Smallholder farmers play a pivotal role in global food security; however, they remain exceptionally vulnerable to the impacts of climate change due to their reliance on natural resources and limited adaptive capacities. This narrative review synthesizes a wide range of global sources to explore the intersection of smallholder agriculture and climate adaptation strategies. The review examines adaptation practices, agroecological methods, and the adoption of climate-resilient crop varieties. It reveals that the implementation of these strategies is frequently hindered by systemic barriers such as financial constraints, limited technological access, and institutional inefficiencies. Recognizing that previous studies have addressed isolated aspects of adaptation or relied on secondary data, this review highlights research gaps and offers a comprehensive synthesis of relevant literature. This review uses a narrative synthesis model suitable for integrating evidence from agronomy, economics, and social science to capture the complex challenges faced by smallholder farmers. The review emphasizes the importance of policy frameworks and participatory approaches that empower smallholder communities. This review synthesizes current evidence to inform potential directions for targeted interventions and future field-based studies, while recognizing the limitations of relying on secondary data. These recommendations aim to facilitate integrated policy reforms and drive research initiatives, ultimately strengthening the resilience and adaptability of smallholder agriculture in the face of ongoing climate change.

Complexity Leadership Theory (CLT) is a new and revolutionary concept in addressing healthcare crises worldwide. Its relevance and applications were tested during the COVID-19 pandemic. However, no definite and encompassing research was done to apply it to nursing leadership. Thus, this study examines CLT integration into nursing leadership to address the challenges posed by the pandemic. Through a systematic review of literature from PubMed, Scopus, and Web of Science, relevant studies were analyzed to determine how complexity leadership theory was defined, conceptualized, and operationalized within nursing leadership context. The findings reveal that traditional hierarchical leadership models are insufficient in a dynamic crisis environment like the pandemic. Instead, CLT’s framework which encompasses adaptive, administrative, and enabling leadership facilitates innovation, resilience, and effective interprofessional collaboration. Nurse leaders employing these strategies are better positioned to manage resources limitation, foster shared decision-making, and implement technological advancements in rapidly changing healthcare settings. Overall, this study underscores the potential of complexity leadership theory to transform nursing leadership practices by promoting continuous learning and empowerment, thereby enhancing crisis response and preparedness for future pandemics.

The commentary paper reviewed the above research study conducted by Wang et al. (2025), and the investigators examined the association between nurse staffing, job satisfaction, and work engagement, and how these variables impact the quality of care provision provided among the Chinese hospitals. Despite knowing that low staffing within the healthcare facilities is a global issue, Wang and colleagues believed that low staffing is negatively and significantly associated with nurse’s welfare and patient care outcome. This issue causes an increase in burnout and decreased retention of healthcare providers within the clinical setting. It is important to consider and focus on improving and fostering job satisfaction and work engagement among nurses to provide better quality care even within a low staffing environment. According to Wang and colleagues, low staffing outcomes could be mitigated by encouraging workplaces to create healthy and supportive environments for the engaged and satisfied nurses. These would result in better out among patients and increase job fulfilment and welfare among nurses.

The pharmaceutical industry is undergoing a profound transformation driven by advancements in Information Technology (IT), with Enterprise Resource Planning (ERP) systems playing a pivotal role in reshaping operations. These systems offer integrated solutions that streamline key business processes, such as production, inventory management, supply chain optimization, regulatory compliance, and data integration, contributing significantly to operational efficiency and organizational agility. This paper explores the evolution and impact of ERP systems within the pharmaceutical sector, highlighting their contributions to overcoming the industry’s inherent challenges, including complex regulatory requirements, the need for accurate and real-time data, and the demand for supply chain resilience. The integration of cloud-based ERP solutions, the incorporation of emerging technologies like Artificial Intelligence (AI), Machine Learning (ML), and the Internet of Things (IoT), and enhanced data analytics capabilities have revolutionized pharmaceutical IT. These advancements not only reduce operational costs, improve forecasting accuracy, and enhance collaboration but also ensure compliance with stringent global regulations, such as Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP) and FDA guidelines. Moreover, ERP systems have been instrumental in managing the pharmaceutical supply chain, ensuring product traceability, and improving inventory control and order fulfillment processes. This manuscript examines how ERP systems enable pharmaceutical companies to maintain high standards of product quality, improve decision-making, and ensure the safety and efficacy of drugs through robust tracking and auditing mechanisms. A case study of a pharmaceutical company that implemented an ERP system demonstrates the tangible benefits, including increased operational efficiency, improved compliance rates, and enhanced customer satisfaction. However, despite the clear advantages, challenges such as customization complexities, data integration issues, and resistance to change remain. As the pharmaceutical industry continues to evolve, ERP systems will remain a cornerstone of digital transformation, facilitating smarter decision-making, better resource management, and enhanced collaboration across global operations. This paper also identifies future trends, including the potential of AI and blockchain technologies in further strengthening ERP systems and transforming the pharmaceutical landscape.

In today’s world of a globalized economy and ubiquitous digital transactions, businesses are hungry for ways to increase transaction efficiency and security. In the real economy, solutions that scale to fit transaction volume or velocity are equally valuable. This is true for clearing and settlement and for the day-to-day needs of buyers and sellers alike. Clever observers of both cash and digital transactions can spot cases where technology that supports transaction security or safety can strengthen consumer-borrower ties, mitigate default risks, and reduce recidivism. In general, a cloud solution for payment processing and merchant services solves two major barriers to optimum business technology: lack of scalability and lack of security [1]. The extension of current practice has its advantages, but new solutions unlock significant opportunities for both consumers and financial institutions [2]. The focus of this work is on the provisioning of cloud-based payment processing and merchant services to financial institutions and established global organizations, although the options available with these services mean they are potentially applicable to a wide range of group entities, including non-trading organizations, pension administrators, and group treasurers. With the increased attention to cybersecurity, a mass of data is available to assist the IT departments of the major payment processors, merchants, and acquirers to get cybersecurity on the radar of C-level executives [3]. The case is put forward for the increased targeting of and reporting to the Board’s Audit, Risk, and Liability Committees of publicly held payment processors and merchants to reduce fraud losses and mitigate the reputation and class action lawsuit risk due to data breaches. The progress of technology in the payment sector requires all stakeholders to have a collective approach in order to mitigate fraud and cybersecurity-related risks in new products and services to enhance consumer confidence and the proportion of retail cashless transactions [4].

Background: Nowadays, integrating online and remote instruction into education presents unique challenges, particularly in nursing education, where combining technology with the core value of caring is essential. Nurse educators must address students’ holistic needs, as their circumstances can influence overall learning development. Objectives: This study aims to ascertain the technological caring competence of nurse educators Methodology: A descriptive design using an adapted tool on technological caring competence for nursing education (TCCNE) Results: A total of 243 Filipino nursing educators participated in this study. Overall, the participants’ perceived level of TCCNE was quite high. This sample representative of nursing educators holds strong perceptions of their TCCNE with the values of being considerate, supportive, and respectful to their students as the highest rated competency. This result implies that the educators keep the essence of what nursing is about as they model the importance of caring even in an academic setting considering that these teachers are using remote instruction. Conclusion: The study opens up a discussion on assessing the TCCNE of nursing education in an academic setting. Thus, its advocacy could start from implementing the research training plan. Further, the nurse educators should strengthen in balancing care with appropriate technology is viewed as a necessary step to maintain the essence of nursing, which is on caring that can be modeled out not just in clinical practice alone, but in nursing education.

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) serve as the cornerstone of pharmaceutical development, driving therapeutic efficacy and safety in drug formulations. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the lifecycle of APIs, starting from their discovery and development, through to manufacturing processes and regulatory oversight. The development of APIs begins with intensive research and discovery efforts, where medicinal chemists and pharmacologists identify and optimize potential compounds through computational modelling, high-throughput screening, and structure-activity relationship studies. Promising candidates undergo rigorous preclinical testing to assess pharmacological properties, safety profiles, and potential adverse effects in animal models. Upon successful preclinical outcomes, APIs progress to clinical trials, involving phases of testing in human subjects to evaluate efficacy, dosage regimens, and safety profiles under controlled conditions. Clinical trial data are meticulously analyzed to support regulatory submissions, demonstrating the API's therapeutic benefits and safety for eventual patient use. Manufacturing APIs involves complex chemical synthesis or biotechnological methods, ensuring precise control over reaction conditions, purity, and yield. The scale-up from laboratory synthesis to industrial production demands adherence to Good Manufacturing Practices (GMP), where stringent quality control measures verify consistency, potency, and stability throughout production batches. Regulatory oversight by authorities such as the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in the United States and the European Medicines Agency (EMA) in Europe ensures that APIs meet stringent standards of safety, efficacy, and quality before market approval. Manufacturers must submit comprehensive Chemistry, Manufacturing, and Controls (CMC) data, detailing manufacturing processes, analytical methods, and stability studies to support regulatory filings.

This study aimed to explore the relationship between teacher training and challenges in delivering effective sex education in the Sagnarigu district in the Northern region of Ghana. The Social-cultural theory underpins the study. A descriptive survey research design was adopted for the study. The population of this study comprises teachers, head teachers and a School Improvement Support Officer (SiSo) in basic schools in the Gumani/Nyanshegu circuit in the Sagnarigu district of the Northern Region. This study adopted multi-sampling methods to select respondents. Random and purposive sampling techniques were used to select the study's 10 basic schools and 83 respondents. The main tools used for the data collection were the questionnaire and interview. The data was analysed using Statistical Package for Social Scientists (SPSS) software version 23 tools. Descriptive Statistical tools such as frequencies were used to gauge the number of occurrences of the studied variables. The qualitative data was also further analysed in line with the research questions to establish patterns of similarities and variations. These were then validated with the quantitative data for any possible contradictions in the findings. The study concludes that people's socio-cultural and religious beliefs and practices affect the teaching of sex education in school. It was observed that sex education could be misconstrued as an encouragement to young people to engage in early sexual promiscuity. Finally, the study concludes that there cannot be effective sex education without the appropriate logistics such as T.L.M.s, syllabus and time allocation for the subject. The study also acknowledges that the availability of these materials must go along with appropriate capacity building for teachers to be well-positioned to teach the subject. It is recommended that Sexuality education should be included in the curricular and academic calendar of basic schools, along with the provision of adequate T.L.M.s and the proper collaboration with appropriate agencies for the effective teaching of the subject. Sex education needs to be given maximum attention, just as any of the life skills subjects, with adequate investment and motivation to both teachers and pupils to ensure a meaningful impact. There should be regular monitoring, supervision, and assessment of the training of teachers and its influence on the teaching of the subject, as well as ensuring that ethical considerations regarding cultural and religious sensitivities and individual privacy issues are upheld.

Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients (APIs) form the backbone of pharmaceutical formulations, influencing their efficacy, safety, and stability. Essence control of APIs involves stringent regulation and optimization of their chemical, physical, and biological properties to ensure consistent quality and therapeutic outcomes. This manuscript explores the critical aspects of essence control in APIs, including synthesis, characterization, quality assessment, and regulatory considerations. The synthesis of Active Pharmaceutical Ingredients is a pivotal stage in pharmaceutical manufacturing, where precise control over chemical reactions and process conditions is paramount to achieving high-quality, safe, and effective medicines. Advances in synthetic methodologies, optimization strategies, sustainability practices, and the implementation of PAT technologies continue to drive innovation in API synthesis, supporting the development of novel therapeutic agents and enhancing pharmaceutical manufacturing efficiency.

Tanga City is the region with several micro-and small-scale pasta processing companies in the country. Therefore, the purpose of this study was to assess the quality and safety of folded vermicelli produced by the small-scale processors in Tanzania. Samples of 1 kg folded vermicelli were collected from 14 processing companies, by the intentional cluster sampling technique. The samples were analysed for aflatoxin and microbiological (Escherichia coli, Aspergillus flavus, and Aspergillus parasiticus) quality. Moreover, physico-chemical quality was assessed in terms of diameter by using a digital calliper, moisture content by oven-drying method at 110℃± 5℃, breaking strength by the texture analyzer, and colour by colourimeter (Chroma Meter CR-400) of the collected samples were determined. In terms of microbial quality, the results indicated contamination by E. coli (1.25-3.00 Log CFU.g^-1 in 8/14 samples), A. flavus (2.23-2.83 Log CFU.g^-1 in 12/14 samples), and A. parasiticus (1.22-2.75 Log CFU.g^-1 in 2/14 samples) as they are beyond the set limits. The diameter varied between 0.90 mm to 1.73 mm in 9/14 samples and moisture content were 10.61% to 12.65% in 13/14 samples, being within the established parameters. The samples indicated low breaking strength with levels between 6.79x10⁵ N.m^-2 to 3.75x10⁶ N.m^-2 in 11/14 samples. The result of brightness (L*) were between 53.03 to 72.14 and yellowness (b*) between 13.68 to 19.48 indices, indicating that there was no significant difference at the 5% level, respectively, although 2/14 samples had red (a*) colour values (-1.32 – +0.56). However, 4/14 samples were detected with aflatoxin B₁ (0.60-0.70 μg.kg^-1), they are within the recommended level (5 μg.kg^-1). The study underscores the need for concerted efforts to enhance production and hygiene practices to ensure consistent compliance with quality and safety standards.

Background: Recent research has identified structural racism—systemic policies and practices that perpetuate racial inequalities—as a significant social determinant of population health. Studies utilizing data from the Adolescent Brain Cognitive Development (ABCD) study have shown an association between higher levels of state-level structural racism and increased tobacco use among youth in the United States. However, there has been limited exploration of the psychosocial mediators of this relationship, particularly in the context of youth aged 10-16 years. Objective: This study aimed to assess the roles of socioeconomic status (SES), tobacco susceptibility, and perceived discrimination as potential mediators in the relationship between state-level structural racism and youth tobacco initiation rates. Methods: We analyzed data from the ABCD study, a nationally representative longitudinal survey of 11,698 youth followed from ages 9/10 to 15/16. These data were combined with state-level indicators of structural racism. We employed structural equation modeling (SEM) to investigate the mediators of the association between structural racism and self-reported initiation of tobacco use, while controlling for individual and state-level covariates. Results: Our findings indicate that higher levels of structural racism were associated with increased rates of tobacco initiation among youth. This relationship was partially mediated by lower SES, but not by perceived discrimination or tobacco susceptibility. Conclusion: The association between structural racism and youth tobacco initiation appears to be influenced in part by the lower SES prevalent in states with higher levels of racism. These results highlight the need for addressing both racism and SES inequalities as key strategies for reducing tobacco disparities among youth.

This study assessed the handling and processing practices of 30 small-scale folded vermicelli processors in Tanga, specifically in urban areas of Tanga City, Tanzania. However, the micro- and small-scale processors were producing in unhygienic way because they are lacking facilities and equipment to process and handle the product hygienically. Multistage sampling design was adopted for this study and face-to-face interviews were conducted to collect data from all processing units through nine streets using semi-structured questionnaires and observation checklists. Data were analyzed using Statistical Package for Social Sciences, where the statistics aspect was determined from the results obtained. The processors found across various streets (ranging from 3.3% in Kwaminchi Street to 23.3% in Mabawa Street), exhibited diverse demographics, with 53.3% being owner-operators and 40% and 6.7% in labourer and supervisor roles, respectively. A significant portion (53.3%) had 1-3 years of experience, and a small portion (10%) attended formal training in pasta processing. Despite 73.3% possessing food manufacturing licenses, many were unfamiliar with legal requirements, lacking documentation and standardized processes, raising concerns about food safety. Raw materials were sourced locally, but 56.7% lacked storage facilities. Hygienic practices varied, with 43.3% undergoing periodic medical check-ups, 70% using protective gear, and 60% had hand washing facilities. Sun drying was the sole method employed, with 86.7% placed drying trays on rooftops. Packaging practices raised concerns, as 93.3% reused woven polypropylene bags, potentially impacting product quality. Awareness of aflatoxin and its health implications was lacking in 90% of the processors. Overall, the study highlighted gaps in awareness, training, and adherence to standards among processors, posing potential risks to food safety and quality. Encourage them to adhere with Tanzania Bureau of Standards requirements and formalize their quality control practices.

Smallholder farmers face challenges when they lack information on their agricultural activities. To address this, we suggest a web-based system that can be used by farmers to help them in decision making considering the fact that all necessary information is provided by the system. Farmers can input crop type they want to grow and area. This data will help to recommend them the best crops that are suitable to be grown in that area and the necessary growing practices that can be done to produce high yield and have maximum profits, considering the average rainfall of that year. A persistent issue we face in Zimbabwe is the lack of access to reliable agricultural data. In the agricultural sector, one major uncertainty for farmers is the outlook of their future harvest. Once their produce is ready for sale, the presence of other potential buyers compels traders to offer prices that align closely with those in the formal market. However, without timely information, traders can take advantage of the situation by purchasing crops at unfairly low rates. Having data that tracks prices across various markets in near real-time would enable farmers to have a precise and complete understanding of their selling choices to maximize their profits.

This study aimed to assess the proximate composition, microbial quality, and sensory acceptability of canned Bambara beans in Ghana to determine their nutritional value and consumer perceptions. The research was conducted in Tamale in the northern region of Ghana, focusing on sensory evaluation, nutritional analysis, and consumer preferences for canned Bambara beans. The study utilized canned Bambara bean varieties sourced from local markets in Ghana. It involved sensory panels, proximate analysis, and microbial testing to evaluate the quality and safety of the canned products. Data analysis included sensory scoring, proximate composition determination, and microbial count assessments. The findings indicated positive consumer attitudes towards canned Bambara beans, emphasising their convenience, nutritional richness, and sensory appeal. Nutritional analysis revealed the nutrient content of the canned beans, highlighting their potential as a nutritious food source. Conclusions emphasised the importance of sensory attributes in consumer acceptance and women's role in producing and promoting Bambara beans. It is recommended that Increase awareness among consumers, especially women and homemakers, about the nutritional benefits and culinary versatility of canned Bambara beans. Educational campaigns highlighting canned Bambara beans' health advantages and convenience can encourage their inclusion in household diets. It is also recommended that women involved in the production and processing of Bambara beans should be supported and empowered through training, capacity building, and access to resources. Recognising the pivotal role of women in the Bambara bean value chain is essential for sustainable production practices and economic empowerment.

As an important pioneer in the implementation and promotion of American organic functionalism in the field of architecture, Louis Sullivan's slogan “Form Follows Function” and his "organic functionalism" are often misunderstood intentionally or unintentionally, resulting in his organic architecture being divided into the opposite camp of modern functionalism and Art Nouveau. To some extent, this makes people ignore the credit of his architectural ideas for giving high-rise commercial buildings the American national spirit at the turn of the 19th and 20th centuries. Through an analysis of the background of Sullivan's architectural thought and the causes of misunderstanding, this paper reveals the free, democratic and innovative American spirit conveyed by Sullivan's organic architecture, and explores how his practices contribute to the development of a positive architectural culture that shapes national self-confidence and identity. This discussion is particularly instructive given that architecture is becoming template-based processes in the modern world.

This study examines concord errors in academic writing among first-year students at Offinso College of Education in Ghana, aiming to identify common errors and propose remedial strategies for improvement. The population sample consists of first-year students at the college, reflecting a gender-sensitive distribution. The study adopts a mixed-methods research design, combining qualitative and quantitative analyses to explore the effects of concord errors on academic writing. Sampling techniques include purposive, quota sampling, and simple random sampling methods. Research instruments include questionnaires, interviews, and writing assessments to evaluate students' language skills. Data analysis involves identifying concord errors in students' writing and assessing the impact on their academic performance. The study concludes by recommending strategies to mitigate concord errors, such as targeted language practice, timely feedback, and awareness of grammatical conventions, to enhance students' writing proficiency and academic success.

The purpose of this study was to examine challenges facing the Church in dealing with Moral Issues and the way forward in Ghana. Qualitatively, the study sought to examine the Church's challenges in coping with Moral Issues and the way forward in Ghana. The study adopted a case study research design. The population of the study comprised leaders of Calvary Baptist Church – Adabraka and Shiashe. These include the Vice President of the Ghana Baptist Convention and departmental heads at the Ghana Baptist Convention headquarters. Others included the Senior Pastor of Calvary Baptist Church – Adabraka with its satellite mission at Shiashe as well as a cross-section of pastors of these churches; the church administrator; the past and present directors of Baptist Relief and Development Agency (BREDA). The purposive sampling technique was specifically used to locate respondents for the study. The churches and participants were chosen because of their efforts in dealing with the causes of immorality confronting Ghanaian society. The main tool for data collection was a semi-structured interview guide. The data gathered was organised and analysed manually using emerging themes. The study revealed that the challenges which the Baptist Church encounters in its effort to deal with moral issues are the politicisation of statements made by the clergy, and inadequate trained personnel who are willing and ready to champion the agenda of the church in that respect. Financial difficulties were also mentioned. In this regard, specific reference was made to the effort made by the Ghana Baptist Convention to free the Trokosi girls. It was indicated that it takes a lot of financial resources to train and settle the freed girls. Regarding the way forward as far as these challenges were concerned, it was suggested that the church ought to speak more and do what it is mandated by Christ to do to bring about transformation. It is recommended that Churches should seriously intensify education on what constitutes human rights and freedom so that there would be a clear understanding of the concept that enables people to think through and adopt the good aspects to enhance their circumstances. Human rights defenders should exercise restraints when it comes to practices which are alien to Ghanaian values, laws and religious faith.

Digital forensics in cloud computing environments presents significant challenges due to the distributed nature of data storage, diverse security practices employed by service providers, and jurisdictional complexities. This study aims to develop a comprehensive framework and improved methodologies tailored for conducting digital forensic investigations in cloud settings. A pragmatic research philosophy integrating positivist and interpretivist paradigms guides an exploratory sequential mixed methods design. Qualitative methods, including case studies, expert interviews, and document analysis were used to explore key variables and themes. Findings inform hypotheses and survey instrument development for the subsequent quantitative phase involving structured surveys with digital forensics professionals, cloud providers, and law enforcement agencies, across the globe. The multi-method approach employs purposive and stratified random sampling techniques, targeting a sample of 100-150 participants, across the globe, for qualitative components and 300-500 for quantitative surveys. Qualitative data went through thematic and content analysis, while quantitative data were analysed using descriptive and inferential statistical methods facilitated by software such as SPSS and R. An integrated mixed methods analysis synthesizes and triangulates findings, enhancing validity, reliability, and comprehensiveness. Strict ethical protocols safeguard participant confidentiality and data privacy throughout the research process. This robust methodology contributed to the development of improved frameworks, guidelines, and best practices for digital forensics investigations in cloud computing, addressing legal and jurisdictional complexities in this rapidly evolving domain.

The growing unconcern and poor attitude of some Ghanaians towards environmental protection and sanitation practices has become very endemic in Ghanaian Societies. Littering especially is considered a major environmental problem within the setting of this study. This study employed the mixed-method approach in integrating qualitative and quantitative research data. The study adopted a convergent parallel research design. The population for this study consisted of all teaching staff and students of Sefwi Wiawso Senior High Technical School and St. Joseph Catholic Senior High School in Sefwi Wiawso municipality in the Western North Region of Ghana. Purposive, simple random, and convenient sampling techniques were used to select the schools, teachers and students for the study. A sample size of one hundred and ninety-eight (198) consisting of one hundred eighty-eight (188) students and ten (10) teachers were selected for the study. The two main instruments used for data collection were questionnaires and interview guides. The quantitative data obtained from the questionnaire were coded with numerical values and keyed into the data view of the SPSS version 23. The qualitative data was analysed through content analysis and was further transcribed into themes for analysis with a side-by-side comparison with the quantitative data. The qualitative data gathered and presented, were organised and analysed manually using emerging themes. The study revealed that littering is currently caused by irresponsible behaviour among some staff and students coupled with other factors such as lazy attitudes among people, inadequate waste bins on campus, and more seriously, less sensitization of people on littering in the various senior high schools. The study also indicated that provisions of adequate waste bins at vantage points in the various campuses, awarding prizes to individual students and groups with good waste management practices on campus, implementing rules and regulations on littering, as well as educating, and sensitizing students and staff on littering on campuses formed the possibilities on how schools can shape up staff and student’s attitudes towards healthy environment by avoid littering. It is recommended that Students with good waste management practices should be rewarded to encourage others in Senior High Schools. It is also recommended that sustainable waste management practices (collection, transportation, and treatment) should be employed in all the Senior High Schools across the country.

Background: Over the past decade, there has been a rapid advancement in technology and virtual reality applications, leading to the emergence of the metaverse - a virtual universe where users interact with each other and their surroundings through immersive experiences. In the nursing profession, the metaverse presents unique opportunities to enhance patient care, education, and collaboration. Aim: To analyze and identify the attributes of metaverse in nursing, exploring its dimensions, benefits, challenges, and implications. By examining relevant literature, this study will contribute to a better understanding of the metaverse in nursing. Method/Design: Concept analysis by Walker and Avant (2019). Results: Metaverse in nursing involves three defining attributes: use of advanced technologies, better access to education and healthcare, and collaboration and community building. Antecedents of metaverse in nursing require technological advancements, increased digital literacy, demand for innovative education, globalization of healthcare education Conclusion: Metaverse in Nursing suggests that it is a promising technology that has the potential to enhance nursing practice and improve patient outcomes, but further research is needed to fully explore the impact of its integration.

Qualitatively, the study focused constructivist research paradigm. A case study research design was adopted for the study. The study population comprised all six (6) Social Studies teachers, the headmaster and the School Improvement Support Officer (SISO). Purposive and convenient sampling techniques were used to select the participants for the study. The main instrument for data collection was a semi-structured interview guide and observation protocol. The data were analysed using the interpretative technique based on the themes arrived at during the data collection from the semi-structured interview. The study revealed that multimedia usage is a quality enhancer in educational settings for teaching Social Studies concepts. It also indicated that teachers perceived their incompetence when using technology as they feel less in control of their classes and are unlikely to explore new possibilities that utilise technology when planning their lessons. They learn the theoretical aspect and practice and perceive the teacher’s role in the classroom changes from an instructor to a facilitator, which changes the teaching method to student-centred (constructive methodology) which aids content absorption by the learner through learning by doing. The study also indicated that teachers perceived their incompetence when using technology as they felt less in control of their classes and were unlikely to explore new possibilities that utilised technology when planning their lessons. It is recommended that the Ministry of Education and National Teaching Council collaborate with Ghana Education Service to set up Social Studies training centres in all the district capitals equipped with competent staff to periodically organise in-service training for teachers to build their capacity on how to pedagogically incorporate multimedia resources in their instructions to improve students learning outcomes.

The world of the stock market is an intricately complex financial ecosystem that demands years of dedicated study to comprehend fully. It relies on risk mitigation practices and fundamental theoretical techniques to engage in speculation regarding stock and cryptocurrency fluctuations. However, this realm is progressively becoming more inclusive, with accessibility expanding beyond traditional educational barriers. Technological advancements, coupled with the ease of entry into this domain and the information-disseminating power of social networks, contribute to a rising number of individuals participating in this financial movement. What makes this evolution disruptive is that the same tools facilitating accessibility also exert influence on the way market trends unfold. This paper delves into the escalating impact of social media within the financial sphere, emphasizing the heightened accessibility to information and market involvement facilitated by platforms like Twitter and Reddit. It sheds light on how social media plays a pivotal role in market manipulation, as evidenced by phenomena such as the r/wallstreetbets subreddit, where meme-based strategies were employed to inflate the prices of stocks like GameStop. The study explores the utilization of social media by influential figures, exemplified by Elon Musk, who leverage their platforms to sway market movements. Additionally, this paper addresses instances of misinformation, such as the confusion surrounding Virgin Galactic's shares following a SpaceX failure and the introduction of "AGUA" in the Mexican stock market, leading to widespread misunderstandings. The paper extends its examination to the effects of social media on cryptocurrencies, highlighting how comments from public figures can significantly impact the prices of Bitcoin and Dogecoin. Overall, it underscores the imperative need for adaptation to these changes in the digital financial paradigm.

Fertility control is crucial to achieving improved health and socio-economic status of women. The main objective of the study was to explore fertility control behaviours among educated urban women in the Cape Coast Metropolis. The study adopted the interpretivist (qualitative) philosophy in social research. The population for the study comprised women who have at least secondary-level education, are married or in a stable union and are between the ages of 18 and 49 years. A snowball sampling technique was used to select thirty-two (32) respondents for the study. The respondents constituted the number that provided the required information at saturation. The main instrument for data collection was a semi-structured interview guide. Data was collected from educated women within the Cape Coast Metropolis. Five items open-ended questions under the heading Factors influencing fertility control among highly-educated urban women in the Cape Coast Metropolis. All transcribed data were then imported into NVivo 11, a computer-aided qualitative data analysis package with each transcript coded sentence by sentence. The codes were determined and constructed based on the content of the data. After the coding process, each code was described and memos attached as ideas about the themes emerged from social-cultural, economic to educational factors. The study underscores the adequate involvement of male partners in women’s fertility control practices, especially women’s contraceptive preferences. This demonstrates the authority of men over women in the domain of the family. Recognising that men have enormous powers regarding fertility issues tend to appreciate the need to promote and advance family needs and welfare. Also, the results indicate that other close associates or relatives are involved in women’s contraceptive lives. These close relations are what describes as a social network in Bronfenbrenner social-ecological framework. Besides, there are multiple socio-cultural and economic obstacles that could work against achieving desired fertility levels. It is recommended that family planning programmes should not focus on only women, but include male partners to enhance a change in behaviour and norms regarding power and gender roles that do not make them supportive partners. There is a need for a high-level promotion through civil society to encourage men to get involved in family planning matters. This will help women or couples to freely adopt their desired fertility control methods without hindrance.

This experimental study was carried out to evaluate the effect of three selected pollinator-friendly practices on the African eggplant (Solanum aethiopicum) at Mankessim in the Central region of Ghana. The study focused on determining how the practices affect the production and yield of garden eggs. The three pollinator-friendly practices were the use of mulch, cassava hedgerow/marigold plants and controlled pesticide application in garden egg farms. Experimental-control group design was used. Mulching positively influenced the number of flowers, fruits and height of garden eggplants. Cassava hedgerow/marigold plants influenced the number of flowers, but had no significant effect on the number of fruits and plants’ height. There was no effect on the number of flowers, fruits, and height of garden eggplants when pesticide application was controlled or uncontrolled. No significant influence was observed in fruit weight in all treatment and control plots. The growth and yield trends observed in this research indicated that practicing the three pollinator-friendly practices may encourage flower visitors leading to effective pollination and increased yields. It is recommended that mulching be practised in garden egg farming to increase the growth and productivity of garden eggplants.

The emphasis on adapting learner-centric education and inclusive pedagogies to promote learning effectiveness is part of the paradigm shift in teaching. By maximizing variability, differentiated education methodologies ensure individualized instruction and equal academic success for all students. Based on this justification, this study sought to investigate Ghanaian pre-tertiary teachers' adaption of differentiated instruction strategies during the teaching and learning processes. Pre-tertiary teachers within the Kwahu Ridge of the Eastern Region of Ghana were sampled to respond to the close-ended questionnaire. A multi-pronged approach was employed in the data analysis. Respondents possessed knowledge of the differentiated instruction strategies, however, there were some disparities between first and second-cycle teachers. Significant factors influenced the range of diversity in the classroom and knowledge and experience, with the latter showing an unexpected negative influence, possibly due to experienced teachers' preference for traditional methods of teaching. Notwithstanding, a perfect alignment of instructional techniques, activities and assessment practices to accommodate the heterogeneity of students stimulate active participation, interest and readiness to learn. It is recommended that educational stakeholders should recognize the dynamic nature of the learning environment and better provide pre-tertiary teachers with the tools and support needed to employ differentiated instruction techniques successfully to ensure inclusive, individualized and intensive instruction in the classroom.

The objective of this study was to examine the barriers to effective solid waste management in the Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana. This study adopted the cross-sectional descriptive survey research design. The population for the study comprised all residents of 18 years or older as well as waste management agencies in the KEEA Municipality. A simple random sampling technique was used to select 380 residents together with 45 staff of the Zoomlion Company Ltd in the KEEA Municipality for the study. The questionnaire was the main instrument used for the data collection. Frequencies, percentages, means and standard deviations were used to analyse the questionnaire items on the research questions. This was done with the use of the Statistical Package for Service Solutions (SPSS) version 21. There were a number of barriers to effective solid waste management practices. Some of the barriers were inadequate environmental education; inadequate logistics and funds; inadequate depots, skips and dustbins; lack of adequate skilled personnel to manage services efficiently; and apathetic attitude/inertia on the part of some of the residents. Some other barriers included: irregular collection of waste by waste management companies; lack of appropriate sites for waste disposal; unwillingness of some households to pay for the collection and appropriate disposal of solids; and refuse dumps located very far from home. It is recommended that the government through the Ministry of Local Government should provide adequate logistics and funds for the procurement of dustbins in order to ensure proper solid waste management. The Assembly should ensure that Zoomlion collects waste regularly. The Assembly should encourage residents to pay for the collection of waste and sanction recalcitrant residents who do not adhere to appropriate solid waste management practices.

For conducting advanced analytics initiatives to acquire in-depth data into usage habits, regional access, sales, and promotional success, etc., unique identification of packaged pharmaceuticals will be a fantastic enabler. The main objective of this study is to prevent and reduce the production of erroneous and counterfeit drugs using the enterprise system, which has become a serious threat because it damages the reputation of legitimate drug manufacturers by trying to produce and market placebo medications that are identical to the real thing. Due to federal government procedures and priorities that frequently change over time, the majority of implementation takes time. To achieve compliance with numerous federal regulatory authorities, including drug traceability for patient safety, the pharmaceutical industry must implement a systematic procedure in an ERP environment. The goals would be to guarantee medical drug traceability and provide real-time warnings to supply chain stakeholders and regulatory bodies to maximize the benefit of integrating a drug traceability system into an ERP environment. Additionally, manufacturers are compelled to maintain product costs on the higher side due to a heavy burden of unchecked manufacturing cost spikes. As a result, innovative marketing schemes must be introduced in order to increase the reach to consumers by putting into practice successful strategies.

Oncology nurses are more likely to get compassion fatigue (CF) than nurses in other fields because of the emotional stress and poor outlook of cancer patients. Because of this, the care might not be very good, the job might not be very satisfying, and there is a good chance that the patient's pain won't be noticed. Aim. To synthesize empirical evidence on compassion fatigue in order to extract the common, central, and fundamental elements that may improve nursing care. Design. An integrative review Results. Fifteen (15) studies met the eligibility criteria wherein five themes emerged. These are the level of compassion fatigue among oncology nurses, the oncology nurses' perspectives on compassion fatigue, precipitating factors leading to CF with 2 subthemes (work environment and a feeling of lack of support), the influence of compassion fatigue on the personal lives and general well-being of cancer nurses, and the consequences on the quality of oncology nurses' professional lives at work. Conclusion. CF is a significant problem for nurses who work in specialized areas such as cancer units, demonstrated as a basic incapacity to nurture others. The integration of studies provides evidence of clinical practice application which can provide better outcomes and improve nursing care. Implications for Practice. The findings provide understanding into healthcare practice on how to avoid compassion fatigue. Clinical management approaches that can mitigate compassion fatigue and its negative repercussions are presented, as well as the formation of peer support groups that have the ability to ameliorate CF.

The purpose of this study was to examine teachers’ knowledge base in community resources used in assessing Social Studies concepts in the University of Education Practice Junior High School (JHS), Winneba. The case study design was employed as the study's qualitative methodology. The population comprised two Social Studies teachers in the University Practice JHS, Winneba. Purposive and convenient sampling techniques were used to select the teachers and school for the study. The main instrument for data collection was the interview guide. The two teachers were interviewed because they were in a position to give all the relevant information required for the research. They were also readily available at the time of the research. The study revealed that even though the Social Studies teachers were aware of community resources, they did not involve them often in their lesson delivery. However, in the only case where a teacher took the learners round the school compound to look at the various types of rocks, the learners were excited and willing to learn. The assessment results also showed that almost all learners, both low and high achievers had high scores. Evidence from the inquiry also shows that teachers used only traditional forms of assessment in Social Studies. Teachers give multiple choice and essay type of assessment items to learners. Teachers did not involve community resources in the assessment of Social Studies concepts because of challenges like inadequate time allocated for the teaching of the subject, financial constraints, bureaucratic processes involved in obtaining permission and the need to meet the requirements of external examinations. It is recommended that the Ghana Education Service (GES) should design appropriate policies to ensure that provision is made in the school academic calendar for field trips and community resource engagement for Social Studies education. Social Studies teachers should also be trained on the full range of assessment techniques suggested in the 2012 syllabus. Emphasis should be laid on authentic/alternate assessment practices. At the school level, heads of Social Studies department should organise periodic in-service training for the teachers to ensure that the curriculum, instruction and assessment practices are aligned to ensure that the subject attains its intended goals and outcomes.

The purpose of this study was to examine the effectiveness of environmental solid waste management policies and practices for sustainable development in Komenda-Edina-Eguafo-Abrem Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana. The case study research design was adopted for the study. Using the simple random sampling procedure, 425 respondents comprising of 380 residents and 45 Zoomlion staff were involved in the study. The data were analysed through the computation of frequencies, percentages, as well as means and standard deviations. On the waste management strategic action plan for sustainable development, it can be concluded that, regular monitoring system should be in place to ensure that households adhere to the solid waste management practices; and education/training programmes on solid waste management should be provided for employees so that they can appreciate the need for sustainable development practices. It can also be concluded that, most of the environmental management policies and practices of solid waste management were not effective in the KEEA Municipality because the residents were uncertain about the effectiveness of the environmental policies that have been put in place. Perhaps, the Assembly does not conduct regular monitoring to find out solid waste management practices of the various households. It could be that the Assembly does not enforce bye-laws on sanitation on appropriate solid waste management practices. It is recommended that, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA), and the Assembly should conduct regular monitoring system in order to ensure that residents adhere to the solid waste management practices. Again, the Assembly should make available a reliable data on solid waste generation for households in the Municipality. It is also recommended that, the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the Assembly should ensure proper enforcement of the bye-laws on sanitation on appropriate solid waste management practices. Residents of the KEEA Municipality should be encouraged by the Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) to consider reuse and recycling as important activities.

The purpose of this study was to examine the ideological motivations behind the use of metaphor in some selected speeches of former president John Dramani Mahama. Qualitatively, the study adopted a textual analysis research design. The study focused on Ghana’s political discourse with an emphasis on some selected speeches of former president John Dramani Mahama which were published between 4th July, 2012 to 6th January, 2017. A purposive sampling technique was used to select twenty (20) speeches of former president Mahama which were predominantly couched by layers of metaphors. The data were coded and metaphorically analysed in themes with interpretations. The analysis of metaphor in this study has shown that Critical Discourse Analysis is the best methodology for the analysis of spoken text in order to find out metaphorical meanings in discourse structures. The study revealed that Mahama’s use of metaphors was motivated by discursive practices such as hope, self-glorification, superiority and dominance and establishing commonality. The study indicated that metaphors are key discourse elements that foster understanding between and among participants in a political context. The study found that Mahama employs intertextuality as a rhetorical device. It is recommended that future researchers should devote time to look at the ideological implications of the use of intertextuality by Mahama.

Assessment is a vital aspect of curriculum practice. The study adopted explanatory mixed-method approach and sequential research design. The population for the study comprised all Social Studies teachers in Junior High Schools in the Ayensuano District. Convenient sampling techniques and census method were used to select the district, and all the one hundred and twenty-seven (127) teachers who teach Social Studies in the junior high schools in the district. The main instruments used for data collection and analysis were questionnaire and interview guide. The quantitative data was analysed both descriptive and inferential statistical tools. The qualitative data was transliterated and coded based on themes. Pre-set themes were used to generate the transcript (text) data based upon the research questions and discussed. The study concluded that authentic assessment practices by Social Studies teachers included the occasional guidance they give to their students about how to interpret topics and situations into relevant tasks with a clearly defined goal, and how to relate their knowledge in practical challenges. The study also revealed that refined essays, oral presentations, interviews, case study discussions, and live performances as authentic assessment strategies or tools Social Studies teachers used in assessing their students' learning outcomes in lessons. The study indicated that large class size, traditional assessment (examination) system, insufficient logistics and infrastructure, a paucity of funds to begin various activities and programs, a lack of motivation from school administrators, time constraints and difficulty in developing some authentic assessment tasks coupled with assessing some lessons using authentic assessment method are some of the criteria that influence the effectiveness of authentic assessment execution in teaching Social Studies courses. It is recommended that educational leaders should provide the resources to motivate Social Studies teachers to use authentic assessments for students’ learning in the classroom situation. It is also recommended that, Colleges of Education, Universities and National Teaching Council should organise professional development workshops and seminars to build the capacity of trained Social Studies teachers on the effective uses of authentic assessment practices.

Effective Inclusive education experiences can be built through structured interventions. The purpose of the study was to assess the impact of inclusive education experiences on teacher-trainees with sensory impairment in the Ghana Colleges of Educations of Ghana. The study was based on pragmatist philosophy. The study adopted convergent parallel mixed-methods approach. The population involved all 66 students with sensory (visual and hearing) impaired in the three (3) CoEs (PCE, Akropong Akwapim, WESCO, Kumasi and NJA, Wa) that practice inclusive education (IE) during the 2018/19 academic year. Purposive and census sampling techniques were used to select the three (3) colleges of education and sixty-six students for the study. The main instruments for data collection were questionnaire and focus group discussion. The quantitative data items were coded for input into the Statistical Product and Service Solutions (SPSS) version 23 software and analysed using means and standard deviations. The qualitative extracts collected into themes that were coded, analysed and interpreted. The study revealed that teacher-trainees had varied experiences on campus, while they felt welcomed into the inclusive institution; they also felt the Colleges were not well prepared to meet their needs. The physical environment was not conducive for the VI on campus. It is recommended that, College authorities should work with the MoE and agencies concerned with disability issues in the society to provide comfortable environment on College campuses for TTSI. It is also recommended that, providing a comfortable environment should include facilities and resources needed for the TTSI to learn effectively. It also involves physical arrangement of the campus environment. The TTSI, regardless of their disabilities, should be provided with an environment where their movement, their studies, their interactions with their peers and tutors are made easier to help them graduate successfully.

The supervisory role of kindergarten teachers is primarily concerned with supervising and managing the efforts of their learning environment to create safe, positive learning environments for all learners. The purpose of this study was to assess teachers’ supervisory practices of learners in Kindergarten schools in Komenda Edina Eguafo Abirem municipality. (K.E.E.A) Municipality in the Central Region of Ghana. The study employed the qualitative research approach using the interpretivism paradigm. The instrumental case study design was adopted for this study. Population of the study comprised public kindergarten schools in KEEA Municipality. A multi-stage purposeful random sampling technique was used to select sixteen (16) respondents for the study. The semi-structured interview and observation checklist were the main instruments employed in the data collection for this study. The qualitative data was analysed by the use of the interpretative method based on the themes arrived at during the data collection. The themes were related to the research question and interpreted on the number of issues raised by respondents. These were based on question on the semi-structured interview. The study indicated that, kindergarten teachers do not supervise their learners during out-door activities or at playground, thinking it is the available time to relax after learners are out to play. The study also revealed that, kindergarten teachers do not pay close attention to learners and their physical environment to detect danger and threats. Also, in relation to proximity in supervision, the study found that, kindergarten teachers do not maintain physical closeness supervision of their learners to promptly salvage them from occurring danger during supervision. It is recommended that, the Ministry of Education (MoE), Ghana Education Service (GES), and other Agencies in Education (AiE) should strategically and periodically organize workshop trainings and seminars on teacher supervision and safety for kindergarten teachers. It is also recommended that, Tertiary institutions like the teaching universities and colleges of education should mount courses specifically for Teachers Supervision and School Safety for pre-service teachers and school administrators.

Background: Foodborne disease is a worldwide challenge. It causes a huge burden of diarrhea in children mostly in developing countries and this is common during the complementary feeding periods. As home serve as the proliferation ground for microbial pathogens, home- prepared complementary foods, coupled with unhygienic feeding practice and contamination, it is the cause of child morbidity and poor nutritional status. This is worse in slum households. However, recent evidence is very scarce and further study is very necessary. Objective: To investigate the microbiological quality of home-prepared complementary foods in slum households with children of 6-24 months in Addis Ababa, 2021. Methods: A community-based cross-sectional study design was used and a total of 91 households were included. Three sub-cities in Addis Ababa and slum settlements within each sub-city were randomly selected by lottery method. Households with children of age from 6-24 months were selected by systematic random sampling. Laboratory investigation was used for microbial identification and excel sheet was used for data entry and cleaning. SPSS V. 23 was used for data analysis. Result: The median and interquartile range of aerobic plate count, S.aureus, yeast, molds and total coliforms are log5.75cfu/ml, Log1.84cfu/ml; Log4.7cfu/ml, Log5.46cfu/ml; Log5.29 cfu/ml, Log3.68cfu/ml; Log4.17cfu/ml, Log4.70cfu/ml; and Log0, Log3.5cfu/ml, respectively. Fecal coliform and E.coli were observed in 19% and 10% of complementary food samples. Conclusion: The load of aerobic plate count, S.aureus, yeast, molds, and total coliform are high in samples of complementary foods. Therefore, intervention studies for further identification of contamination sources should be made in order to minimize contamination of complementary foods and associated infections.

This position paper discusses indigenous water resource conservation practices and modern methods to address challenges in Akwamu traditional area in the Eastern region of Ghana. Africa is bedeviled with environmental crisis in this 21st century, and this has been a major concern to environmental conservationists. In Ghana, one of such environmental crisis is pollution of water bodies as a result of indiscriminate human activities. Some have argued that non-recognition of indigenous knowledge in the management of water resources has been one of the major challenges of water resource crisis in Africa and Ghana is no exception. In the life and thought of indigenous people of Ghana, studies confirm that conservation of water resources is enforced through traditional religiously governed norms which have stood the test of time before formal institutions responsible for biodiversity conservation were established by government. Using Akwamu traditional area in Ghana as a case, this study explores how the indigenous people manage water bodies and to find out the possibility of incorporating indigenous knowledge practices and modern methods to address the current water resource problems in Ghana. Primary and secondary sources are employed for data collection. The study is carried out within the concept of ‘worldview’ to understand how indigenous people manage the environment through their indigenous belief systems. The findings are that; indigenous knowledge practices are potential tools for addressing water resource crisis in Ghana. The study also indicates that if indigenous knowledge practices are used alongside with the modern methods in water resource management, our water resource problems would be minimized if not totally solved in Africa.

The study aimed at determination of the effect of intercropping maize and beans on the maize yields Isingiro Town Council, Isingiro District, South Western Uganda. The study used a randomized complete block (RCBD) experiment in which 8 treatments in 4 replicas of each to make a total of 32 sub-plots. Two rows of maize spaced at 4.5cm within rows and 90cm between rows were intercropped with two rows of velvet beans spaced at 30cm with rows and 90cm between rows. Two rows of NABE16 spaced at 4.5cm within rows and 75cm between rows were intercropped with maize a pacing of 5.5cm within rows and 75cm between rows. Rows of beans were separated from those of maize by 75cm in a 10m by 8m sub-plot. The experiment was conducted in two seasons (March to May 2020 and August to November 2021). Standard agronomical practices were followed from planting to harvesting, after which dry maize grain weight was taken and recorded. Data analysis was done using ONE WAY ANOVA in STATA version 13. Results show that the significant statistical difference in season one (p = 0.0000)** was higher than that in season two (p = 0.0211)*. The study concluded that unpredictable (too much or too little) rainfall negatively affects maize productivity. Early planting and application of organic fertilizers were recommended to improve maize productivity.

One of the current issues facing humanity is ensuring sustained global food security in the face of devastating effects of climate change; this challenge is particularly pressing on the African continent. Here, I present an opinion piece identifying local animal genetic resources as "African leverage point" that provide the highest chances to cushion rural fork to climate change, enhance environmental sustainability and food security in Africa. When it comes to boosting food production, coping with climate change, or bolstering the delivery of a wide range of ecosystem services, I believe that African animal genetic resources are essential alternatives for the sustainable growth of the livestock industry and its contribution to food security. Africa needs to address the support and development of indigenous animal genetic resources in order to meet the basic food needs of more than 1 billion people, address numerous environmental issues with continental implications, and focus on more effective and resilient food systems with the greatest impact on food security. The indigenous animal resources diversity and support actions to this unique group could provide a boost in protein that is lacking to constitute healthy diets in Africa. The priorities of nonprofit organizations, foundations, governments, citizens' groups, and companies can be influenced by this leverage point in the African food system. Due to continuous food insecurity, which appears to be becoming worse with climate change and makes it even harder to accomplish the SDGs on the continent, Africa has paid a hefty price for being misled about the worth of its own animal genetic resources. To the contrary, it is highly improbable that a strategy to improve food security and rural livelihoods that undermines the utilization of indigenous animal genetic resources will be viable in long-term. If Africa makes an effort, is committed, and fully commits resources to putting indigenous animal genetic resources at the forefront of combating food insecurity and accelerating the achievement of SDGs, it can achieve more under the adverse prevailing climate change induce environmental conditions. Our personal opinion is that we would not have had the ongoing food problems, even in the face of climate change, if Africa had over the years implemented the necessary mechanisms to develop and promote local animal genetic resources. What lies ahead in terms of climate change effect on food security in Africa is anyone's guess – but whatever it is, promoting continental adapted indigenous animal genetic resources portfolio is ready to handle it. Development and promotion of African animal genetic resources should be part of a continental strategy to transform smallholder animal production by 2050, in line with the goals of achieving the SGDs, to improve rural household food security, and bringing rural economy prosperity, resilience, sustainability, and all other desired animal related food outcomes for rural healthy diets. African animal genetic resources are the most important but underutilized resource to address the issue of ongoing food insecurity. The responsible use of local animal genetic resources through climate smart animal husbandry practices also contributes to food security, rural development and increased employment opportunities. African genetic improvement programs involving indigenous animal genetic resources must be considered as regards to local agriculture and livestock development aspirations, appropriateness to local reality and livelihood security, as well as environmental friendliness. Animal agriculture will fill in the enormous gaps in the continent's food supply if this animal group receives adequate attention and is used integrated properly in crop and livestock systems which characterize smallholder farming sector in Africa. Because they have evolved over time to accommodate the various climatic conditions and environmental pressures on the continent, Africa's native animal genetic resources are particularly resilient. Indirectly, the impact of climate change offers a chance to use native animal genetics from Africa. The use of local animal genetic diversity has the potential to substantially improve Africa's food security landscape hence should be given special consideration for sociocultural, environmental, and economic aspects, and with regard for smallholder farmer-specific factors of interest. African animal genetic resources have contributed significantly to the food and nutrition security aspects of the millions of people in their communities of origin and custody in Africa. The purpose of the perception piece is to educate the reader about the fundamental mechanisms that control the use of continental animal genetic resources and how the outlook for these mechanisms can be manipulated in the future for the benefit of improving food security in Africa. The discussion provides in-depth insight into the pertinent literature in understanding the significance of local animal genetic resources in terms of their contribution to food security in Africa.

Water is essential for food security and animal agricultural productivity, but it is becoming more scarce due to climate change. The interaction between climate change and livestock water resources has received little attention from researchers, despite the significance of small-scale animal husbandry for the rural poor in Africa and the size of the changes that are anticipated to have an impact on smallholder livestock systems. Threats to livestock water are undoubtedly one of the most significant environmental issues that have impacted food security on the continent, given their links to small-scale animal husbandry and the detrimental impacts on productivity. In order to balance the negative effects of climate change scenarios for sustainable animal productivity and contribute to food security through small-scale animal agriculture, the most climate-smart and resilient agricultural water practices and technologies must be used. Changes in rainfall and a decline in the biomass available for grazing and rangelands as a result of water stress brought on by the climate would have the most severe effects. This is due to the rain-fed nature of small-scale livestock farming. The local animal genetic resources are essential for animal productivity and food security in Africa, particularly in areas where livestock water is becoming scarce owing to climate change. Research and development goals on the effects of climate change on livestock water, animal productivity, and food security may need to be reviewed if demands of vulnerable small-scale animal producers are to be successfully addressed in the future decades. It is best to use an interdisciplinary approach to comprehend the relationships between small-scale animal husbandry, food security, and climate change. By navigating the complexities of climate adaptation, small-scale livestock farmers can manage livestock water scarcity by taking adaptation measures that are in line with evolving climate impacts and associated means of implementation based on pertinent and useful knowledge that takes into account a blend of traditional and modern water science. In this paper, an effort is made to close some significant information gaps and shed light on how water-induced stress impacts small-scale animal production, which has an effect on food security.

The study investigated formative assessment conceptions and practices among the teachers of social studies in the Techiman Municipality of the Bono East Region of Ghana. The research was undertaken with the view of finding answers and making suggestions that could help improve the formative assessment practices specifically in social studies. A census was conducted in the eighty-four (84) public Junior High Schools in the Techiman Municipality in the Bono East Region. All the ninety-five (95) Social Studies teachers in the public Junior High Schools in the Municipality were selected for the study. A 50-item questionnaire including 2 open-ended questions was developed for the teachers. The data collected were analysed by using frequencies, percentages, mean and standard deviation. The study revealed that, the teachers had correct conception of formative assessment and saw its relevance in the classroom, however, their assessment practices were not formative enough. The teachers’ assessment practices were influenced by external factors. It is recommended that pressures such as demand for continuous assessment marks to grade students ought to be reduced to allow the teachers practice assessment as professionals.

Background: Neck pain is one of the most common reasons patients seek treatment in the hospital. The causes of neck pain vary widely, trigger misdiagnosis, and often result in mistreatment. Misdiagnoses and mistreatment-related neck pain diagnoses are often associated with a diagnosis of cervical herniated disc. The implication of the misdiagnosis is the use of excessive investigations and inappropriate therapy. This review aims to determine the causes of neck pain often obtained in daily practice and how to diagnose and treat it. Method: Search relevant articles on clinical diagnosis of neck pain with the keywords neck pain diagnostic therapy using Medline and PubMed databases. Results: Neck pain can be in the form of axial pain, which is mostly related to disorders of the joints and muscles of the neck, or in the form of pain in the roots and spinal cord. Investigations and therapy must be related to the clinical diagnosis of neck pain experienced by patients with a history of neck pain. Conclusion: Neck pain is one of the most common complaints encountered in outpatient department settings, associated with reduced quality of life. Patients may come with differing degrees of pain, various symptoms, and aetiologies making it quite challenging to treat them into complete remission. Despite being frequently encountered, some patients with neck pain are underdiagnosed and undertreated due to failure to understand the clinical symptoms before deciding possible aetiologies.

The study examined consumers’ Awareness in food hygiene and food borne diseases in Koforidua in the Eastern Region of Ghana. The research design for the study was a descriptive survey. The population of the study consists of one hundred (100) consumers. Convenience sampling technique was used to select seventy (70) consumers from the licensed food vendors and thirty (30) consumers from the unlicensed food vendors. Questionnaire was the main instrument for the study. The questionnaire had both open ended and close ended questions was on the consumers’ knowledge and perceptions on food borne diseases and the safety of foods. Data gathered checked, edited, coded, processed and analysed using the Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 17. The study concluded that the consumers of vended foods have some knowledge of food hygiene and food borne diseases; however, they ignore the health hazards associated with poor food handling by food vendors and go ahead to patronize the food the vendors provide. The study also indicated consumers patronized street foods because prices were moderate as compared to the formal establishments and ignore the unhygienic conditions at the vending sites. The correlation analysis shows further that consumers patronage (r=-0.095) had negative and non-significant relationship with food handling practices. It is recommended that Consumers of vended foods should be educated to help improve upon their knowledge in food hygiene and food borne diseases to enable them make informed choices and also prompt regulatory bodies such as the environmental health officers on unacceptable food handling practices of food vendors. It is also recommended The Metropolitan/Municipal/District environmental health officers should ensure that inspection of street food vendors are carried out effectively, efficiently and regularly so as to monitor the food handling practices of the food vendors’ right from the time of preparation to the point of sale.