss. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the haematological alterations among patients with oral and dental health problems in the Tripoli region. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted on 200 patients with oral and dental health problems attending six medical centers in Tripoli region from the 01^st March 2022 to the 01^st June 2022. Also, 100 healthy individuals without any oral and dental health problems or any other diseases were recruited as a control group. This study was approved by the Research and Ethical Committee of the Libyan Academy of graduate studies and medical centers. One ml of venous blood was withdrawn from each participant in the study for the determination of haematological parameters. The data were compared using SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26. Results: The results showed that red blood corpuscles (RBCs) count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, MCV, MCH, and MCHC in patients with oral and dental health problems were decreased significantly (P<0.01) compared to the control group. White blood cell count, neutrophils%, and platelets count in patients with oral and dental health problems were significantly (P<0.01) increased compared to the control group. On the other hand, lymphocytes% and mixed % WBCs were significantly (P<0. [...] Read more.

Background: Oral health plays an important role in maintaining life functions and quality of life. Gingivitis and periodontitis are two forms of periodontal disease that exist on a spectrum ranging from bleeding, erythematous, and inflamed gingival tissue to the loss of attachment and alveolar bone. Dental caries and periodontal diseases are the most common oral ailments and the major causes of tooth loss. Objectives: The study aimed to evaluate the haematological alterations among patients with oral and dental health problems in the Tripoli region. Material and Methods: The present study was conducted on 200 patients with oral and dental health problems attending six medical centers in Tripoli region from the 01^st March 2022 to the 01^st June 2022. Also, 100 healthy individuals without any oral and dental health problems or any other diseases were recruited as a control group. This study was approved by the Research and Ethical Committee of the Libyan Academy of graduate studies and medical centers. One ml of venous blood was withdrawn from each participant in the study for the determination of haematological parameters. The data were compared using SPSS Statistics for Windows, Version 26. Results: The results showed that red blood corpuscles (RBCs) count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, MCV, MCH, and MCHC in patients with oral and dental health problems were decreased significantly (P<0.01) compared to the control group. White blood cell count, neutrophils%, and platelets count in patients with oral and dental health problems were significantly (P<0.01) increased compared to the control group. On the other hand, lymphocytes% and mixed % WBCs were significantly (P<0.01) decreased compared to the control group. Conclusion: It can be concluded that oral and dental health problems were associated with a significant alterations in haematological parameters. Red blood corpuscles count, hemoglobin concentration, hematocrit value, MCV, MCH, MCHC, lymphocytes%, and mixed % WBCs were decreased significantly and White blood cell count, neutrophils%, and platelets count were significantly increased in patients with oral and dental health problems compared to the control group. Further studies are needed to confirm these results.

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Open Access December 14, 2022

Clinical Approach to Diagnosing and Treatment of Neck Pain

Yusak Mangara Tua Siahaan

Open Journal of Medical Sciences 2022, 2(1), 17-23. DOI: 10.31586/ojms.2022.526

Abstract Background: Neck pain is one of the most common reasons patients seek treatment in the hospital. The causes of neck pain vary widely, trigger misdiagnosis, and often result in mistreatment. Misdiagnoses and mistreatment-related neck pain diagnoses are often associated with a diagnosis of cervical herniated disc. The implication of the misdiagnosis is the use of excessive investigations and [...] Read more.

Background: Neck pain is one of the most common reasons patients seek treatment in the hospital. The causes of neck pain vary widely, trigger misdiagnosis, and often result in mistreatment. Misdiagnoses and mistreatment-related neck pain diagnoses are often associated with a diagnosis of cervical herniated disc. The implication of the misdiagnosis is the use of excessive investigations and inappropriate therapy. This review aims to determine the causes of neck pain often obtained in daily practice and how to diagnose and treat it. Method: Search relevant articles on clinical diagnosis of neck pain with the keywords neck pain diagnostic therapy using Medline and PubMed databases. Results: Neck pain can be in the form of axial pain, which is mostly related to disorders of the joints and muscles of the neck, or in the form of pain in the roots and spinal cord. Investigations and therapy must be related to the clinical diagnosis of neck pain experienced by patients with a history of neck pain. Conclusion: Neck pain is one of the most common complaints encountered in outpatient department settings, associated with reduced quality of life. Patients may come with differing degrees of pain, various symptoms, and aetiologies making it quite challenging to treat them into complete remission. Despite being frequently encountered, some patients with neck pain are underdiagnosed and undertreated due to failure to understand the clinical symptoms before deciding possible aetiologies.

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Open Access December 12, 2022

Effect of 8 Weeks of Physical Activity to Improve the Physical and Psychological State of 13 Women Under 30 Undergoing Treatment for Breast Cancer at the Saint Nicolas Clinic in Porto-Novo

YESSOUFOU Lafiou, DOSSOU Sèmako Gérard, TIGRI Tertutie Nawal, LAWANI Mohamed Mansourou, HOUETO Vignon Gratien, AGBAYAHOUN Neddy Ornella Mahugnon

Universal Journal of Sport Sciences 2022, 2(1), 39-54. DOI: 10.31586/ujss.2022.494

Abstract Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed form of cancer in women. Several studies have shown the benefits of physical activity (PA) before and after treatment on the physical and psychological components of patients. Almost all of the studies mentioned are carried out on non-African patients over the age of 40. And no experimental studies have been carried out in young patients undergoing [...] Read more.

Breast cancer is the most commonly diagnosed form of cancer in women. Several studies have shown the benefits of physical activity (PA) before and after treatment on the physical and psychological components of patients. Almost all of the studies mentioned are carried out on non-African patients over the age of 40. And no experimental studies have been carried out in young patients undergoing treatment for breast cancer. This is how we asked ourselves the question of whether a physical exercise program carried out on young Beninese women under the age of 30 undergoing treatment for breast cancer at the Saint Nicolas clinic in Porto-Novo could it have the same effects on their physical and psychological components? Our objective through this research is to study the potential effect of a physical activity program on the physical and psychological state in women under 30 years old (27±5.8 years) undergoing treatment for a breast cancer at the Saint Nicolas clinic in Porto-Novo. An experimental study was then carried out with 13 patients (very low rate of women in this section suffering from breast cancer) undergoing treatment throughout 2022 at the Saint Nicolas clinic in Porto-Novo. The experimental group followed a physical activity program consisting of aerobic and muscular exercises; over a period of 8 weeks. According to the data collected and the feedback from the patients, the physical activity program seems to have been beneficial for most of them. There is an improvement in the quality of life and the physical condition of the patients. In addition, the management of physical fatigue and psychological fatigue also seem to improve. There was also a marked improvement in the ability to concentrate and self-esteem. The physical activity program has improved the physical and psychological state of Beninese women with breast cancer

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